WormMine: AnatomyTerm WBbt:0008406

• Definition: sheath cell of the cephalic sensilla.
• Name: cephalic sheath cell
• Primary Identifier: WBbt:0008406

4 Children

Definition	Name	Synonym	Primary Identifier
Cephalic sheath, sheet-like processes envelop meuropil of the ring and part of ventral ganglion	CEPshVR	lineage name: ABprpaaapap	WBbt:0004923
Cephalic sheath, sheet-like processes envelop meuropil of the ring and part of ventral ganglion	CEPshDL	lineage name: ABarpaaaapp	WBbt:0004929
Cephalic sheath, sheet-like processes envelop meuropil of the ring and part of ventral ganglion	CEPshDR	lineage name: ABarpaaapap	WBbt:0004927
Cephalic sheath, sheet-like processes envelop meuropil of the ring and part of ventral ganglion	CEPshVL	lineage name: ABplpaaapap	WBbt:0004925

5 Expression Clusters

Regulated By Treatment	Description	Algorithm	Primary Identifier
	Genes that showed expression levels higher than the corresponding reference sample (Young adult all cell reference).	A Mann-Whitney U test with an empirical background model and FDR correction for multiple testing was used to detect expressed transcripts (Benjamini and Hochberg 1995). Genes and TARs with an FDR <= 0.05 were reported as expressed above background. Authors detected differentially expressed transcripts using a method based on linear models. Genes and TARs were called differentially expressed if the FDR was <= 0.05 and the fold change (FC) >= 2.0. To more strictly correct for potential false-positives resulting from multiple sample comparisons, authors divided individual FDR estimates by the number of samplesor sample comparisons, respectively. This resulted in an adjusted FDR of 1.3 * 0.0001 for expression above background and of 7.4 * 0.0001 for differential expression. Authors called genes selectively enriched in a given tissue if they met the following requirements: (1) enriched expression in a given tissue (FDR <= 0.05 and FC >= 2.0), (2) fold change versus reference among the upper 40% of the positive FC range observed for this gene across all tissues, and (3) fold-change entropy among the lower 40% of the distribution observed for all genes.	WBPaper00037950:CEP-sheath-cells_Day1-adult_expressed
	Top 300 transcripts enriched in ADE sheath cell, ADE socket cell, amphid sheath cell, amphid socket cell, cephalic sheath cell, CEP socket cell, IL sheath cell, IL socket cell, OL sheath cell, OL socket cell, PDE sheath cell, PDE socket cell, phasmid sheath cell, phasmid socket cell according to single cell RNAseq.	Top 300 enriched transcripts were determined by log2.ratio of the tpm in the cell type vs the tpm in the other cells * the log2 of the cell.type tpm.	WBPaper00061340:Glia
	Genes significantly enriched (> 2x, FDR < 5%) in a particular cell-type versus a reference sample of all cells at the same stage.	A Mann-Whitney U test with an empirical background model and FDR correction for multiple testing was used to detect expressed transcripts (Benjamini and Hochberg 1995). Genes and TARs with an FDR <= 0.05 were reported as expressed above background. Authors detected differentially expressed transcripts using a method based on linear models. Genes and TARs were called differentially expressed if the FDR was <= 0.05 and the fold change (FC) >= 2.0. To more strictly correct for potential false-positives resulting from multiple sample comparisons, authors divided individual FDR estimates by the number of samplesor sample comparisons, respectively. This resulted in an adjusted FDR of 1.3 * 0.0001 for expression above background and of 7.4 * 0.0001 for differential expression. Authors called genes selectively enriched in a given tissue if they met the following requirements: (1) enriched expression in a given tissue (FDR <= 0.05 and FC >= 2.0), (2) fold change versus reference among the upper 40% of the positive FC range observed for this gene across all tissues, and (3) fold-change entropy among the lower 40% of the distribution observed for all genes.	WBPaper00037950:CEP-sheath-cells_adult_enriched
	Genes that show selective expression in a subset of cell types vs broadly expressed in many cell types. Correspond to 20% - 57% of enriched_genes for a given cell type.	A Mann-Whitney U test with an empirical background model and FDR correction for multiple testing was used to detect expressed transcripts (Benjamini and Hochberg 1995). Genes and TARs with an FDR <= 0.05 were reported as expressed above background. Authors detected differentially expressed transcripts using a method based on linear models. Genes and TARs were called differentially expressed if the FDR was <= 0.05 and the fold change (FC) >= 2.0. To more strictly correct for potential false-positives resulting from multiple sample comparisons, authors divided individual FDR estimates by the number of samplesor sample comparisons, respectively. This resulted in an adjusted FDR of 1.3 * 0.0001 for expression above background and of 7.4 * 0.0001 for differential expression. Authors called genes selectively enriched in a given tissue if they met the following requirements: (1) enriched expression in a given tissue (FDR <= 0.05 and FC >= 2.0), (2) fold change versus reference among the upper 40% of the positive FC range observed for this gene across all tissues, and (3) fold-change entropy among the lower 40% of the distribution observed for all genes.	WBPaper00037950:CEP-sheath-cells_adult_SelectivelyEnriched
	Single-cell RNA-Seq cell group 39 expressed in: Cephalic sheath.	CellRanger, DecontX, Monocle3, Louvain algorithm.	WBPaper00065623:39

7 Expression Patterns

• Primary Identifier: Expr15673
• Pattern: It has previously been reported that clh-1 is expressed in hypodermal cells, seam cells, D-cells of the vulva, and neuronal and glial cells of the head (Grant et al., 2015; Nehrke et al., 2000). These expression patterns were confirmed with a transcriptional reporter (clh-1p::nls4::mTFP). Of the head neurons, at least ASE, AWA, and AWC sensory neurons expressed the reporter.

• Primary Identifier: Expr16049
• Pattern: nmgp-1 expresses mostly in sensory neurons and in the egg-laying apparatus of adult hermaphrodites. GFP expression driven by the putative nmgp-1 promoter was detected in several cells, primarily neurons. Within the head, we saw GFP expression in pharyngeal neurons, as many somas and processes within the metacorpus and the posterior bulb ventral ganglia were observed. In addition, some of the processes next to the bulb might correspond to CEP sheath glial cells. In the midbody, we saw labeling of cells within the egg-laying apparatus. Posteriorly, we observed cells in the tail ganglia and possibly phasmid neurons. Neuronal processes along dorsal and ventral cords were also labeled. In addition, to identify specific neurons, we used the NeuroPAL strain (OH15500) developed by Hobert's Lab (Yemini et al., 2021). This strain has a stereotyped fluorescent color map to identify all neurons. We injected it with the same plasmid for GFP expression under the nmgp-1 promoter. The following neurons were identified as expressing GFP: ALA, CEPD, IL1 (head neurons from the nerve ring), the sensory amphid neurons ASK, neurons from the anterior ventral nerve cord (VA6, VB7, DB5, AS5, VD6, DD3, DA4) and posterior ventral cord (VA11, VD11, AS10, DA7, DB7, CB11, VA11), neurons from the preanal ganglion (PVP, PVT, DD6, AS11, VA12, DA8, DA9) dorso-rectal ganglion (DVB, DVA, DVC) and lumbar ganglion (PVQ, PHC). The neurons identified include sensory neurons (amphid and mechanosensory), motor neurons and interneurons.

• Primary Identifier: Expr13675
• Pattern: RGBA-­1 is expressed in the intestine, cephalic sheath, socket cell, rays, and ray structural cells.

• Primary Identifier: Expr12934
• Pattern: PROS-1::GFP is detected in the nuclei of AMsh glia. Importantly, PROS-1::GFP is not detected in amphid sensory neurons and in the AMso glia. PROS-1::GFP is detected in many other sense organ-associated glia in the head, including the astrocyte-like CEP sheath glia, and the glia of the inner and outer labial sensilla.

• Primary Identifier: Expr14154
• Remark: Other Strain: OH13880
• Pattern: Few head neurons (variable) - up to three pairs around metacourpus, sometimes sheat/socket cells in the head, PHA, PHB

• Primary Identifier: Expr16472
• Pattern: A reporter construct expressing fshr-1 under its endogenous promoter recapitulated the reported expression of the receptor in the intestine and in multiple neurons in the head. In addition, we observed expression of fshr-1 in several cells close to the anterior pharyngeal bulbus that, based on position and morphology of their projections, are most likely glial cells.

• Primary Identifier: Expr12497
• Pattern: A kcc-3::gfp translational fusion is expressed in glial-like cells, including amphid sheath, cephalic sheath and phasmid sheath cells. The KCC-3::GFP signal was localized at the amphid sheath ending.

0 Life Stages

1 Parents

Definition	Name	Synonym	Primary Identifier
a structural (glial) cell which forms an specialized environment surrounding the sensory ending(s) of one or more neurons; sometimes accompanied by a more distal socket cell. In early development of the sensory nerves and of the nerve ring some sheath cells (cephalics and labials) may also provide a substrate for axon guidance	neuronal sheath cell	pocket cell	WBbt:0005811