WormMine: AnatomyTerm WBbt:0006746

• Definition: Neuron that uses dopamine (DA) as a neurotransmitter.
• Name: dopaminergic neuron
• Primary Identifier: WBbt:0006746

6 Children

Definition	Name	Synonym	Primary Identifier
Neuron class of four neurons associated with cephalic sensilla.	CEP		WBbt:0005244
Neuron class of two male-specific neurons that are associated with ninth male sensory ray, A neuron type.	R9A		WBbt:0006858
Neuron class of two male-specific neurons that are associated with seventh male sensory ray, A neuron type.	R7A		WBbt:0006857
Neuron class of two male-specific neurons that are associated with fifth male sensory ray, A neuron type.	R5A		WBbt:0006856
Neuron class of two neurons with ciliated endings in the posterior deirid sensilla.	PDE	postdeirid neuron	WBbt:0006747
Neuron class of two sensory neurons of anterior deirids, sensory receptors in lateral alae, contain dopamine.	ADE		WBbt:0005415

7 Expression Clusters

Regulated By Treatment	Description	Algorithm	Primary Identifier
	Genes that showed expression levels higher than the corresponding reference sample (L3/L4 all cell reference).	A Mann-Whitney U test with an empirical background model and FDR correction for multiple testing was used to detect expressed transcripts (Benjamini and Hochberg 1995). Genes and TARs with an FDR <= 0.05 were reported as expressed above background. Authors detected differentially expressed transcripts using a method based on linear models. Genes and TARs were called differentially expressed if the FDR was <= 0.05 and the fold change (FC) >= 2.0. To more strictly correct for potential false-positives resulting from multiple sample comparisons, authors divided individual FDR estimates by the number of samplesor sample comparisons, respectively. This resulted in an adjusted FDR of 1.3 * 0.0001 for expression above background and of 7.4 * 0.0001 for differential expression. Authors called genes selectively enriched in a given tissue if they met the following requirements: (1) enriched expression in a given tissue (FDR <= 0.05 and FC >= 2.0), (2) fold change versus reference among the upper 40% of the positive FC range observed for this gene across all tissues, and (3) fold-change entropy among the lower 40% of the distribution observed for all genes.	WBPaper00037950:dopaminergic-neurons_L3-L4-larva_expressed
	Genes that showed expression levels higher than the corresponding reference sample (embryonic 24hr reference).	A Mann-Whitney U test with an empirical background model and FDR correction for multiple testing was used to detect expressed transcripts (Benjamini and Hochberg 1995). Genes and TARs with an FDR <= 0.05 were reported as expressed above background. Authors detected differentially expressed transcripts using a method based on linear models. Genes and TARs were called differentially expressed if the FDR was <= 0.05 and the fold change (FC) >= 2.0. To more strictly correct for potential false-positives resulting from multiple sample comparisons, authors divided individual FDR estimates by the number of samplesor sample comparisons, respectively. This resulted in an adjusted FDR of 1.3 * 0.0001 for expression above background and of 7.4 * 0.0001 for differential expression. Authors called genes selectively enriched in a given tissue if they met the following requirements: (1) enriched expression in a given tissue (FDR <= 0.05 and FC >= 2.0), (2) fold change versus reference among the upper 40% of the positive FC range observed for this gene across all tissues, and (3) fold-change entropy among the lower 40% of the distribution observed for all genes.	WBPaper00037950:dopaminergic-neurons_L1-larva_expressed
	Genes significantly enriched (> 2x, FDR < 5%) in a particular cell-type versus a reference sample of all cells at the same stage.	A Mann-Whitney U test with an empirical background model and FDR correction for multiple testing was used to detect expressed transcripts (Benjamini and Hochberg 1995). Genes and TARs with an FDR <= 0.05 were reported as expressed above background. Authors detected differentially expressed transcripts using a method based on linear models. Genes and TARs were called differentially expressed if the FDR was <= 0.05 and the fold change (FC) >= 2.0. To more strictly correct for potential false-positives resulting from multiple sample comparisons, authors divided individual FDR estimates by the number of samplesor sample comparisons, respectively. This resulted in an adjusted FDR of 1.3 * 0.0001 for expression above background and of 7.4 * 0.0001 for differential expression. Authors called genes selectively enriched in a given tissue if they met the following requirements: (1) enriched expression in a given tissue (FDR <= 0.05 and FC >= 2.0), (2) fold change versus reference among the upper 40% of the positive FC range observed for this gene across all tissues, and (3) fold-change entropy among the lower 40% of the distribution observed for all genes.	WBPaper00037950:dopaminergic-neurons_embryo_enriched
	Genes significantly enriched (> 2x, FDR < 5%) in a particular cell-type versus a reference sample of all cells at the same stage.	A Mann-Whitney U test with an empirical background model and FDR correction for multiple testing was used to detect expressed transcripts (Benjamini and Hochberg 1995). Genes and TARs with an FDR <= 0.05 were reported as expressed above background. Authors detected differentially expressed transcripts using a method based on linear models. Genes and TARs were called differentially expressed if the FDR was <= 0.05 and the fold change (FC) >= 2.0. To more strictly correct for potential false-positives resulting from multiple sample comparisons, authors divided individual FDR estimates by the number of samplesor sample comparisons, respectively. This resulted in an adjusted FDR of 1.3 * 0.0001 for expression above background and of 7.4 * 0.0001 for differential expression. Authors called genes selectively enriched in a given tissue if they met the following requirements: (1) enriched expression in a given tissue (FDR <= 0.05 and FC >= 2.0), (2) fold change versus reference among the upper 40% of the positive FC range observed for this gene across all tissues, and (3) fold-change entropy among the lower 40% of the distribution observed for all genes.	WBPaper00037950:dopaminergic-neurons_larva_enriched
	Genes significantly enriched (> 2x, FDR < 5%) in a particular cell-type versus a reference sample of all cells at both embryonic and larval stages.	A Mann-Whitney U test with an empirical background model and FDR correction for multiple testing was used to detect expressed transcripts (Benjamini and Hochberg 1995). Genes and TARs with an FDR <= 0.05 were reported as expressed above background. Authors detected differentially expressed transcripts using a method based on linear models. Genes and TARs were called differentially expressed if the FDR was <= 0.05 and the fold change (FC) >= 2.0. To more strictly correct for potential false-positives resulting from multiple sample comparisons, authors divided individual FDR estimates by the number of samplesor sample comparisons, respectively. This resulted in an adjusted FDR of 1.3 * 0.0001 for expression above background and of 7.4 * 0.0001 for differential expression. Authors called genes selectively enriched in a given tissue if they met the following requirements: (1) enriched expression in a given tissue (FDR <= 0.05 and FC >= 2.0), (2) fold change versus reference among the upper 40% of the positive FC range observed for this gene across all tissues, and (3) fold-change entropy among the lower 40% of the distribution observed for all genes.	WBPaper00037950:dopaminergic-neurons_CoreEnriched
	Genes that show selective expression in a subset of cell types vs broadly expressed in many cell types. Correspond to 20% - 57% of enriched_genes for a given cell type.	A Mann-Whitney U test with an empirical background model and FDR correction for multiple testing was used to detect expressed transcripts (Benjamini and Hochberg 1995). Genes and TARs with an FDR <= 0.05 were reported as expressed above background. Authors detected differentially expressed transcripts using a method based on linear models. Genes and TARs were called differentially expressed if the FDR was <= 0.05 and the fold change (FC) >= 2.0. To more strictly correct for potential false-positives resulting from multiple sample comparisons, authors divided individual FDR estimates by the number of samplesor sample comparisons, respectively. This resulted in an adjusted FDR of 1.3 * 0.0001 for expression above background and of 7.4 * 0.0001 for differential expression. Authors called genes selectively enriched in a given tissue if they met the following requirements: (1) enriched expression in a given tissue (FDR <= 0.05 and FC >= 2.0), (2) fold change versus reference among the upper 40% of the positive FC range observed for this gene across all tissues, and (3) fold-change entropy among the lower 40% of the distribution observed for all genes.	WBPaper00037950:dopaminergic-neurons_embryo_SelectivelyEnriched
	Genes that show selective expression in a subset of cell types vs broadly expressed in many cell types. Correspond to 20% - 57% of enriched_genes for a given cell type.	A Mann-Whitney U test with an empirical background model and FDR correction for multiple testing was used to detect expressed transcripts (Benjamini and Hochberg 1995). Genes and TARs with an FDR <= 0.05 were reported as expressed above background. Authors detected differentially expressed transcripts using a method based on linear models. Genes and TARs were called differentially expressed if the FDR was <= 0.05 and the fold change (FC) >= 2.0. To more strictly correct for potential false-positives resulting from multiple sample comparisons, authors divided individual FDR estimates by the number of samplesor sample comparisons, respectively. This resulted in an adjusted FDR of 1.3 * 0.0001 for expression above background and of 7.4 * 0.0001 for differential expression. Authors called genes selectively enriched in a given tissue if they met the following requirements: (1) enriched expression in a given tissue (FDR <= 0.05 and FC >= 2.0), (2) fold change versus reference among the upper 40% of the positive FC range observed for this gene across all tissues, and (3) fold-change entropy among the lower 40% of the distribution observed for all genes.	WBPaper00037950:dopaminergic-neurons_larva_SelectivelyEnriched

22 Expression Patterns

• Primary Identifier: Expr4817
• Remark: Picture: Fig. 2G.
• Pattern: In wild-type animals, GFP was observed in all identified serotonergic and dopaminergic neurons and many muscle cells. Please note: this strain -JY739- shows expression in biogenic amine neurons and the epidermis, not in muscle cells (Loer et al., 2015. Genetics. WBPaper00046585, Expr12165).

• Primary Identifier: Expr11819
• Pattern: Evidence of ASIC-1 expression was found in FLP neurons, but not in PVD neurons, because an asic-1 promoter drove expression of the fluorophore mCherry in this neuron pair. Pasic-1::mCherry expression was also found in other neurons, including the mechanosensitive dopaminergic sensory neurons previously reported to express asic-1.

• Primary Identifier: Expr11820
• Pattern: asic-1 is expressed in eight neurons comprising the C. elegans dopaminergic system (the four cephalic neurons; two anterior deirid neurons and two posterior deirid neurons; CEP, ADE, PDE, respectively). Expression is also detected in four additional neurons in the tail, two of which are the bilaterally symmetric PVQ interneurons.
• Subcellular Localization: A full-length ASIC-1::GFP and an amino-terminal ASIC-1N::GFP chimaeras showed prominent punctuate distribution along the processes of dopaminergic neurons, in synapse-rich areas. A DsRED-synaptobrevin fusion colocalizes with both ASIC- 1::GFP and ASIC-1N::GFP in these puncta. Thus, ASIC-1 localizes at presynaptic termini of dopaminergic neurons.

• Primary Identifier: Expr12168
• Pattern: qdpr-1 was expressed in the epidermis -similar to what observed in cat-4 transgenics- but was not highly expressed in 5HT and DA neurons. These transgenics all also showed some expression of varying intensity in other cells (non-epidermal cells, and non-5HT and non-DA neurons in the head and body). A qdpr-1 full-length translational fusion was expressed in several known 5HT and DA neurons, including NSMs, ADFs, CEPs, and other cells.

• Primary Identifier: Expr11075
• Pattern: Despite the broad neuronal expression of both ceh-43 and ast-1, they uniquely overlap in dopaminergic neurons plus one additional pair of nondopaminergic neurons in the head and one additional neuron in the midbody region. Coexpression of ast-1, ceh-43, and ceh-20 was detected in SDQL.

• Primary Identifier: Expr16215
• Pattern: A transcriptional GFP reporter strain MAB336 (hpo- 9p::GFP) was generated. We observed a ubiquitous GFP expression from L1 to adult stage, primarily in the pharynx and head neurons but weaker in the posterior intestine, body wall muscle cells and hypodermal cells. C. elegans hermaphrodites have 8 DAergic neurons, including 4 cephalic neurons (CEPs) and 2 anterior deirid neurons (ADEs) in the head and 2 postdeirid neurons (PDEs) in the posterior. We crossed MAB336 with OH7193, which has mCherry labeled DAergic neurons and found that the GFP signal was co-localized with mCherry labeled DAergic neurons, indicating hpo-9 was expressed in DAergic neurons.

• Primary Identifier: Expr13719
• Pattern: A Pglit-1::gfp transcriptional construct revealed that GLIT-1 is expressed in the pharynx, the intestine, and in several cells in the head including dopaminergic neurons. N-terminal GFP-tagging of GLIT-1 protein confirmed this expression pattern. GFP::GLIT-1 expression could be clearly detected in dopaminergic neurons in L4 stage larvae and adult animals, but such expression could not be ascertained at earlier developmental stages, possibly due to low levels of GLIT-1 expression.

• Primary Identifier: Expr12165
• Pattern: GFP reporter constructs show cat-4 expression in identified serotonergic and dopaminergic neurons (where tryptophan hydroxylase and tyrosine hydroxylase are expressed, respectively), and in the epidermis (where both phenylalanine hydroxylase and alkylglycerol monooxygenase are expressed). Overall, in larval and adult worms, strong expression was observed in serotonergic and dopaminergic neurons, in most of the epidermis - especially the large epidermal syncytium (hyp7) - and more weakly in some intestinal cells. NSM and CEP neuron somas are seen in the head, plus some neuronal processes (especially CEP processes). A few other neuronal somas stain less brightly. The anterior intestine also shows GFP expression, as do some rectal epithelial cells (likely B & Y cells). The cat-4 reporter constructs examined were coming from three different sources, including some previously described by others (Sze et al. 2002, Flames and Hobert 2009). The JY739 strain showed expression in biogenic amine neurons and the epidermis, not in muscle cells as reported (Sze et al. 2002). GFP reporter constructs show cat-4 expression in identified serotonergic and dopaminergic neurons (where tryptophan hydroxylase and tyrosine hydroxylase are expressed, respectively), and in the epidermis (where both phenylalanine hydroxylase and alkylglycerol monooxygenase are expressed). Overall, in larval and adult worms, strong expression was observed in serotonergic and dopaminergic neurons, in most of the epidermis - especially the large epidermal syncytium (hyp7) - and more weakly in some intestinal cells. NSM and CEP neuron somas are seen in the head, plus some neuronal processes (especially CEP processes). A few other neuronal somas stain less brightly. The anterior intestine also shows GFP expression, as do some rectal epithelial cells (likely B & Y cells).The cat-4 reporter constructs examined were coming from three different sources, including some previously described by others (Sze et al. 2002, Flames and Hobert 2009). The JY739 strain showed expression in biogenic amine neurons and the epidermis, not in muscle cells as reported.

• Primary Identifier: Expr8812
• Remark: Picture: Fig 6.
• Pattern: SMF-2 is expressed in DA neurons, as well as other cells, and the SMF-2 antibody does not immunoreact with other cells in the smf-2 mutant primary cultures.

• Primary Identifier: Expr8811
• Remark: Picture: Fig 5.
• Pattern: SMF-1 immunoreactivity is observed in DA neurons, as well as other cell types. No specific staining was observed in DA primary neurons or other cells from smf-1 mutant worms. These results indicate that SMF-1 is expressed in DA neurons and that the antibody is likely specific for the putative transporter.

• Primary Identifier: Expr8565
• Remark: Picture: Fig. 2d.
• Pattern: ast-1 is expressed in several neurons, including all dopaminergic (DA) neurons. ast-1 expression persists in DA neurons throughout postembryonic stages.

• Primary Identifier: Expr11074
• Pattern: Coexpression of ast-1, ceh-43, and ceh-20 was detected in at least one nondopaminergic neuron (SDQL). ceh-43 is expressed in all dopaminergic neurons throughout the life of the neurons. Expression can also be observed in some additional head and body neurons as well as nonneuronal cells. This expression was corroborated with immunostaining of endogenous CEH-43 protein using a pan-species anti-Distalless antibody.

• Primary Identifier: Expr9992
• Pattern: In wild-type, this functional cat-1 fusion to GFP was specifically expressed in all predicted serotonergic and dopaminergic neurons.

• Primary Identifier: Expr9129
• Remark: No specific staining was observed in primary DA neurons or other cells from animals in which skn-1 mRNA levels were reduced using RNAi. Furthermore, SKN-1-associated DA neuron immunoreactivity was not observed following co-incubation of the cultures with the SKN-1 antibody and the complementary antigenic peptide, providing further proof that the antibody is binding to the SKN-1 protein in the DA neurons. Taken together, these results indicate that SKN-1 is expressed in DA neurons, and that a reduction in the transcription factor mRNA levels by RNAi results in a significant loss of SKN-1 immunoreactive protein expression in the DAergic cells. Picture: Fig 5, Fig S2.
• Pattern: SKN-1 immunoreactivity is observed in all dopaminergic (DA) neurons.

• Primary Identifier: Expr3867
• Pattern: trp-4 has been reported to be expressed in the CEP and ADE dopamine neurons and in two interneurons, DVA and DVC. TRP-4 expression was also observed in the PDE dopamine neurons, probably owing to the use of a longer promoter region (approx7.5 kb) of the trp-4 gene. TRP-4 was highly enriched in the cilia of the dopamine neurons, and was localized throughout the whole axon in DVA and DVC.
• Subcellular Localization: Expressed in the whole axon in DVA and DVC.

• Primary Identifier: Expr10650
• Pattern: Confocal analysis of wild-type GFP:DAT-1 expression in CEP neurons revealed moderate levels of transporter expression in DA cell bodies, low levels in dendrites and axons, and high expression in presynaptic terminals.

• Primary Identifier: Expr11076
• Pattern: ceh-40 is expressed in many neurons in the head including all dopaminergic neurons (CEPD, CEPV and ADE). Expression of ceh-40 could not be detected in the midbody PDE neuron but was observed in the head dopaminergic neurons.

• Primary Identifier: Expr3390
• Pattern: When embryonic cells was dissociated from Pdat-1::GFP, transgenic nematodes that express GFP in all DA neurons, the number of GFP-positive cells counted by fluorescence-activated cell sorting was found to be proportional to that expected in the mature embryo ($(A!V(B0.5% of the total number of cells).

• Primary Identifier: Expr16074
• Pattern: The authors confirmed the dopaminergic-specific expression of pcat-2 and pdat-1 using a reporter gene.

• Primary Identifier: Expr11668
• Pattern: BAS-1::GFP was expressed in both serotonergic and dopaminergic neurons at a high level in young worms and a relatively low level in aged worms.

• Primary Identifier: Expr16075
• Pattern: The authors confirmed the dopaminergic-specific expression of pcat-2 and pdat-1 using a reporter gene.

• Primary Identifier: Expr14708
• Pattern: Prnt-1::GFP is expressed in dopaminergic neurons.

0 Life Stages

1 Parents

Definition	Name	Synonym	Primary Identifier
Major cell type of nervous tissue, specialized for transmission of information in the form of patterns of impulses.	neuron	neurone	WBbt:0003679