WormMine: AnatomyTerm WBbt:0005775

• Definition: Four processes (canals) of the excretory canal cell each contain a central collecting lumen which feeds to a central lumenal canal in the cell body; the central canal forms a specialized membrane to release fluids into the excretory duct. These five canals form a continuous H-shaped channel which extends almost the full length of the body, generally in contact with the lateral hypodermis and the pseudocoelom.
• Name: excretory canal
• Primary Identifier: WBbt:0005775
• Synonym: canal

0 Children

1 Expression Clusters

Regulated By Treatment	Description	Algorithm	Primary Identifier
	Single-cell RNA-Seq cell group 79_1 expressed in excretory.	scVI 0.6.0	WBPaper00065841:79_1

124 Expression Patterns

• Primary Identifier: Expr4812
• Remark: Picture: Figure 7A, Figure 7, C and D.
• Pattern: RDY-2 has a distribution very similar to that of VHA-5 in the excretory canal and the epidermis. Specifically, expression was seen in the lining of the excretory canal and excretory duct, but not around the excretory pore. As no expression was seen around the excretory cell body, authors conclude that RDY-2 is localized at the apical side of the canal, as reported for VHA-5 (see Expr4811). RDY-2 had a distribution in the epidermis similar to that of VHA-5 and was also excluded from seam cells. RDY-2 expression became progressively fainter after the L1 stage. In addition, authors found RDY-2 expressed in the sheath cells associated with head and tail sensory organs. Three-dimensional reconstructions showed that VHA-5 and RDY-2 formed a sixfold symmetrical pattern, which includes a larger spot that presumably corresponds to the amphid.
• Subcellular Localization: Localized at the apical side of the excretory canal. In the amphid sheath cell, VHA-5 and RDY-2 were found in the most distal part of the cell lining the sheath pocket, which can be equated to its apical side.

• Primary Identifier: Expr4813
• Remark: Picture: Figure 7, C and D.
• Pattern: Expression was observed throughout development, starting at midembryogenesis. VHA-5 was also detected at the lumen of the vulva and rectum. In addition, authors found VHA-5 expressed in the sheath cells associated with head and tail sensory organs. Three-dimensional reconstructions showed that VHA-5 and RDY-2 formed a sixfold symmetrical pattern, which includes a larger spot that presumably corresponds to the amphid.
• Subcellular Localization: In the amphid sheath cell, VHA-5 was found in the most distal part of the cell lining the sheath pocket, which can be equated to its apical side.

• Primary Identifier: Expr4791
• Remark: Reporter gene fusion type not specified.
• Pattern: The glt-7::gfp fusion shows strong expression in the excretory canal cell from embryonic to larval stages. Strikingly, there was a complete disappearance of the glt-7::gfp signal in most adult animals.

• Primary Identifier: Expr4994
• Remark: Picture: Figure 1B, Figure S3A.
• Pattern: The unc-80 GFP reporter is broadly expressed in the nervous system. The reporter is expressed in both acetylcholine and GABA motor neurons as determined by double-labeling. Although expression is observed in other tissues, no expression was observed in the body muscle. unc-80 is strongly expressed in neurons. Strong expression is observed in the nervous system and in the vulval muscle. Expression was also shown in the anterior excretory canal just posterior of the head, the vulval muscle, distal tip cell of the gonad, and the anal depressor muscle in the tail.

• Primary Identifier: Expr4956
• Remark: Picture: Fig. 5, Fig 6.
• Pattern: NAB-1::GFP expression is restricted to epithelia and neurons. The earliest expression was observed in the hypodermis of 2-fold-stage early embryos. Immediately prior to hatching, this expression became restricted to the epithelial excretory canal and the nervous system, including the central nervous system and the motoneurons (dorsal and ventral nerve cords. In L3 and L4 larvae, NAB-1::GFP also localized transiently at the membranes of the developing vulva epithelia. Also expressed in distal tip cell (pers. comm. from Wesley Hung 11-17-07.)
• Subcellular Localization: NAB-1::GFP puncta partially co-localized with the synaptic-vesicle protein SNT-1 and the active-zone protein UNC-10, suggesting that NAB-1 is present in presynaptic regions that are associated with vesicle pools and active zones. Similar to NAB-1, SAD-1 also showed co-localization with SNT-1. NAB-1::GFP and SAD-1 also showed partial co-localization, where each NAB-1::GFP punctum was associated with SAD-1 staining.

• Primary Identifier: Expr4624
• Remark: Species: C. briggsae.
• Pattern: In C. briggsae, the gene expressed in: excretory cell and intestine.

• Primary Identifier: Expr4623
• Pattern: Expressed in: excretory cell and intestine.

• Primary Identifier: Expr4379
• Remark: No detailed description on life stages.
• Pattern: ZK795.3::GFP expression pattern includes spermatheca, hypodermal cells, pharynx and the excretory cell and channels. In the L3 stage, expression was seen in the vulva, and in P6.p descendants.

• Primary Identifier: Expr4594
• Pattern: Analysis of a reporter transgene revealed that act-5 expression is restricted to a small subset of cells within the C. elegans alimentary tract and excretory systems. GFP fluorescence was easily detected within a subset of embryonic, larval, and adult cells in transgenic animals, consistent with previous findings on the act-5 expression pattern. Within larvae and adults, GFP expression occurred within the 20 cells that comprise the adult intestine, and in two sets of three associated cells: one just anterior and one posterior to the intestine. The anterior set corresponds to the middle of three sets of pharyngeal-intestinal valve cells (vpi2), whereas the posterior group of associated cells comprises the rectal epithelial cell (rectD, rect_VL, rect_VR). Finally, the single excretory canal cell, which extends processes along the entire length of the worm, also showed GFP expression.

• Primary Identifier: Expr4630
• Remark: Species: C. briggsae.
• Pattern: In C. briggsae, the gene expressed in: excretory cell.

• Primary Identifier: Expr4629
• Pattern: Expressed in: excretory cell.

• Primary Identifier: Expr4621
• Pattern: Expressed in: excretory cell and intestine.

• Primary Identifier: Expr4622
• Remark: Species: C. briggsae.
• Pattern: In C. briggsae, the gene expressed in: excretory cell and intestine.

• Primary Identifier: Expr4625
• Pattern: Expressed in: excretory cell.

• Primary Identifier: Expr4626
• Remark: Species: C. briggsae.
• Pattern: In C. briggsae, the gene expressed in: excretory cell.

• Primary Identifier: Expr4537
• Pattern: Expressed in ASEL, AWCL/R (faint) excretory gland and canal cells.

• Primary Identifier: Expr4517
• Pattern: ife-2 is highly expressed in all somatic tissues of adult animals, including the pharynx, the intestine, body wall muscles, the hypodermis, neurons and the canal cell. Expression is high during all post-embryonic developmental stages, throughout adulthood, and is detectable in 2-fold stage embryos.

• Primary Identifier: Expr12433

• Primary Identifier: Expr10102
• Pattern: vha-19p::GFP was detected in the excretory cell body and excretory canal, intestine and hypodermis of larvae and adults. vha-19 expression could not be detected in the germline, but transgenes are often silenced in the C. elegans germline. vha-19 is also expressed in vulval hypodermis and in the pharynx.

• Primary Identifier: Expr11911
• Pattern: Beginning at the onset of excretory canal formation and continuing through adult stages, RAL-1 was present along the length of the excretory canal. YFP-RAL-1 was also expressed maternally and therefore were present in cells of the early embryo.
• Subcellular Localization: YFP-RAL-1 displayed a uniform plasma membrane enrichment.

• Primary Identifier: Expr9233
• Remark: After EGF induction, GFP was restricted to P5.p, P6.p and P7.p, cells receiving the EGF signal.
• Pattern: Transgenic embryos harboring a ral-1 promoter-driven gfp fusion construct showed broad embryonic GFP expression. Post-embryonically, GFP was observed in excretory canals, a small number of neurons, and was expressed dynamically in vulval lineages. Prior to EGF induction, GFP was expressed in all VPCs, but at the time of induction, GFP was restricted to P5.p, P6.p and P7.p, cells receiving the EGF signal. Soon thereafter expression was extinguished in the presumptive 1 cell (P6.p), persisted strongly in presumptive 2s (P5.p and P7.p), and was faintly restored in presumptive 3s. Further dynamic expression changes were seen in later vulval development, after fate specification.

• Primary Identifier: Expr14590
• Pattern: Embryonic expression of exc-7 was first observed at the bean stage. By reverse lineaging with use of SIMI-Biocell software, we confirm the identity of one of the expressing cells at this stage as the excretory canal cell. In L1 animals, broad expression in the head, ventral nerve cord (VNC), and tail was observed. In young adults, expression is notably observed in vulva cells. In the nervous system specifically, expression is observed in many neurons throughout the body, but unlike Drosophila Elav, exc-7::gfp it is not panneuronally expressed. We confirmed previously reported expression in cholinergic VNC MNs, but absence of GABAergic VNC MNs, consistent with previous reports (Fujita et al., 1999; Loria et al., 2003) and consistent with exc-7 functioning in cholinergic, but not GABAergic neurons to control alternative splicing (Norris et al., 2014). exc-7::gfp is also expressed in some non-neuronal cell types, including muscle and hypodermis, but not in the gut. A previous report showed that exc-7 is only transiently and weakly expressed in the excretory cell, which, based on exc-7's excretory mutant phenotype, has puzzled researchers (Fujita et al., 2003). We find that the gfp tagged exc-7 locus is strongly and continuously expressed in the excretory canal cell.

• Primary Identifier: Expr9297
• Pattern: SNAP-29-GFP is expressed widely, including the excretory canal, gland cells, hypodermis, vulva, coelomocyte, intestine, gonad sheath cells and some neurons.
• Subcellular Localization: SNAP-29-GFP appeared enriched on intracellular puncta (identified below as endosomal organelles) as well as on or near the plasma membrane. In the intestine, SNAP-29-GFP appeared most highly enriched near the apical membrane, but was also visible on basolateral structures. SNAP-29- GFP expressed in the germline under the control of the pie-1 promoter localized to intracellular vesicles, with enrichment in the cortex near the plasma membrane in oocytes and early embryos.

• Primary Identifier: Expr12323
• Pattern: sma-1:: GFP was expressed in all epithelial cells, as expected (hypodermis, excretory canal cell, intestine, pharyngeal muscles, and pharyngeal marginal cells) (McKeown et al. 1998) but was not detected in gland cells. Likewise, use of a nuclear-localized sma-1::GFP::HIS2B reporter did not indicate any expression in gland nuclei.

• Primary Identifier: Expr9452
• Remark: Operon: CEOP1368
• Pattern: Animals bearing the transcriptional and translational reporters had similar GFP expression patterns. L1 animals carrying the translation reporter expressed GFP in many neurons, including CANs, DD-type motoneurons and ALMs. Expression in the nervous system began early in comma-stage embryos and peaked in intensity around the 3-fold stage of embryogenesis. Although neuronal expression was much fainter at later larval stages, it persisted in some head and tail neurons through adulthood. Non-neuronal cells that also expressed CRML-1::GFP included the migrating distal tip cells, the pharynx, some vulval epithelial cells, rectal epithelial cells and the excretory canal.
• Subcellular Localization: Sub-cellular localization within the body wall muscle: Muscle cell membrane +/- Muscle arms

• Primary Identifier: Expr15173
• Subcellular Localization: In early embryogenesis, ERM-1::GFP localized to the entire plasma membrane as well as the cytoplasm. As morphogenesis initiates, ERM-1::GFP was primarily detected at the apical surface of epithelial tissues and in primordial germ cells (PGCs). In larval stages, we observed apical localization of ERM-1::GFP in epithelial tissues including the intestine, seam cells, and excretory canals. In the syncytial germline, ERM-1 was associated with the entire plasma membrane but enriched at the apical domain.

• Primary Identifier: Expr2621
• Remark: Colocalization Assay: In order to compare directly the distribution of lam-3 and epi-1, both subunits were co-stained using species-specific secondary antibody conjugates. As the germ layers develop, both subunits are deposited between the layers. However, the staining for laminin A is most intense around the pharyngeal and intestinal precursor cells, whereas staining for laminin B is most intense around the myoblast cells and along epidermal cells. By the onset of elongation, distinct layers of laminin A and laminin B staining can be distinguished, particularly anteriorly between the developing pharynx and the body wall. This indicates that the segregation of the laminin isoforms begins early, before or as organogenesis proceeds. In mnDf90, the two subunits remain differentially localized after elongation. lam-3 is localized to the pharyngeal basement membrane, whereas epi-1 is associated mainly with the body wall basement membranes and only weakly with the pharyngeal basement membrane. These results indicate that each laminin alpha subunit is segregated in the embryo to different adjacent basement membranes and that each membrane retains its unique subunit composition.
• Pattern: The antisera indicate that early expression occurs during gastrulation. lam-3 is also associated with the nervous system. During elongation and throughout the rest of development, lam-3 is localized at the nerve ring, at the right fascicle of the ventral nerve cord and at the sublateral nerves. lam-3 is first detected between tissue layers near the end of gastrulation and then becomes localized along the muscle cells as the embryo begins to elongate. By the 3-fold stage of elongation, staining along the muscle quadrants is weaker and becomes restricted to a band at the center of each quadrant, which colocalizes with the dorsal and ventral sublateral nerve tracts in the adult. Staining is intense around the pharynx, pharyngeal-intestinal valve, and intestine during morphogenesis. In larvae and adults, the antiserum stains the spermatheca strongly and only weakly stains the pharynx, the intestine and the excretory canal.
• Subcellular Localization: In nid-1(ur41) animals, lam-3 is localized with the mispositioned axons rather than along the normal nerve pathways. This suggests that lam-3 is localized to neuronal cell surfaces by specific lam-3 receptors.

• Primary Identifier: Expr9978
• Pattern: svh-2::els::venus. Expression of the svh-2 gene was detected in muscles, intestine, excretory canals, distal tip cells and some neurons, but not in D-type motor neurons.

• Primary Identifier: Expr8823
• Remark: Picture: Figure S1.
• Pattern: phb-1 is expressed in all somatic tissues of adult animals, including neurons, the pharynx, the intestine, body wall muscles, the hypodermis, and the canal cell. Expression is detectable in 2-fold stage embryos and remains high during all postembryonic developmental stages, throughout adulthood. Expression and sub-cellular localization of PHB-2 parallels that of PHB-1.
• Subcellular Localization: PHB-1 and PHB-2 proteins co-localize in mitochondria.

• Primary Identifier: Expr8824
• Remark: Picture: Figure S1.
• Pattern: phb-2 is expressed in all somatic tissues of adult animals, including neurons, the pharynx, the intestine, body wall muscles, the hypodermis, and the canal cell. Expression is detectable in 2-fold stage embryos and remains high during all postembryonic developmental stages, throughout adulthood. Expression and sub-cellular localization of PHB-2 parallels that of PHB-1.
• Subcellular Localization: PHB-1 and PHB-2 proteins co-localize in mitochondria.

0 Life Stages

2 Parents

Definition	Name	Synonym	Primary Identifier
H-shaped cell associated with the excretory system, largest cell in C. elegans.	excretory cell	excretory canal cell	WBbt:0005812
Anatomical structures that exist outside of cells; non-cellular.	extracellular component		WBbt:0005732