WormMine: AnatomyTerm WBbt:0005459

• Definition: cell that makes up epithelium in pharynx.
• Name: pharyngeal epithelial cell
• Primary Identifier: WBbt:0005459
• Synonym: pharyngeal epithelium

3 Children

Definition	Name	Synonym	Primary Identifier
pharyngeal epithelial cell, type 2.	e2		WBbt:0003716
pharyngeal epithelial cell, type 1.	e1		WBbt:0003718
pharyngeal epithelial cell, type 3.	e3		WBbt:0003714

5 Expression Clusters

Regulated By Treatment	Description	Algorithm	Primary Identifier
	Single-cell RNA-Seq cell group 9_0 expressed in epithelium.	scVI 0.6.0	WBPaper00065841:9_0
	Single-cell RNA-Seq cell group 9_1 expressed in epithelium.	scVI 0.6.0	WBPaper00065841:9_1
	Single-cell RNA-Seq cell group 9_2 expressed in epithelium.	scVI 0.6.0	WBPaper00065841:9_2
	Single-cell RNA-Seq cell group 24_0 expressed in epithelium.	scVI 0.6.0	WBPaper00065841:24_0
	Single-cell RNA-Seq cell group 26_1 expressed in pharynx.	scVI 0.6.0	WBPaper00065841:26_1

29 Expression Patterns

• Primary Identifier: Expr4837
• Remark: Picture: Figure 5.
• Pattern: Fluorescence started to be visible in two cells of young embryos at around the 64 AB cell stage. Towards the end of gastrulation expression was visible in about 40 cells throughout the embryo including neuronal precursors, ventral hypodermal cells, and pharyngeal precursor cells. At the 1 to 2 fold stages fluorescence was observed in IL1 neurons (the identity was determined post-embryonically), the nine buccal epidermal cells, and additional cells in the head, most likely arcade cells. Transient expression was also observed in embryonic motoneurons (no longer visible in 3 fold stage embryos) and in a few apoptotic cells in the head. Based on their position they could be the sister cells of some of the IL1 neurons, which are known to undergo programmed cell death at this developmental stage. At the 3 fold stage expression was restricted to the buccal epidermal cells, most of the arcade cells (3 anterior and the DL and DR posterior arcade cells), and the six IL1 neurons. The two lateral IL1 neurons expressed the marker only weakly also in the L1 larval stage (but not later during development), whereas the dorsal and ventral IL1 neurons expressed GFP strongly throughout all larval stages and in the adults. Starting from the L1 larval stage expression could also be observed in the posterior cells of the gut. Starting from the L2 stage, when gonad development and migration begins, fluorescence became also visible in the distal tip cells of the gonad.

• Primary Identifier: Expr11583
• Pattern: Paakg-5::GFP is expressed in the female gonad sheath cells, vulva epithelium and neurons, ventral cord neurons and excretory cell. It is also seen in the spermatheca and epithelial seam cells. In addition to the excretory cell, Paakg-5::GFP displays strong expression levels in the pharyngeal epithelia, neurons, some ring neurons and sensory neuron termini. In the tail, Paakg- 5::GFP signal mostly localizes to the pre-anal ganglion, rectum epithelium, intestinal-rectal valve and phasmid support cells. For a summary of Paakg-5::GFP see table S10.

• Primary Identifier: Expr12798
• Pattern: tat-3 reporter signal first appears in embryos in the developing pharynx. In the fully formed alimentary system, very strong GFP fluorescence is observed in the muscle, marginal and buccal epithelial cells of the pharynx, the pharyngeal-intestinal valve and, with lesser intensity, the rectal epithelial cells. Seam cells display very strong fluorescence as soon as this lineage becomes established during embryonic development. In adults, moderate to weak fluorescence seems to arise from the XXX cells, some unidentified cells in the head and tail regions and the hypodermis. In the reproductive system, tat-3 reporter expression begins in the distal tip cells (DTC) in L1 and in the anchor cell (AC) in early L3. GFP signal is later visible in the dividing progeny of the vulval precursor cells (VPCs). In late L4, the anchor cell fuses with the uterine seam cell (utse), which does not express the reporter. The vulval cells continue exhibiting moderate fluorescence into the adulthood.

• Primary Identifier: Expr13700
• Pattern: GFP::UNC-120 expression was observed in the 95 BWM that run along the anterior-posterior axis, but also in the 20 gonadal sheath cells and in 55 cells in the head (37 pharyngeal muscle cells, nine marginal cells, and nine pharyngeal epithelial cells).

• Primary Identifier: Expr1431
• Pattern: In six comma-stage embryos, an average of 80.5 ( 2.5 s.d.) PHA-4-staining pharyngeal nuclei were counted by confocal microscopy (maximum count = 85). Analysis of later stage animals shows clearly that all six cells of the pharyngeal-intestinal valve contain PHA-4 protein. Thus the total number of potentially staining nuclei (pharynx + valve) should be equal to 86. all cells of the pharyngeal primordium (+ valve) contain the nuclear factor PHA-4. The same embryos also show nuclear PHA-4 in 6-8 rectal cells, including the two rectal valve cells and the three rectal epithelial cells. At the lima bean and comma stages of embryogenesis, a low but significant level of PHA-4 can be detected in the gut. pha-4 gene is expressed in pharyngeal precursor cells well before the formation of the pharynx primordium. PHA-4 can be detected immunologically in most but not all nuclei of the larval and adult pharynx. PHA-4 is detected in nuclei of all epithelial cells, muscle cells, marginal cells, gland cells and pharyngeal intestinal valve cells, but is detected only in about 8 of 19 neuronal nuclei. PHA-4 is also detected in one (comma stage) to several (pretzel stage and later) head cells outside of the pharynx. PHA-4 can also be detected in nuclei of the developing somatic gonad, including the distal tip cell and ventral uterine cells.
• Subcellular Localization: nuclear

• Primary Identifier: Expr11526
• Pattern: CYP33E2 promoter-driven expression of GFP occurred exclusively in the pharynx and, not visible in each individual, in the pharyngeal-intestinal valve of the nematodes. This type of strong pharynx-restricted expression was observed throughout larval development and in adult nematodes. Expression was most prominent in the pharyngeal pro- and meta-corpus. Confocal imaging suggested marginal, muscle, and/or epithelial cells as the major expression sites of the pCYP33E2::GFP construct within the pharynx. Radially, only marginal cell types are continuously organized with three-fold symmetry around the pharyngeal lumen. Imaginary cross sections derived from confocal imaging series of the pro- and meta-corpus indicated that the GFP reporter was expressed in the three marginal mc1 cells, but not in the pm3 and pm4 muscle cells. A further labelling of the mc2 and mc3 marginal cells in the isthmus and terminal bulb becomes then visible. Expression was observed in finger-like fluorescent structures that represent the interlocking extensions that hold marginal cells to muscles. Furthermore, an expression of pCYP33E2::GFP also in the epithelial e1, e2, and e3 cells seems most likely. Fluorescence might also correspond to pm2 muscle cells.

• Primary Identifier: Expr11805
• Remark: Feature : [ceh-22de199::pPD95.27]
• Pattern: The distal enhancer de199 can activate transcription in the pharyngeal muscles, although it exhibits distinct patterns of activity in other cell types. 5Xde199 activated reporter gene expression more broadly than the distal enhancer DE3 in most pharyngeal muscles and in marginal cells, with occasional expression in pharyngeal epithelial cells and in body wall muscles.

• Primary Identifier: Expr11811
• Remark: Feature: 'WBsf919537::pPD95.21'
• Pattern: The distal enhancer activated reporter gene expression both inside and outside the pharynx. In larvae and adults, expression was observed in the m3, m4, m5, and m7 pharyngeal muscles as well as pharyngeal marginal cells, epithelial cells, and neurons. Expression was also observed outside the pharynx in the body wall muscles and the ventral nerve cord. Distal enhancer activity initiated in the pharynx at the bean stage of embryogenesis near the time that the endogenous ceh-22 gene is first expressed.

• Primary Identifier: Expr3749
• Pattern: In transgenic animals that express VAV-1::GFP, strong GFP fluorescence was observed in the pharynx, proximal gonad, spermatheca, intestine, and rectal epithelia. In the pharynx, VAV-1::GFP was observed in most cell types, including muscle cells, marginal cells, epithelial cells, neurons, and gland cells. In the gonad, VAV-1::GFP was observed in the contractile sheath cells adjacent to the spermatheca. The expression of VAV-1::GFP in the intestine was limited to the four most posterior cells (int8 and int9) and the three rectal epithelial cells. Additionally, VAV-1::GFP expression was observed in the distal gonad, body-wall muscle, and vulval epithelia.

• Primary Identifier: Expr12511
• Pattern: A transcriptional reporter containing 2 kb of sequence upstream of the predicted marg-1 (F47B7.7) start codon showed strong expression in all marginal cells and weak, variable expression in pharyngeal epithelial cells and arcade cells and in the excretory cell of adults.

• Primary Identifier: Expr838
• Remark: See Expr837, 839, 840 for Expr_pattern of the same locus.
• Pattern: In embryos, PEB-1 protein was strongly detected in the nuclei of many cells in the developing pharynx. Staining was first detected at the comma stage. Some pharyngeal cells do not express PEB-1, observed a cluster of nuclei that do not contain PEB-1 near the center of the developing pharynx, a region containing many of the pharyngeal neurons. Strong pharyngeal staining persisted through the remainder of embryogenesis. PEB-1 staining was also observed outside the pharynx in several cells near the rectum and in the tail and at lower level in hypodermal nuclei. In early larvae, PEB-1 protein is easily detectable in the pharynx, as well as in a subset of nonpharyngeal. Consistently observed PEB-1 protein in the nuclei of all pharyngeal muscles, marginal cells, epithelial cells, gland cells, and pharyngeal-intestinal valve cells. Notably, authors did not observe PEB-1 staining in any pharyngeal neurons. Pharyngeal PEB-1 staining decreased in late larvae until it became undetectable in adults. PEB-1 protein expression was also observed in some tissues outside the pharynx in larvae and adults. In general, the nonpharyngeal expression was weaker than expression in the pharynx, and it appeared dynamic during the worm life cycle. In larvae, PEB-1 antibody staining was reproducibly observed in several cells near the rectum and in hypodermal nuclei in the tail and in the developing vulva and surrounding cells. Authors also observed protein expression in several nuclei in the head and tail that were provisionally identified as hypodermal nuclei. In older larvae and adults, the rectal and vulval expression decreased, but PEB-1 staining was visible in germ-line cells. This expression is consistent with Northern blots indicating that peb-1 mRNA is expressed in the germ line.
• Subcellular Localization: PEB-1 protein was strongly detected in the nuclei.

• Primary Identifier: Expr839
• Remark: Reporter gene fusion type not specified. See Expr837, 838, 840 for Expr_pattern of the same locus.
• Pattern: Very strong beta-galactosidase expression in the pharynx from the comma stage of embryogenesis through late larval stages, and frequent expression was observed in muscle cells and marginal cells, while less frequent expression was observed in epithelial cells and the pharyngeal intestinal valve cells. Reporter expression was also observed outside the pharynx in a pattern similar to that of the endogenous PEB-1 protein.

• Primary Identifier: Expr11585
• Pattern: Head Paak-2::GFP expression is mostly seen in the excretory cell but is also observed in pharyngeal neurons, epithelial cells, a subset of ring neurons, amphid socket cells and head body wall muscles. Paak-2::GFP is also expressed in the posterior intestine, rectal gland and epithelial cells, and in phasmids. Paak-2::GFP is detected in vulval muscles. For a summary of Paak-2::GFP see table S10.

• Primary Identifier: Expr8678
• Remark: Picture: Fig 3.
• Pattern: Expression in the alimentary canal: Strong and consistent expression in pharyngeal epithelium, pm1, pm2, pm3, pm6, pm7, pm8, mc1, mc2, mc3. Weak or rare expression in pm4, pm5. Expression in the nervous system: DDn, DVA, DVB, DVC, PVP. Expression in the reproductive system: In adult stage, expressed in proximal gonad sheath, spermatheca. In developing larva stage, expressed in uterus, spermatheca. inx-10 is localized to pharyngeal precursors from early stages of embryogenesis, and by three-fold stage, all pharyngeal muscles except pm4 are seen to express it at high levels.

• Primary Identifier: Expr8674
• Remark: Picture: N.A.
• Pattern: Expression in the alimentary canal: Strong and consistent expression in pharyngeal epithelium, pm1, pm2, pm3, pm4, mc2. Weak or rare expression in pm6, vir. Expression in the nervous system: AVD, AVK, RIS, URB. Pharyngeal and neuronal expression of inx-6 start around threefold stage, and some of the expression in head and tail neurons disappears after L1 stage.

• Primary Identifier: Expr8671
• Remark: Picture: Fig 3.
• Pattern: Expression in the alimentary canal: Strong and consistent expression in pharyngeal epithelium, pm5, pm6, pm7, pm8, g2, rectal gland cells. Weak or rare expression in anterior arcades, posterior arcades, pm2, pm3, pm4, M3, MC, intestine, rectal epithelial cells. Expression in the nervous system: CEPsh, ALN, ASn, CAN, DAn, DBn, DDn, DVA, DVB, HSN, PDE, PLM, PVQ, PVR, PVT, URB, VAn, VBn, VDn, M3, MC. Expression in the reproductive system: In adult stage, expressed in spermatheca, vulval muscle, HSN. In developing larva stage, expressed in vulval muscle, uterine muscle, HSN. inx-3 was expressed broadly during early embryogenesis. After the beginning of morphogenesis, inx-3 expression becomes more restricted to the pharynx, hypodermis, and intestine. By three-fold stage inx-3 expression appears in ventral cord motor neurons (strongest in DA neurons) along with continued strong pharyngeal expression. By hatching, its hypodermal expression disappears, while postembryonically born ventral cord motor neurons express it at low levels. Its pharyngeal (strong) and neuronal (faint) expressions continue to adulthood.

• Primary Identifier: Expr8675
• Remark: Picture: N.A.
• Pattern: Expression in the alimentary canal: Strong and consistent expression in pm5, MC. Weak or rare expression in pharyngeal epithelium, pm1, pm2, pm3, pm4 pm6, pm7, pm8, g1, g2, rectal gland cells. Expression in the nervous system: ADE, AIY, ALM, ALN, AVA, AVK, AVM, BDU, CAN, DAn, DVA, DVB, DVC, FLP, HSN, LUA, PLM, PLN, PVC, PVM, PVP, PVQ, PVT, PVW, RID, RIS, SDQ, URB, MC. Expression in the reproductive system: In adult stage, expressed in HSN. Faint hypodermal expression of inx-7 is seen around two-fold stage and becomes stronger by threefold stage.

• Primary Identifier: Expr8679
• Remark: Picture: Fig 3.
• Pattern: Expression in the alimentary canal: Strong and consistent expression in anterior arcades, posterior arcades, pharyngeal epithelium, pm4, pm8, g1, g2, vir, K.a/K' cells. inx-11 is more strongly expressed in the most posterior (int 9) intestinal cell. Weak or rare expression in pm1, pm2, pm3, pm5, pm6, pm7. Expression in the nervous system: CEPsh, DVC, LUA. Expression in the reproductive system: In adult stage, expressed in utse. In developing larva stage, expressed in uterus, sperm (spermatocytes, spermatids). Expression of inx-11 appears in pharyngeal tissue around two-fold stage, and by three-fold stage, strong expression becomes restricted to g1, g2, pm4, and pm8. inx-11 is expressed in the hypodermal cells of the animal in postembryonic stages.

• Primary Identifier: Expr11834
• Pattern: Expression from the pPHA2::GFP-F construct was restricted to three types of pharyngeal cells: reproducible expression in the pharyngeal interneuron I4, and weak and rare (detected in <10% of transgenic worms) expression in pm5 muscle cells and in three pharyngeal epithelial cells.

• Primary Identifier: Expr11836
• Pattern: When the 2.7-kb promoter is present to drive a truncated pha-2 gene containing only the first three exons and first two introns, the complete pharyngeal expression profile of the full-length rescue-competent pPHA2::GFP-A construct is restored (pPHA2::GFP-E). This construct also supports expression in rectal gland cells, but shows no expression in the head neurons or intestine. This shows that important regulatory sequences exist within the first two introns and that these elements operate in concert with 5' sequences that are in the 500 to 2700 bp to drive robust expression of pha-2 in the pm5, I4, metacorpus cells, and pharyngeal epithelial cells.

• Primary Identifier: Expr11837
• Pattern: The pPHA2::GFP-D construct, which contains the third intron as well as part of the fourth exon, exhibited an expression profile similar to the pPHA2::GFP-E construct (Expr11836).

• Primary Identifier: Expr8688
• Remark: Picture: N.A.
• Pattern: Expression in the alimentary canal: Strong and consistent expression in pm1, pm2, pm8, vir. Weak or rare expression in pharyngeal epithelium. inx-20 appears in pm1, pm2, pm8, and intestinal rectal valve at threefold stage and continues to adulthood.

• Primary Identifier: Expr16213
• Pattern: We found that both edem-1 and edem-2 are constitutively expressed in the gut, with stronger expression in anterior and posterior gut cells. EDEM-1 was also detected in hindgut and a few neurons in the head, whereas EDEM-2 was detected in hypodermis, hindgut, pm6 muscle cells of the pharynx, body wall muscle, vulval muscle, pharyngeal epithelial cells, and in a few neurons in the head and tail.

• Primary Identifier: Expr14776
• Pattern: At the time of dendrite extension, a frm-2pro:GFP reporter is expressed brightly in the developing epithelium of the pharynx and gut, with much weaker but consistent expression in sensory neurons.

• Primary Identifier: Expr9477
• Remark: Operon: CEOP5252
• Pattern: Expression is predominantly in adult stages, but similar staining is seen in all larval stages. Expression is seen in intestinal nuclei, the pharynx (muscle and epithelial cells), and other cells in the head and tail (probably hypodermis). Expression is seen in cells in the head and tail (probably hypodermis). Expression is seen in the intestinal nuclei. Expression is seen in the muscle and epithelial cells of the pharynx.
• Subcellular Localization: Sub-cellular localization within the body wall muscle: Nucleus only

• Primary Identifier: Expr1817
• Pattern: The resulting fusion protein is situated at adherens junctions exclusively in epithelial cells of embryonic and adult epidermis, intestine, and pharynx. DLG-1::GFP is not expressed in neurons.
• Subcellular Localization: adherens junctions

• Primary Identifier: Expr3697
• Pattern: Fluorescence was observed in epithelial cells that synthesize cuticle. The gfp fusion gene for the exoribonuclease xrn-2 was expressed in specialized myoepithelial cells that secrete the pharyngeal cuticle. Expression of xrn-2p::gfp in the pharyngeal myoepithelium intensified prior to molting. xrn-2p::gfp was expressed in several anterior neurons, including sensory neurons, as well as the PVT neuron that projects along the ventral cord, and the M5 pharyngeal neuron. Also, xrn-2p::gfp was expressed in M5 only in larvae. The xrn-2 reporter was also expressed in the intestine. However, expression of xrn-2p::gfp in the intestine persisted in adults that no longer molt. Expression of the gfp fusion genes was never detected in the hypodermis of gravid adults that no longer molt.

• Primary Identifier: Expr1096
• Pattern: In early embryos and until the lima bean stage, LET-413 was ubiquitously expressed. As development proceeds, expression became restricted to epithelial cells, and was stronger in the epidermis and the pharynx than in the intestine. Throughout larval development and in adults LET-413GFP was detected in epidermal seam cells, the pharynx, the rectum, the excretory pore, and more weakly in the intestine. Expression was also detected in epithelial tissues contributing to the reproductive system: the vulva, the uterus and the spermatheca. In addition to this epithelial expression, LET-413 was detected in the nerve ring.
• Subcellular Localization: LET-413 is always associated with membranes. LET-413::GFP was uniformly localized along the basolateral membrane, but was not detected in the apical membrane in any epithelial tissue. Within the limits of resolution of confocal microscopy, the apical-most boundary of the LET-413 expression domain in the epidermis and the pharynx appeared to partially overlap with adherens junctions.

• Primary Identifier: Expr9014
• Remark: New Anatomy_term: embryo epidermal cell Picture: Figure 4A.
• Pattern: The mlt-10p::gfp-pest fusion gene was expressed in the major body hypodermal syncytium (Hyp7), the dorsal and ventral ridges of the hypodermis, hypodermal cells in the head and tail, and the pharyngeal myoepithelium, but not the lateral seam cells. In L4-stage animals cultured at 25 centigrade, GFP was first detected in the anterior hypodermis about 3.5 hours prior to ecdysis. The fluorescence spread throughout Hyp7 and intensified for about three hours. The fluorescence dissipated at the end of lethargus, and was barely detectable 1 hour after ecdysis. GFP was also expressed in epidermal cells of pretzel-stage embryos, which synthesize the cuticle for the first larval stage.

0 Life Stages

2 Parents

Definition	Name	Synonym	Primary Identifier
	pharyngeal cell		WBbt:0005460
an epithelial cell that serves either to bridge two neighboring epithelial tissues or to form an opening in the epithelium.	interfacial epithelial cell	interfacial cell	WBbt:0005754