WormMine: Gene WBGene00002018

• WormBase Gene ID: WBGene00002018
• Gene Name: hsp-16.41
• Sequence Name: Y46H3A.2
• Brief Description: hsp-16.41 encodes a 16-kD heat shock protein (HSP) that is a member of the hsp16/hsp20/alphaB-crystallin (HSP16) family of heat shock proteins; an hsp-16.41 reporter fusion, expressed broadly but strongest in intestine and pharynx, is induced in response to heat shock or other environmental stresses; expression is detectable in somatic tissues in post-gastrulation embryos, all larval stages, and in adults; HSP-16.41 is likely to function as a passive ligand temporarily preventing unfolded proteins from aggregating.
• Organism: Caenorhabditis elegans
• Automated Description: Predicted to enable unfolded protein binding activity. Involved in defense response to Gram-negative bacterium and response to heat. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm and nucleus. Expressed in several structures, including alimentary muscle; coelomocyte; intestine; neurons; and ventral nerve cord. Human ortholog(s) of this gene implicated in cataract 9 multiple types. Is an ortholog of human CRYAA (crystallin alpha A).
• Biotype: SO:0001217
• Genetic Position: V :-17.4232 ±0.07866
• Length (nt): 698

1 Organism

• Name: Caenorhabditis elegans
• Taxon Id: 6239

1 Synonyms

• Value: WBGene00002018

Genomics

1 Transcripts

WormMine ID	Sequence Name	Length (nt)	Chromosome Location
Transcript:Y46H3A.2.1	Y46H3A.2.1	640	V: 1805178-1805875

Other

1 CDSs

WormMine ID	Sequence Name	Length (nt)	Chromosome Location
CDS:Y46H3A.2	Y46H3A.2	432	V: 1805271-1805408

6 RNAi Result

• WBRNAi00056699
• WBRNAi00106383
• WBRNAi00020673
• WBRNAi00076794
• WBRNAi00027603
• WBRNAi00070131

21 Allele

• gk963301
• gk963591
• gk963553
• gk964259
• gk963850
• gk963027
• WBVar00203383
• WBVar00203384
• WBVar00203381
• WBVar00203382
• gk545450
• gk227619
• gk446781
• gk227620
• gk572127
• gk543270
• gk359190
• gk569489
• h12469
• gk227618
• tm1093

1 Chromosome

• WormBase ID: V
• Organism: Caenorhabditis elegans
• Length (nt): 20924180

1 Chromosome Location

• Feature . Primary Identifier: WBGene00002018
• Start: 1805178
• End: 1805875
• Strand: 1

4 Data Sets

• WormBaseAcedbConverter
• GO Annotation data set
• C. elegans genomic annotations (GFF3 Gene)
• Panther orthologue and paralogue predictions

1 Downstream Intergenic Region

• WormBase ID: intergenic_region_chrV_1805876..1807459
• Length (nt): 1584
• Chromosome Location: V: 1805876-1807459
• Organism: Caenorhabditis elegans

419 Expression Clusters

Regulated By Treatment	Description	Algorithm	Primary Identifier
	oocyte proteins identified by two or more unique peptides during proteomics study.	In the pooled data set, 1453 C. elegans proteins were identified with a probability >= 0.9 according to ProteinProphet, of which 1165 proteins were identified by more than one unique peptide.	WBPaper00038289:oocyte_protein
	Genes that showed expression levels higher than the corresponding reference sample (embryonic 24hr reference).	A Mann-Whitney U test with an empirical background model and FDR correction for multiple testing was used to detect expressed transcripts (Benjamini and Hochberg 1995). Genes and TARs with an FDR <= 0.05 were reported as expressed above background. Authors detected differentially expressed transcripts using a method based on linear models. Genes and TARs were called differentially expressed if the FDR was <= 0.05 and the fold change (FC) >= 2.0. To more strictly correct for potential false-positives resulting from multiple sample comparisons, authors divided individual FDR estimates by the number of samplesor sample comparisons, respectively. This resulted in an adjusted FDR of 1.3 * 0.0001 for expression above background and of 7.4 * 0.0001 for differential expression. Authors called genes selectively enriched in a given tissue if they met the following requirements: (1) enriched expression in a given tissue (FDR <= 0.05 and FC >= 2.0), (2) fold change versus reference among the upper 40% of the positive FC range observed for this gene across all tissues, and (3) fold-change entropy among the lower 40% of the distribution observed for all genes.	WBPaper00037950:all-neurons_L1-larva_expressed
adult vs dauer larva	Transcripts that showed differential expression in adult vs dauer lava in N2 animals at 20C.	N.A.	WBPaper00050488:adult_vs_dauer_regulated_N2_20C
Osmotic stress	Transcripts that showed significantly altered expression with 500 mM salt (NaCl) vs 100 mM salt when food was present	DESeq(version 1.10.1), FDR < 0.05.	WBPaper00050726:OsmoticStress_regulated_Food
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in csr-1a(tor159) comparing to in N2 at 25C.	DESeq2, fold change > 2, p-value < 0.05.	WBPaper00061753:csr-1(tor159)_upregulated_25C
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression glp-1(e2141); TU3401 animals comparing to in TU3401 animals.	Fold change > 2, FDR < 0.01.	WBPaper00065993:glp-1(e2141)_upregulated
	Genes that were upregulated in lin-15B(n744).	For each gene in each microarray hybridization experiment, the ratio of RNA levels from the two samples was transformed into a log2 value and the mean log2 ratio was calculated. The log2 ratios were normalized by print-tip Loess normalization (Dudoit and Yang, 2002). All genes with a false discovery rate of <= 5% (q <= 0.05) (Storey and Tibshirani, 2003) and a mean fold-change ratio of >= 1.5 were selected for further analysis.	WBPaper00038168:lin-15B(n744)_upregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly higher expression in somatic gonad precursor cells (SGP) vs. head mesodermal cells (hmc).	DESeq2, fold change >= 2, FDR <= 0.01.	WBPaper00056826:SGP_biased
Heat shock: 35C for 1 hour.	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression immediately after 1-day post L4 adult hermaphrodite endu-2(tm4977) animals were exposed to 35C for 1 hour.	The DESeq2 (GalaxyVersion 2.11.40.6 + galaxy1) was used to determine differentiallyexpressed features from count tables of differential transcript abundances. log2FC > 1, FDR < 0.01.	WBPaper00065749:Heat-Shock_upregulated_endu-2(tm4977)
Heat shock: 35C for 1 hour.	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression immediately after 1-day post L4 adult hermaphrodite N2 animals were exposed to 35C for 1 hour.	The DESeq2 (GalaxyVersion 2.11.40.6 + galaxy1) was used to determine differentiallyexpressed features from count tables of differential transcript abundances. log2FC > 1, FDR < 0.01.	WBPaper00065749:Heat-Shock_upregulated_N2
	Transcripts expressed in the epithelial tissues surrounding the pharynx that includes the arcade and intestinal valve (AIV) cells, according to PAT-Seq analysis using Pbath-15-GFP-3XFLAG mRNA tagging.	Cufflinks FPKM value >=1.	WBPaper00050990:arcade_intestinal-valve_expressed
	Transcripts expressed in body muscle, according to PAT-Seq analysis using Pmyo-3-GFP-3XFLAG mRNA tagging.	Cufflinks FPKM value >=1.	WBPaper00050990:body-muscle_expressed
	Transcripts expressed in GABAergic neuron, according to PAT-Seq analysis using Punc-47-GFP-3XFLAG mRNA tagging.	Cufflinks FPKM value >=1.	WBPaper00050990:GABAergic-neuron_expressed
	Transcripts expressed in hypodermis, according to PAT-Seq analysis using Pdpy-7-GFP-3XFLAG mRNA tagging.	Cufflinks FPKM value >=1.	WBPaper00050990:hypodermis_expressed
	Transcripts that showed significantly decreased expression in atfs-1(cmh15) (null allele) animals comparing to in N2 animals at L4 larva stage.	edgeR, fold change > 2, FDR < 0.05	WBPaper00060909:atfs-1(cmh15)_downregulated
	Transcripts expressed in intestine, according to PAT-Seq analysis using Pges-1-GFP-3XFLAG mRNA tagging.	Cufflinks FPKM value >=1.	WBPaper00050990:intestine_expressed
	Transcripts expressed in NMDA neuron, according to PAT-Seq analysis using Pnmr-1-GFP-3XFLAG mRNA tagging.	Cufflinks FPKM value >=1.	WBPaper00050990:NMDA-neuron_expressed
	Transcripts that showed significantly decreased expression in day 3 adult hermaphrodite comparing to in L4 larva daf-16(mu86);glp-1(e2141) animals.	Fold change > 2, FDR < 0.05	WBPaper00064088:Day-3-adult_vs_L4_downregulated_daf-16(mu86);glp-1(e2141)
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in rrf-3(pk1426) comparing to in N2 at embryo stage.	DESeq2v 1.18.1, fold change > 1.5, adjusted p-value < 0.01.	WBPaper00056169:rrf-3(pk1426)_upregulated_embryo
	Transcripts expressed in vulva.	FPKM >= 1.	WBPaper00064122:vulva_transcriptome
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in mrg-1(qa6200) comparing to in control animals in primordial germ cells (PGCs) at L1 larva stage.	DESeq2(v1.32.0), FDR < 0.05.	WBPaper00064315:mrg-1(qa6200)_upregulated_PGCs
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in aak-1(tm1944);aak-2(ok524) animals comparing to in N2.	DEseq 1.18.0, adjusted p-value < 0.05.	WBPaper00056471:aak-1(tm1944);aak-2(ok524)_upregulated
	mRNAs that showed increased expression in P-granule RNAi animales (simultaneously targeting pgl-1, pgl-3, glh-1 and glh-4) comparing to in control RNAi animals. Set 1 transcripts were defined as P-value < 0.05 and fold change > 2.	DESeq was used. Fold change between the average of the four control replicates and the average of the four test replicates was used to calculate the significance using a negative binomial distribution. An adjusted P-value was calculated using the Benjamini-Hochberg method for multiple testing correction.	WBPaper00046805:P-granule-RNAi_upregulated_Set1
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in nhr-114(gk849) comparing to wild type animals at L4 larva.	DESeq2 1.26.0, fold change > 2, FDR < 0.05.	WBPaper00064539:nhr-114(gk849)_upregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in alg-1(gk214), comparing to in N2.	DESeq2, Fold change > 1.5.	WBPaper00051404:alg-1(gk214)_upregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in daf-2(e1370) comparing to in control animals.	NOIseq(v2.34.0), fold change > = 1.5, Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were defined as having a probability of differentialexpression > 95%.	WBPaper00064727:daf-2(e1370)_upregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly altered expression after 24 hour exposure to stavudine (d4T) starting at L1 lava stage.	DESeq	WBPaper00053302:stavudine_24h_regulated
	Transcripts depleted in purified oocyte P bodies comparing to in whole oocytes.	DESeq2, FDR < 0.05, fold change > 2.	WBPaper00065975:P-body_vs_oocyte_depleted
	Transcripts depleted in purified oocyte P bodies comparing to in the whole animal.	DESeq2, FDR < 0.05, fold change > 2.	WBPaper00065975:P-body_vs_WholeAnimal_depleted
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in cco-1(RNAi) comparing to in vector control animals.	The limma package47 was used for differential expression. Genes with a Benjamini-Hochberg adjusted P-value <0.05 and an absolute log fold change of 2 were considered differentially expressed.	WBPaper00053402:cco-1(RNAi)_upregulated

11 Expression Patterns

• Primary Identifier: Expr1031177
• Pattern: Tiling arrays expression graphs

• Primary Identifier: Expr1388
• Remark: Express condition: after heat shock.
• Pattern: After heat shock, the stained cells include gut, neuronal and hypodermal cells in the body, and muscle and epithelial cells in the pharynx. Not all cells stain, and particularly no staining in the larval or adult germline. No expression is seen without heat shock.

• Primary Identifier: Expr1381
• Pattern: Expression of both the 48.1C and 41.2C transgenes was consistently observed in embryos from gastrulation onward, in all larval stages and in adults. In postembryonic stages, both transgenes were expressed in most tissues. Although 41.2C is expressed in numerous tissues, especially the pharynx and gut, it is not expressed in the gonad. 41.8C express in a tissue general fashion and expression s in every cell type has been observed in strains carrying this transgene, including neurons, muscle, intestine, and hypodermis. Only the germ-line failed to express this fusion gene. Tissues expressing the hsp-16::lacZ fusion in these strains include nerve ganglia in the head and ventral cord; hypodermal nuclei of the lateral hypodermis, vulva, head and tail, body wall and pharyngeal muscle, somatic gonad, mesodermal tissue such as coelomocytes, and muscles involved in defecation. On the other hand, subtle differences in the expression pattern of these two transgenes were identified. 41.2C stain most intensely throughout the pharynx whereas 48.1C demonstrated conspicuous expression in body wall muscle.

• Primary Identifier: Expr2012619
• Pattern: Single cell embryonic expression. Only cell types with an expression fraction of greater 0.2 of the maximum expressed fraction are labeled (Full data can be downloaded from http://caltech.wormbase.org/pub/wormbase/datasets-published/packer2019/). The colors represent the broad cell class to which the cell type has been assigned. The size of the point is proportional to the log2 of the numbers of cells in the dataset of that cell type. Interactive visualizations are available as a web app (https://cello.shinyapps.io/celegans/) and can also be installed as an R package (https://github.com/qinzhu/VisCello.celegans).

• Primary Identifier: Expr10598
• Subcellular Localization: HSP-16.41 displays subcellular localization pattern similar to HSP-16.1 [Expr10597], i.e. distinct localization to the medial Golgi of several cell types and is absent from other subcellular sites, including the closely related trans-Golgi and endosomes.

• Primary Identifier: Expr1160169
• Pattern: Developmental gene expression time-course. Raw data can be downloaded from ftp://caltech.wormbase.org/pub/wormbase/datasets-published/hashimshony2015

• Primary Identifier: Expr15518
• Pattern: Most of the small heat shock protein transgenes did not exhibit detectable signals in the epidermis.

• Primary Identifier: Expr2030855
• Pattern: Single cell embryonic expression. Only cell types with an expression fraction of greater 0.2 of the maximum expressed fraction are labeled (Full data can be downloaded from http://caltech.wormbase.org/pub/wormbase/datasets-published/packer2019/). The colors represent the broad cell class to which the cell type has been assigned. The size of the point is proportional to the log2 of the numbers of cells in the dataset of that cell type. Interactive visualizations are available as a web app (https://cello.shinyapps.io/celegans/) and can also be installed as an R package (https://github.com/qinzhu/VisCello.celegans).

• Primary Identifier: Expr1200269
• Pattern: Data from the TransgeneOme project

• Primary Identifier: Expr1014045
• Pattern: Developmental gene expression time-course. Raw data can be downloaded from ftp://caltech.wormbase.org/pub/wormbase/datasets-published/levin2012

• Primary Identifier: Expr1200272
• Pattern: Data from the TransgeneOme project

11 GO Annotation

29 Homologues

1 Locations

• Feature . Primary Identifier: WBGene00002018
• Start: 1805178
• End: 1805875
• Strand: 1

11 Ontology Annotations

0 Regulates Expr Cluster

1 Sequence

• Length: 698

1 Sequence Ontology Term