WormMine: Gene WBGene00003807

• WormBase Gene ID: WBGene00003807
• Gene Name: npr-1
• Sequence Name: C39E6.6
• Brief Description: npr-1 encodes a predicted G protein-coupled neuropeptide receptor that is homologous to the mammalian neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptor (OMIM:162641) required for regulating anxiety, food consumption, and pain sensation; in C. elegans, NPR-1 is involved in ethological variations of social behavior such as social versus solitary feeding; in regulating social behavior, NPR-1 functions as a receptor for the FLP-18 and FLP-21 peptide ligands; NPR-1 also affects some aspect of UNC-6/netrin-mediated branching of motor neurons, as strong npr-1 mutations can suppress abnormal migration of ventral nerve cord neurons induced by overexpression of UNC-6 lacking domain C; NPR-1 is expressed predominantly in the nervous system, and particularly in the AQR, PQR, and URX neurons that are exposed to the body fluid.
• Organism: Caenorhabditis elegans
• Automated Description: Enables neuropeptide receptor activity. Involved in several processes, including behavioral response to ethanol; social behavior; and thermotaxis. Located in axon; plasma membrane; and somatodendritic compartment. Expressed in excretory system; neurons; pharyngeal muscle cell; and preanal ganglion. Used to study alcohol use disorder. Human ortholog(s) of this gene implicated in hypertension. Is an ortholog of human PRLHR (prolactin releasing hormone receptor).
• Biotype: SO:0001217
• Genetic Position: X :-6.65773 ±0.026475
• Length (nt): 2834

1 Organism

• Name: Caenorhabditis elegans
• Taxon Id: 6239

1 Synonyms

• Value: WBGene00003807

Genomics

1 Transcripts

WormMine ID	Sequence Name	Length (nt)	Chromosome Location
Transcript:C39E6.6.1	C39E6.6.1	1497	X: 4767152-4769985

Other

1 CDSs

WormMine ID	Sequence Name	Length (nt)	Chromosome Location
CDS:C39E6.6	C39E6.6	1374	X: 4767264-4767324

4 RNAi Result

• WBRNAi00042213
• WBRNAi00072197
• WBRNAi00011783
• WBRNAi00091291

52 Allele

• gk964260
• gk962667
• gk963869
• gk963870
• WBVar01690152
• WBVar00078219
• WBVar00078221
• WBVar00078222
• WBVar01710824
• WBVar01710821
• WBVar01710823
• WBVar01710822
• gk773386
• gk425084
• gk556873
• gk702187
• gk877755
• gk366186
• gk752390
• gk921115
• gk593586
• gk755684
• gk591920
• gk509200
• gk443062
• gk743150
• WBVar01830274
• gk868295
• gk609966
• gk631950

1 Chromosome

• WormBase ID: X
• Organism: Caenorhabditis elegans
• Length (nt): 17718942

1 Chromosome Location

• Feature . Primary Identifier: WBGene00003807
• Start: 4767152
• End: 4769985
• Strand: -1

4 Data Sets

• WormBaseAcedbConverter
• GO Annotation data set
• C. elegans genomic annotations (GFF3 Gene)
• Panther orthologue and paralogue predictions

1 Downstream Intergenic Region

• WormBase ID: intergenic_region_chrX_4763502..4767151
• Length (nt): 3650
• Chromosome Location: X: 4763502-4767151
• Organism: Caenorhabditis elegans

82 Expression Clusters

Regulated By Treatment	Description	Algorithm	Primary Identifier
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in L1 neural cells comparing to in adult neural cells.	DESeq2 (v1.18.1) fold change > 2, P-adj<0.05, using BenjaminiHochberg correction.	WBPaper00060811:L1_vs_adult_upregulated_neural
	Transcripts of coding genes that showed significantly decreased expression in muscle.	DESeq2 (version 1.24.0). Transcripts with a false-discovery rate adjusted p-value less than 0.05 were considered significantly differentially expressed.	WBPaper00062325:muscle_depleted_coding-RNA
	Transcripts expressed in neuronal cells, by analyzingfluorescence-activated cell sorted (FACS) neurons.	DESeq. False discovry rate (FDR) < 0.1.	WBPaper00048988:neuron_expressed
adult vs dauer larva	Transcripts that showed differential expression in adult vs dauer lava in N2 animals at 20C.	N.A.	WBPaper00050488:adult_vs_dauer_regulated_N2_20C
Osmotic stress	Transcripts that showed significantly altered expression with 500 mM salt (NaCl) vs 100 mM salt when food was present	DESeq(version 1.10.1), FDR < 0.05.	WBPaper00050726:OsmoticStress_regulated_Food
	Neuronally enriched transcripts according to a comparison of neuronal nuclei IP samples to total nuclei using isolation of nuclei from tagged specific cell types (INTACT) technology.	DESEQ2, fold change > 2 and FDR < 0.01.	WBPaper00062103:neuron_enriched
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression after animals were treated with 50uM Rifampicin and 250uM Allantoin from day 1 to day 3 adult hermaphradite.	DESeq2(v1.14.1), fold change > 2, p-value < 0.05	WBPaper00055354:Rifampicin-Allantoin_upregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression after animals were treated with 50uM Rifampicin from day 1 to day 3 adult hermaphradite.	DESeq2(v1.14.1), fold change > 2, p-value < 0.05	WBPaper00055354:Rifampicin_upregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in ilc-17.1(syb5296) comparing to in N2 animals at L4 larva stage.	DESeq2, fold change > 2, FDR < 0.05.	WBPaper00066594:ilc-17.1(syb5296)_upregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in hda-2(ok1479) comparing to in N2 animals.	DESeq2 (version 1.28.1), FDR < 0.01, fold change > 2.	WBPaper00062159:hda-2(ok1479)_upregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in srbc-48(ac23);kyIs262;fer-1(b232ts) comparing to in kyIs262;fer-1(b232ts), 24h after infection with P.aeruginosa.	DESeq2, FDR <0.05, fold change > 2.	WBPaper00059664:srbc-48(ac23)_upregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly decreased expression in set-2(tm1630) animals at embryo stage, comparing to in N2 animals.	DESeq2 (v2.1.8.3) was used to determine DE genes and to generate principal component and scatter plots. DE genes with FDR < 0.05 were analysed using g:Profiler with Bonferroni correction.	WBPaper00060014:set-2(tm1630)_downregulated
Starvation	Transcripts that showed significantly altered expression by starvation with 100 mM salt (NaCl)	DESeq(version 1.10.1), FDR < 0.05.	WBPaper00050726:starvation_regulated_LowSalt
20C vs 25C	Transcripts that showed differential expression in 20C vs 25C in mir-34(OverExpression) animals at adult stage.	N.A.	WBPaper00050488:20C_vs_25C_regulated_mir-34(OverExpression)_adult
	Genes that showed expression levels higher than the corresponding reference sample (embryonic 24hr reference).	A Mann-Whitney U test with an empirical background model and FDR correction for multiple testing was used to detect expressed transcripts (Benjamini and Hochberg 1995). Genes and TARs with an FDR <= 0.05 were reported as expressed above background. Authors detected differentially expressed transcripts using a method based on linear models. Genes and TARs were called differentially expressed if the FDR was <= 0.05 and the fold change (FC) >= 2.0. To more strictly correct for potential false-positives resulting from multiple sample comparisons, authors divided individual FDR estimates by the number of samplesor sample comparisons, respectively. This resulted in an adjusted FDR of 1.3 * 0.0001 for expression above background and of 7.4 * 0.0001 for differential expression. Authors called genes selectively enriched in a given tissue if they met the following requirements: (1) enriched expression in a given tissue (FDR <= 0.05 and FC >= 2.0), (2) fold change versus reference among the upper 40% of the positive FC range observed for this gene across all tissues, and (3) fold-change entropy among the lower 40% of the distribution observed for all genes.	WBPaper00037950:GABAergic-motor-neurons_L1-larva_expressed
	Transcripts that showed differential expression in dauer mir-34(gk437) vs dauer mir-34(OverExpression) animals at 20C.	N.A.	WBPaper00050488:mir-34(gk437)_vs_mir-34(OverExpression)_regulated_dauer_20C
control(maintained under normal lab light (mostly dark, in incubators).) vs UVC-EtBr-exposed(exposed to 7.5 J/m2 UVC radiation 3 times, 24 h apart (48 h total) and exposed to EtBr (5ug/mL in agar).) at just prior to the third UVC dose (48h).	Genes differentially expressed in control vs after UVC exposure and EtBr treatment at the -1h timepoint (just prior to the third UVC dose (48h)).	Transcripts were defined as fold-change >1.2, p < 0.05 based on Rosetta Resolver analysis for all pairwise treatment comparisons. The fold-change refers to the second intensity over the first.	WBPaper00041939:control_vs_UVC-EtBr-exposed_48h
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in smn-1(ok355) heterozygots using balancer hT2 comparing to in N2.	DESeq v1.14.0, log2FC > 1, q <= 0.05.	WBPaper00056809:smn-1(ok355)_upregulated
UVC-EtBr-exposed(exposed to 7.5 J/m2 UVC radiation 3 times, 24 h apart (48 h total) and exposed to EtBr (5ug/mL in agar).) vs UVC-exposed(exposed to 7.5 J/m2 UVC radiation 3 times, 24 h apart (48 h total).) at just prior to the third UVC dose (48h).	Genes differentially expressed under EtBr treatment and UVC exposure vs under UVC exposure but without EtBr treatment at the -1h timepoint (just prior to the third UVC dose (48h)).	Transcripts were defined as fold-change >1.2, p < 0.05 based on Rosetta Resolver analysis for all pairwise treatment comparisons. The fold-change refers to the second intensity over the first.	WBPaper00041939:UVC-EtBr-exposed_vs_UVC-exposed_48h
	Transcripts that showed significantly decreased expression after animals were treated with 100uM Rapamycin, 50uM Rifampicin and 250uM Allantoin from day 1 to day 3 adult hermaphradite.	DESeq2(v1.14.1), fold change > 2, p-value < 0.05	WBPaper00055354:Rapamycin-Rifampicin-Allantoin_downregulated
Temperature Shift: 25C vs 15C for 16 hours at L4 larva stage.	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in AFD neurons comparing to in whole animals.	DESeq2, fold change > 2, FDR < 0.05.	WBPaper00065158:AFD_enriched
	Transcripts that showed significantly decreased expression in mter-4(syb3662 syb3403) comparing to in N2.	DESeq2, fold change > 2, FDR < 0.05.	WBPaper00061995:mter-4(syb3662syb3403)_downregulated
4 hours of starvation.	Genes with significantly increased expression in N2 animals after 4 hours of starvation.	Differentially expressed genes were determined by ANOVA analysis using the Partek software package.	WBPaper00047070:N2_starvation_upregulated
Fungi infection: Drechmeria coniospora	Genes with increased expression after 12 hours of infection by D.coniospora Fold changes shown are pathogen vs OP50.	For RNA-seq and tiling arrays, log2 fold changes between gene expression values of infected versus uninfected nematodes were calculated. For log2 fold changes > 0.00001 the values > 81.25th percentile were defined as up-regulated and for log2 fold changes < -0.00001 the values < 18.75th percentile were defined as down-regulated.	WBPaper00038438:D.coniospora_12hr_upregulated_RNAseq
25C vs. 20C	Transcripts that showed significantly decreased expression in 1-day post L4 adult hermaphrodite N2 grown at 25C, comparing to in N2 animals grown at 20C.	CuffDiff, fold change > 2.	WBPaper00065096:25C_vs_20C_downregulated
	Larval Pan-neural Enriched Genes.	A two-class unpaired analysis of the data was performed to identify genes that differ by >= 1.5-fold from the reference at a FDR of <1% for the larval pan-neural, embryonic pan-neural, and larval A-class motor neuron datasets.	WBPaper00030839:Larval_Pan_Neuronal
Bacteria infection: Enterococcus faecalis	Genes with increased expression after 24 hours of infection by E.faecalis Fold changes shown are pathogen vs OP50.	For RNA-seq and tiling arrays, log2 fold changes between gene expression values of infected versus uninfected nematodes were calculated. For log2 fold changes > 0.00001 the values > 81.25th percentile were defined as up-regulated and for log2 fold changes < -0.00001 the values < 18.75th percentile were defined as down-regulated.	WBPaper00038438:E.faecalis_24hr_upregulated_RNAseq
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in hlh-26(ok1453) animals exposed to E. faecium for 8 hours, comparing to N2 animals exposed to E. faecium for 8 hours.	Fold change > 2.	WBPaper00062585:hlh-26(ok1453)_upregulated_E.faecium
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in the neurons of bcat-1(RNAi) animals at 5-days post L4 adult hermaphrodite stage, comparing to animals injected with empty vector.	DESeq2. FDR < 0.05.	WBPaper00060459:bcat-1(RNAi)_upregulated
Bacteria diet: Chryseobacterium sp. CHNTR56 MYb120	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression after animals were fed by Chryseobacterium sp. CHNTR56 MYb120, comparing to animals fed by OP50.	edgeR FDR <= 0.05, fold change >= 4.	WBPaper00061424:Diet_MYb120_upregulated

10 Expression Patterns

• Primary Identifier: Expr2257
• Pattern: Rescued transgenic animals showed NPR-1::GFP fluorescence predominantly in the nervous system. The NPR-1::GFP-expressing cells in the head were identified as sensory neurons AQR, ASE, ASG, ASH (L4/adult stages only), URX, IL2L/R and OLQ (with its socket and sheath cells), the interneurons AUA and SAAD, the motor neurons RMG and SMBD, and the pharyngeal neuron M3. In the ventral nerve cord, expression was observed in the GABA-containing VD and DD motoneurons. In the tail, expression was seen in the sensory neurons PQR, PHA and PHB. The interneurons RIV, RIG and SDQ was also identified as expressing NPR-1::GFP. For most neurons, expression was seen throughout post-embryonic life, usually in both partners of bilaterally symmetrical neuron pairs. NPR-1::GFP fluorescence was also seen in a muscle in the terminal bulb of the pharynx, and sometimes in the excretory duct cell and excretory canal.
• Subcellular Localization: NPR-1::GFP fluorescence was visible on neuron cell bodies, axons and dendrites.

• Primary Identifier: Expr12180
• Pattern: Expressed in AUA (96.3%), RMG (78.57%), ASG (78.57%), RIG (71.42%), SMBD (71.42%), AQR (71.42%), URX (64.2%), ASE (57.14%), 4-5 neurons anterior to nerve ring (likely ILs), body motor neurons, 2-4 tail neurons.

• Primary Identifier: Expr13262
• Remark: Table S3

• Primary Identifier: Expr1406
• Pattern: NPR-1:GFP is expressed in neurons, including neurons in the head, the ventral nerve cord, and the preanal ganglion.

• Primary Identifier: Expr1843
• Pattern: Strong expression in DD and VD motor neurons. Expression in DA and DB neurons was weak or absent.

• Primary Identifier: Expr11127
• Pattern: npr-1 is expressed in URX at comparable levels in N2 dauers and developing third-stage larvae.

• Primary Identifier: Expr2014405
• Pattern: Single cell embryonic expression. Only cell types with an expression fraction of greater 0.2 of the maximum expressed fraction are labeled (Full data can be downloaded from http://caltech.wormbase.org/pub/wormbase/datasets-published/packer2019/). The colors represent the broad cell class to which the cell type has been assigned. The size of the point is proportional to the log2 of the numbers of cells in the dataset of that cell type. Interactive visualizations are available as a web app (https://cello.shinyapps.io/celegans/) and can also be installed as an R package (https://github.com/qinzhu/VisCello.celegans).

• Primary Identifier: Expr2032646
• Pattern: Single cell embryonic expression. Only cell types with an expression fraction of greater 0.2 of the maximum expressed fraction are labeled (Full data can be downloaded from http://caltech.wormbase.org/pub/wormbase/datasets-published/packer2019/). The colors represent the broad cell class to which the cell type has been assigned. The size of the point is proportional to the log2 of the numbers of cells in the dataset of that cell type. Interactive visualizations are available as a web app (https://cello.shinyapps.io/celegans/) and can also be installed as an R package (https://github.com/qinzhu/VisCello.celegans).

• Primary Identifier: Expr1025782
• Pattern: Developmental gene expression time-course. Raw data can be downloaded from ftp://caltech.wormbase.org/pub/wormbase/datasets-published/levin2012

• Primary Identifier: Expr1146205
• Pattern: Developmental gene expression time-course. Raw data can be downloaded from ftp://caltech.wormbase.org/pub/wormbase/datasets-published/hashimshony2015

31 GO Annotation

28 Homologues

1 Locations

• Feature . Primary Identifier: WBGene00003807
• Start: 4767152
• End: 4769985
• Strand: -1

31 Ontology Annotations

10 Regulates Expr Cluster

Regulated By Treatment	Description	Algorithm	Primary Identifier
	Genes that showed significantly altered expression between N2 and npr-1(ur89) strains exposed to either the nematocidal B. thuringiensis B-18247, the pathogenic P. aeruginosa PA14, or the control E. coli OP50 for 12 or 24 hours.	Estimation of transcript abundance and significantly differentially expressed genes were identified by Cuffdiff using the quartile normalization method. Transcripts with a significant change between different conditions (adjusted p-value < 0.01 by the false discovery rate, FDR) were treated as signature for each comparison.	WBPaper00049498:npr-1(ur89)_regulated_3
	Genes that showed significantly altered expression between N2 and npr-1(ur89) strains exposed to either the nematocidal B. thuringiensis B-18247, the pathogenic P. aeruginosa PA14, or the control E. coli OP50 for 12 or 24 hours.	Estimation of transcript abundance and significantly differentially expressed genes were identified by Cuffdiff using the quartile normalization method. Transcripts with a significant change between different conditions (adjusted p-value < 0.01 by the false discovery rate, FDR) were treated as signature for each comparison.	WBPaper00049498:npr-1(ur89)_regulated_8
	Genes that showed significantly altered expression between N2 and npr-1(ur89) strains exposed to either the nematocidal B. thuringiensis B-18247, the pathogenic P. aeruginosa PA14, or the control E. coli OP50.	Estimation of transcript abundance and significantly differentially expressed genes were identified by Cuffdiff using the quartile normalization method. Transcripts with a significant change between different conditions (adjusted p-value < 0.01 by the false discovery rate, FDR) were treated as signature for each comparison.	WBPaper00049498:npr-1(ur89)_regulated_1
	Genes that showed significantly altered expression between N2 and npr-1(ur89) strains exposed to either the nematocidal B. thuringiensis B-18247, the pathogenic P. aeruginosa PA14, or the control E. coli OP50 for 12 or 24 hours.	Estimation of transcript abundance and significantly differentially expressed genes were identified by Cuffdiff using the quartile normalization method. Transcripts with a significant change between different conditions (adjusted p-value < 0.01 by the false discovery rate, FDR) were treated as signature for each comparison.	WBPaper00049498:npr-1(ur89)_regulated_2
	Genes that showed significantly altered expression between N2 and npr-1(ur89) strains exposed to either the nematocidal B. thuringiensis B-18247, the pathogenic P. aeruginosa PA14, or the control E. coli OP50 for 12 or 24 hours.	Estimation of transcript abundance and significantly differentially expressed genes were identified by Cuffdiff using the quartile normalization method. Transcripts with a significant change between different conditions (adjusted p-value < 0.01 by the false discovery rate, FDR) were treated as signature for each comparison.	WBPaper00049498:npr-1(ur89)_regulated_7
	Genes that showed significantly altered expression between N2 and npr-1(ur89) strains exposed to either the nematocidal B. thuringiensis B-18247, the pathogenic P. aeruginosa PA14, or the control E. coli OP50 for 12 or 24 hours.	Estimation of transcript abundance and significantly differentially expressed genes were identified by Cuffdiff using the quartile normalization method. Transcripts with a significant change between different conditions (adjusted p-value < 0.01 by the false discovery rate, FDR) were treated as signature for each comparison.	WBPaper00049498:npr-1(ur89)_regulated_6
	Genes that showed significantly altered expression between N2 and npr-1(ur89) strains exposed to either the nematocidal B. thuringiensis B-18247, the pathogenic P. aeruginosa PA14, or the control E. coli OP50 for 12 or 24 hours.	Estimation of transcript abundance and significantly differentially expressed genes were identified by Cuffdiff using the quartile normalization method. Transcripts with a significant change between different conditions (adjusted p-value < 0.01 by the false discovery rate, FDR) were treated as signature for each comparison.	WBPaper00049498:npr-1(ur89)_regulated_4
	Genes that showed significantly altered expression between N2 and npr-1(ur89) strains exposed to either the nematocidal B. thuringiensis B-18247, the pathogenic P. aeruginosa PA14, or the control E. coli OP50 for 12 or 24 hours.	Estimation of transcript abundance and significantly differentially expressed genes were identified by Cuffdiff using the quartile normalization method. Transcripts with a significant change between different conditions (adjusted p-value < 0.01 by the false discovery rate, FDR) were treated as signature for each comparison.	WBPaper00049498:npr-1(ur89)_regulated_5
	Genes that showed decreased expression in npr-1(ad605) comparing to in N2.	Microarray: GeneSpring Software 7.0 (Agilent Technologies) was used to perform normalizations and fold change analysis. qPCR: Differences in qRT-PCR expression levels between npr-1(ad609) nematodes and wild-type were determined using one-sample t-tests.	WBPaper00032196:npr-1(ad609)_downregulated
	Genes that showed increased expression in npr-1(ad605) comparing to in N2.	Microarray: GeneSpring Software 7.0 (Agilent Technologies) was used to perform normalizations and fold change analysis. qPCR: Differences in qRT-PCR expression levels between npr-1(ad609) nematodes and wild-type were determined using one-sample t-tests.	WBPaper00032196:npr-1(ad609)_upregulated

1 Sequence

• Length: 2834

1 Sequence Ontology Term