WormMine: AnatomyTerm WBbt:0006754

• Definition: sheath cell of amphid sensillum.
• Name: amphid sheath cell
• Primary Identifier: WBbt:0006754

2 Children

Definition	Name	Synonym	Primary Identifier
Embryonic cell of pedigree ABplaapaapp, amphid sheath cell, left.	AMshL	ABplaapaapp	WBbt:0003935
Embryonic cell of pedigree ABpraapaapp, amphid sheath cell, right.	AMshR	ABpraapaapp	WBbt:0003933

4 Expression Clusters

Regulated By Treatment	Description	Algorithm	Primary Identifier
	Single-cell RNA-Seq cell group 141_0 expressed in glia.	scVI 0.6.0	WBPaper00065841:141_0
	Genes enriched in AMsh glia.	Two different statistical methods were used for differential gene expression analysis, DESeq and voom. For DEseq analysis, DESeq2 was applied to normalize count matrix and to perform differential gene expression on the counts using negative binomial distribution; for voom analysis, edgeR was applied to normalize count matrix, and voom was applied for gene differentiation analysis. Significant genes from both analyses were combined. To identify transcripts enriched in AMsh glia compared to other cells (control AMsh versus control non-AMsh), authors used a fold change of 3.5 and an adjusted p value threshold of <0.05.	WBPaper00049489:AMsh-glia_enriched
	Top 300 transcripts enriched in ADE sheath cell, ADE socket cell, amphid sheath cell, amphid socket cell, cephalic sheath cell, CEP socket cell, IL sheath cell, IL socket cell, OL sheath cell, OL socket cell, PDE sheath cell, PDE socket cell, phasmid sheath cell, phasmid socket cell according to single cell RNAseq.	Top 300 enriched transcripts were determined by log2.ratio of the tpm in the cell type vs the tpm in the other cells * the log2 of the cell.type tpm.	WBPaper00061340:Glia
	Single-cell RNA-Seq cell group 41 expressed in: Amphid and phasmid sheath.	CellRanger, DecontX, Monocle3, Louvain algorithm.	WBPaper00065623:41

34 Expression Patterns

• Primary Identifier: Expr12935
• Pattern: R11D1.3 is expressed in the AMsh glia.

• Primary Identifier: Expr9186
• Remark: Reporter gene fusion type not specified.
• Pattern: Expression of trxr-1::gfp reporter was seen in the hypodermis, in the pharynx and within the nervous system. TRXR-1::GFP reporter is expressed in tissues implicated in molting. TRXR-1::GFP is expressed in pharyngeal muscle, seam cells, and weakly in the hypodermis. Additional expression is observed in rectal epithelial cells and in the posterior part of the intestine. Expression is detected in one of a pair of cells that lie in the anterior head region ; their position and morphology are consistent with them being amphid sheath cells. TRXR-1::GFP is expressed in neurons within the nerve ring.

• Primary Identifier: Expr13670
• Pattern: In transgenic worms, aipr-1::GFP was observed in a variety of cell types, including neurons, body muscles, amphid sheath cells, spermatheca, and the intestine. Both acetylcholine and GABA motor neurons express aipr-1, as indicated by the co-labeling of these neurons by a red fluorescent protein expressed under the control of cell-specific promoters.

• Primary Identifier: Expr13463
• Pattern: mocs-1::GFP expression was observed as early as the eight-cell stage of the intestine and throughout the larval and adult life of the animal in the cytoplasm of cells in the intestine as well as in the head. Regarding the latter, mocs-1 reporter expression was detected in sheath- and socket-glial cells.

• Primary Identifier: Expr9260
• Pattern: In the head of both males and hermaphrodites, the expression of the Ptbb-4::YFP transcriptional reporter was observed in many amphid neurons, likely ADL, AFD, ASE, ASG, ASH, ASJ, ASK, ASI, AWA, AWB, and AWC as judged by co-labeling with lipophilic dyes and/or cellular morphology. Other head neurons expressing Ptbb-4::YFP include the cephalic CEP neurons, the outer labial quadrant OLQ neurons, and the mechanosensory FLP neurons. In the midbody and tail, Ptbb-4::YFP expression was found in the PDE postdeirid neurons, PQR (a sensory neuron whose cilium is exposed to the pseudocoelomic fluid), and the phasmid neurons PHA and PHB. Ptbb-4::YFP was also expressed in all 18 ray neurons in the male, consistent with a previous report (Portman and Emmons 2004). Because of abundant ray neuron expression, Ptbb-4::YFP expression in male phasmid and hook neurons could not be reliably confirmed, although expression in these cells is not unlikely. We also observed Ptbb-4::YFP expression in the hermaphrodite HSN motor neurons, the vulval muscles, and several unidentified nonsensory neurons. Expression was also occasionally apparent in the amphid sheath (AMsh) and socket (AMso) glial cells.

• Primary Identifier: Expr9261
• Pattern: In the head, a Ptba-9::YFP transcriptional reporter showed expression in amphid neurons, likely to be ADF, AFD, ASE, ASI, AWA, and AWC, in addition to the OLQ and CEP neurons, the anterior and posterior deirid neurons ADE and PDE, the RIG interneuron, and several additional unidentified nonsensory neurons. In the posterior of both sexes, this reporter was expressed in two tail interneurons, likely DVA, DVB, and/or DVC, as well as the sensory neuron PQR. In the male tail, Ptba-9::mCherry was expressed in the hook HOA and the ray RnA neurons as judged by morphol- ogy, position, and lack of overlap with the RnB marker Ppkd-2::GFP. In the head, a Ptba-9::YFP transcriptional reporter showed expression in amphid neurons, likely to be ADF, AFD, ASE, ASI, AWA, and AWC, in addition to the OLQ and CEP neurons, the anterior and posterior deirid neurons ADE and PDE, the RIG interneuron, and several additional unidentified nonsensory neurons. In the posterior of both sexes, this reporter was expressed in two tail interneurons, likely DVA, DVB, and/or DVC, as well as the sensory neuron PQR. In the male tail, Ptba-9::mCherry was expressed in the hook HOA and the ray RnA neurons as judged by morphology, position, and lack of overlap with the RnB marker Ppkd-2::GFP.

• Primary Identifier: Expr14179
• Pattern: ADF, amphid sheath glia

• Primary Identifier: Expr9313
• Subcellular Localization: HMIT-1.3::EGFP was expressed at the lumenal membrane of intestinal cells. In addition, HMIT-1.3::EGFP was expressed in the cell body and the endfoot of glial cells.

• Primary Identifier: Expr9310
• Pattern: Phmit-1.3::egfp was expressed in the intestine and amphid sheath glial cells.

• Primary Identifier: Expr12936
• Pattern: K02E11.4 is expressed in the AMsh glia.

• Primary Identifier: Expr12934
• Pattern: PROS-1::GFP is detected in the nuclei of AMsh glia. Importantly, PROS-1::GFP is not detected in amphid sensory neurons and in the AMso glia. PROS-1::GFP is detected in many other sense organ-associated glia in the head, including the astrocyte-like CEP sheath glia, and the glia of the inner and outer labial sensilla.

• Primary Identifier: Expr2809
• Pattern: The gfp-tagged genomic exc-4 locus, which is capable of rescuing the exc-4 mutant phenotype, shows expression in the excretory system, hypodermis, vulva, pharyngeal muscle, rectal gland, tubular rectal epithelial cells, and tubular neuronal support cells in the head and tail. EXC-4 protein showed highly specific patterns of subcellular localization. Taken together, EXC-4 localizes to very distinct membranes that undergo substantial remodeling (growth and fusion) in order to create diverse, often tubular membrane structures. EXC-4 localizes in amphid sheath cells in the head and epithelial cells in the anus.
• Subcellular Localization: In the excretory system, EXC-4 localizes to the lumenal membrane of the excretory cell, the duct, and the pore cell. Apical lumenal localization is also observed in the tubeforming cells generating the anus. In the lateral seam cells of the hypodermis, EXC-4 localizes directly adjacent to the adherens junction marker AJM-1 to a compact subapical belt of plasma membrane called the apical junction. In phasmid and labial sheath cells, EXC-4 selectively localizes to the extreme tip of the sheath cell membranes, which enwrap the dendritic ending of sensory neurons and fuse with themselves to form an elongated tubular structure exposed to the sensory environment.

• Primary Identifier: Expr11586
• Pattern: Paakg-4::gfp is broadly expressed in C. elegans. Paakg-4::gfp is seen in tail sensory organs: phasmid sheath, socket cells and neurons, as well as in epithelial rectal cells, anal-depressor muscle, pre-anal ganglion rectal neurons, body wall muscles, posterior intestine and dorsal cord neuronal processes. Paakg-4::gfp is expressed in vulval, uterine muscles and ventral cord processes. Head expression mostly localizes to the ring ganglia plus 6 pharyngeal neurons. It is also seen in amphid sensory organs including sheath, socket cells and neurons. For a summary of Paakg-4::gfp see table S10.

• Primary Identifier: Expr9309
• Pattern: Phmit-1.2::egfp was expressed in the excretory canal cell, which is an osmotic regulatory organ that is functionally analogous to the kidney, and pairs of amphid and phasmid sheath glia.

• Primary Identifier: Expr15547
• Pattern: EXC-1 was found at the apical surface of excretory canals, and surprisingly, unlike EXC-9, little EXC-1 protein was apparent in the cytoplasm. In addition to the excretory canal cell, EXC-1 was expressed at lower levels in the amphid sheath cells.

• Primary Identifier: Expr9312
• Subcellular Localization: HMIT-1.2::EGFP was expressed in the cell body and the endfoot of glial cells. In the excretory canal cell, HMIT-1.2::EGFP was localized at the basal membrane of the distal canal and at the lumenal membrane of the proximal canal.

• Primary Identifier: Expr13002
• Pattern: An extrachromosomal array containing 1.6 kb of the presumptive C46E1.3 promoter linked to gfp is strongly expressed both in the excretory canal cell and in the glial amphid sheath cells. Expression within the canal cell begins soon after the cell is born, and persists throughout the lifetime of the animal. A translational construct expressing C46E1.3 cDNA linked to GFP solely within the canal and head mesodermal cell is strongly expressed within the canal cytoplasm.

• Primary Identifier: Expr12011
• Pattern: The earliest Ppa-obi-1 expression occurs in at least one cell in the pre-comma embryonic stage but soon disappears until weak expression reappears in the hyp7 and seam cells in J4 larvae. The most robust and diverse Ppa-obi-1 expression was found in mid-J4 hermaphrodites, which is consistent with real time quantitative PCR results indicating transcript levels in J2 and J3 larvae are less than in J4 larvae. In the mid-J4 stage, Ppa-obi-1 is strongly expressed in the major hypodermal syncytium and the lateral hypodermal cells that cover most of the body (hyp7 and seam cells) as well as the ventral tail Ppa-obi-1 is also strongly expressed in the P(5-7).p cell descendants that form the vulva lumen (vulC, D, E) during the mid-J4 stage until just prior to vulval eversion, as well as in the vulva muscles (likely vm1, 2). Most notably, Ppa-obi-1 expression was observed in the two bilaterally symmetrical specialized epithelial cells that envelope the chemosensory neurons, known as the amphid sheath cells. Ppa-obi-1p::gfp expression in the putative amphid sheath cells lie dorsal-lateral and posterior to the DiI labeled amphid neurons ASK, ADL, and ASI. Expression was also noticed in four unknown cell types anterior to the metacarpus (anterior pharyngeal bulb), which could be putative neuronal support cells for the inner labial or outer labial quadrant sensilla (IL or OLQ). Ppa-obi-1 is also expressed in putative duct and excretory cells on the ventral anterior side that form part of the excretory system.

• Primary Identifier: Expr13748
• Pattern: F25H8.21p::gfp was expressed in neuronal support cells (amphid sheath cells and phasmid socket cells) and the excretory duct cell.

• Primary Identifier: Expr13752
• Pattern: R5::Deltapes-10::gfp was expressed in amphid sheath, phasmid socket and unidentified head cells.

• Primary Identifier: Expr12998
• Pattern: PROS-1::EGFP is localized in the nuclei of the amphid sheath glia, the phasmid sheath glia and the excretory cell but not of the sensory neurons.

• Primary Identifier: Expr12918
• Pattern: kcc-3 expression is detected exclusively in glia, including AMsh glia, but not in AFD.

• Primary Identifier: Expr9659
• Pattern: lit-1 is expressed in amphid sheath glia, among other cells. In addition, the expression pattern of this reporter partially overlaps with that of ptr-10, a gene expressed in ensheathing glia of other sensory organs.

• Primary Identifier: Expr13640
• Pattern: Animals co-expressing igdb-2 promoter::nuclear-RFP and glial mir-228 promoter::GFP exhibit signal co-localization in glia, among other cells. A similar experiment using itr-1 promoter::GFP to mark AMso glia, revealed co-localization with igdb-2 promoter::GFP in these cells.
• Subcellular Localization: Within AMso glia, IGDB-2 was enriched near the amphid channel and in vesicular structures in the cell body.

• Primary Identifier: Expr12497
• Pattern: A kcc-3::gfp translational fusion is expressed in glial-like cells, including amphid sheath, cephalic sheath and phasmid sheath cells. The KCC-3::GFP signal was localized at the amphid sheath ending.

• Primary Identifier: Expr13070
• Pattern: BGNT-1.1 localises to the trans-golgi in the amphid and phasmid sheath cells.
• Subcellular Localization: BGNT-1.1 localises to the trans-golgi in the amphid and phasmid sheath cells.

• Primary Identifier: Expr12749
• Pattern: Expression of a fig-1 promoter::GFP reporter was detected exclusively within amphid and phasmid sheath glia and was first evident in late embryos, continuing throughout adulthood.

• Primary Identifier: Expr11525
• Pattern: F52E1.2 is exclusively expressed in the amphid and phasmid sheath (PHsh) cells. In the AMsh cells, some of the F52E1.2SP::YFP protein is transported to theAMsh cell endings, where it seems to be secreted into the AMsh lumen and localized around the cilia of the sensory neurons in wild-type.

• Primary Identifier: Expr12750
• Pattern: F16F9.3 is expressed only in amphid and phasmid sheath glia.

• Primary Identifier: Expr12751
• Pattern: F11C7.2 is expressed in amphid and phasmid sheath glia.

0 Life Stages

1 Parents

Definition	Name	Synonym	Primary Identifier
a structural (glial) cell which forms an specialized environment surrounding the sensory ending(s) of one or more neurons; sometimes accompanied by a more distal socket cell. In early development of the sensory nerves and of the nerve ring some sheath cells (cephalics and labials) may also provide a substrate for axon guidance	neuronal sheath cell	pocket cell	WBbt:0005811