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Expr4761
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A transcriptional reporter consisting of 1.7 kb of 5' regulatory sequences upstream of the egl-43L start codon showed GFP expression first in the ventral uterine (VU) cells of mid L2 larvae (Pn.p stage) and then in the AC beginning in mid L3 larvae, after the first round of vulval cell divisions had occurred. AC expression increased during AC invasion in late L3 larvae, but remained constant in the VU descendants. gfp expression was also observed in the gut and a set of neurons in the head region. However, no expression could be detected in the vulval cells during vulval cell fate specification and AC invasion. |
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No obvious difference in expression was observed between this particular mir-84::gfp fusion gene and one in which 8.1 kb of sequence upstream of mir-84 was fused to yellow fluorescent protein, kindly provided by A. Yoo and I. Greenwald. |
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Expr4327
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Transgenic mgEx674[mir-84::gfp] animals expressed GFP in the lateral hypodermal seam cells and other cells. The mir-84::gfp reporter was expressed in seam cells during early larval stages in some transgenic animals, although expression was more prevalent in L3-stage and older animals. |
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Expr4590
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Promoter activity with distinct GFP expression in lateral hypodermal seam cells and in the non-seam cell hypodermis was observed throughout development. Additionally, expression was noted in many neurons, including the ventral nerve cord (VNC) and the hermaphrodite specific neuron (HSN). GFP was also observed in various somatic gonad tissues including the anchor cell in larval stages and adult vulval muscle cells, the distal tip cells, a subset of the vulval precursor cells, uterine cells, and spermatheca. |
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Since utse aff-1 expression and AC-utse fusion occur almost simultaneously, it is possible that aff-1 expression detected in the utse is actually a contribution from the AC cytoplasm after the fusion event. To test this, authors examined utse aff-1 expression in lin-29(n482) mutant worms where AC-utse fusion does not occur. aff-1 expression in the utse in these mutants indicated that aff-1 is specifically expressed in the utse cells and is not a consequence of AC to utse cytoplasmic GFP diffusion after fusion. |
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Expr4654
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Specific and continuous expression was detected in the AC from the invasion of the vulval primordium at mid-L3 until its fusion with the utse cells. As the vulva completes its invagination in the L4, the utse syncytium starts to express aff-1, resulting in coexpression of aff-1 in both cells prior to their fusion. Thus, AFF-1 is dynamically expressed in a specific group of cells that undergo cell fusion during normal development. aff-1 expression is first detected in the embryonic hyp5 cell and later during larval development in various cell types, including pharyngeal muscles (Pm3 and Pm5), uterine rings (Ut2 and Ut4), head and tail neurons, sheath cells of chemosensory neurons, and male tail neurons). aff-1 is also expressed in vulval vulD and the seam cells shortly before these cells fuse. In general, the myoepithelial cells of the pharynx and the epithelial cells in the uterus, vulva, and hypodermis that express aff-1 undergo fusion. Thus, AFF-1 is dynamically expressed in a specific group of cells that undergo cell fusion during normal development. |
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Expr4655
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AFF-1::GFP was weakly expressed on the plasma membrane and in intracellular organelles in hyp5, seam cells, vulD vulval precursors, and AC before, during, and after cell-cell fusion. |
Expressed on the plasma membrane and in intracellular organelles. |
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Expr4645
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In the presence of the 6-kb promoter region, the vulval expression is identical to that of the 8-kb nhr-67::[Delta]pes-10 constructs (see Expr4642). Besides the previously reported expression in head neurons, expression was also observed in the anchor cell (AC) (during mid to late L3 stage) in hermaphrodites and the linker cell in males. |
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For dre-1::gfp, a 4 kb promoter was amplified with primers 5' -GGTACCCGAGGGGACATCGAGATAG-3' and 5' -GGTACCTTCCTGGCCAACCAGAGAC-3' and was cloned into Fire vector L3781 (BA 279). The dre-1 ORF and the dre-1 3' UTR region were amplified with primers 5' -GCTAGCATGTCGTCCTCTTCGTCAC-3' and 5' -ACTAGTTACTTACTCCACTCCACACAG-3' and were cloned into BA279 (BA280). Lines containing this construct included dhEx346 and dhIs442. To obtain the full-length promoter construct, authors substituted the promoter from BA279 with a 12.3 kb promoter by using primers 5' -GCGGCCGCGTTGCACACAAAACATTATTATTTTCTTTCTCTT-3' and 5' -TACGTATCTCGTCCCTGAGATCTCTCATTT-3' (BA508). Resulting lines containing this array included dhEx443 and dhEx452. --precise ends. |
Expr4547
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First detected by midembryogenesis, expression was most prominent in epidermal and intestinal cells. By the 1.5-fold stage of embryogenesis, expression was additionally detected in neurons and other cells. During larval and adult stages, DRE-1::GFP was most visible in epidermal seam cells and hypodermis. Expression was high in larvae and low in adults. In addition, DRE-1 was strongly expressed in the P epidermal blast cells and descendents that give rise to the vulva. Weak expression was seen in the somatic gonad, including the gonadoblasts, the anchor cell, dtcs, and occasionally adult spermatheca and uterus. Notably, with another construct (dhEx346, 4 kb promoter, 4 kb coding region), dtc expression was stronger and commenced by mid-L3. In the musculature, DRE-1 was seen in the pharynx, anal depressor, sex muscles, and body wall muscles. Finally, DRE-1 was detected in neurons of the head, tail, ventral cord, and periphery. |
Generally, DRE-1::GFP was localized to both the nucleus and cytoplasm, and it was broadly expressed, including in phenotypically affected tissues. |
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Expr12653
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The cct complex (cct-7) and six other genes- mep-1, a zinc finger TF; lit-1, an ortholog of NEMO-like kinase (NLK); cdc-37; T03F1.8, a guanylate kinase; and two uncharacterized conserved proteins, cacn-1 and T20B12.1-are up-regulated in the AC before or during the time of invasion (mid-to-late L3). |
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Picture: N.A. |
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Marker78
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Marker for anchor cell. |
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Expr11436
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Cbr-puf-2 is expressed in the pharyngeal muscle 7. The GFP signal could only be detected during a brief window from the late fourfold embryo to the early second larval stage. Cbr-puf-2 reporter expression is also seen in four vulval muscle (vm) cells starting in L4. It is expressed in the anchor cell and vulval muscles, but not in the vulva precursor cells (VPCs) themselves. |
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Expr12798
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tat-3 reporter signal first appears in embryos in the developing pharynx. In the fully formed alimentary system, very strong GFP fluorescence is observed in the muscle, marginal and buccal epithelial cells of the pharynx, the pharyngeal-intestinal valve and, with lesser intensity, the rectal epithelial cells. Seam cells display very strong fluorescence as soon as this lineage becomes established during embryonic development. In adults, moderate to weak fluorescence seems to arise from the XXX cells, some unidentified cells in the head and tail regions and the hypodermis. In the reproductive system, tat-3 reporter expression begins in the distal tip cells (DTC) in L1 and in the anchor cell (AC) in early L3. GFP signal is later visible in the dividing progeny of the vulval precursor cells (VPCs). In late L4, the anchor cell fuses with the uterine seam cell (utse), which does not express the reporter. The vulval cells continue exhibiting moderate fluorescence into the adulthood. |
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Expression of gfp in sEx13706 animals is directed by a 2.8 kb hda-1 regulatory region that includes the open reading frames and potential cis-regulatory elements(enhancers) of two other hda-1 upstream genes (ril-1 and C53A5.2). The other hda-1::gfp transgenic strain (bhEx72), generated in this study, contains a much smaller 5'upstream region of hda-1 (approximately 1.0 kb, pGLC44) and excludes the two genes mentioned above. The analysis of GFP fluorescence in sEx13706 and bhEx72 animals revealed a similar pattern, although the fluorescence in sEx13706 was much brighter. |
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Expr11136
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hda-1 is broadly expressed throughout development. The earliest expression was detected in gastrulating embryos. The larvae exhibited GFP expression in several neuronal and epidermal cells, primarily in the anterior ganglion and ventral hypodermal regions. Expression persisted in many cells in later larval and adult stages (data not shown). In the vulva, hda-1::gfp expression was first detected in the progeny of P(5-7).p in mid-L3 animals. At this stage, GFP fluorescence was absent in other VPC lineages (P3.p, P4.p and P8.p) (data not shown). By the L4 stage, almost all vulval cell types were observed fluorescing, with presumptive vulA, vulB1, vulB2, and vulD cells being the brightest. GFP fluorescence in vulval cells was mostly absent beyond the late-L4 stage, suggesting that hda-1 may not be needed in vulval cells at later stages of development. The broad expression of hda-1 is in consistent with the involvement of the gene in multiple developmental processes. This multifaceted role for hda-1in C. elegans appears to be conserved in C. briggsae, because Cbr-hda-1::gfp is expressed in a similar manner. hda-1::gfp expression was also observed in the AC in L3 animals that persisted until the early L4 stage (data not shown). No expression was observed in pi cells or their progeny at any developmental stage. |
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Expression of gfp in sEx13706 animals is directed by a 2.8 kb hda-1 regulatory region that includes the open reading frames and potential cis-regulatory elements(enhancers) of two other hda-1 upstream genes (ril-1 and C53A5.2). The other hda-1::gfp transgenic strain (bhEx72), generated in this study, contains a much smaller 5'upstream region of hda-1 (approximately 1.0 kb, pGLC44) and excludes the two genes mentioned above. The analysis of GFP fluorescence in sEx13706 and bhEx72 animals revealed a similar pattern, although the fluorescence in sEx13706 was much brighter. |
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Expr11137
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hda-1 is broadly expressed throughout development. The earliest expression was detected in gastrulating embryos. The larvae exhibited GFP expression in several neuronal and epidermal cells, primarily in the anterior ganglion and ventral hypodermal regions. Expression persisted in many cells in later larval and adult stages (data not shown). In the vulva, hda-1::gfp expression was first detected in the progeny of P(5-7).p in mid-L3 animals. At this stage, GFP fluorescence was absent in other VPC lineages (P3.p, P4.p and P8.p) (data not shown). By the L4 stage, almost all vulval cell types were observed fluorescing, with presumptive vulA, vulB1, vulB2, and vulD cells being the brightest. GFP fluorescence in vulval cells was mostly absent beyond the late-L4 stage, suggesting that hda-1 may not be needed in vulval cells at later stages of development. The broad expression of hda-1 is in consistent with the involvement of the gene in multiple developmental processes. This multifaceted role for hda-1in C. elegans appears to be conserved in C. briggsae, because Cbr-hda-1::gfp is expressed in a similar manner. hda-1::gfp expression was also observed in the AC in L3 animals that persisted until the early L4 stage (data not shown). No expression was observed in pi cells or their progeny at any developmental stage. |
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Reporter gene fusion type not specified. |
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Expr2894
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The longest construct, containing 10 kb of 5 upstream region from the first lin-3 exon, expresses lin-3::gfp in pharynx; spermathecal-uterine junction core cells and later in the spermatheca valve; pre-anchor (AC)/ventral uterine precursor (VU) cells and later in the anchor cell in the somatic gonad; vulF cells of the primary vulval lineage cells; and F, U and some of the B progeny cells in the male tail. This expression pattern was not affected by the different genetic backgrounds (dpy-20, pha-1 and unc-119) rescued by the corresponding co-injected rescue plasmids, implying that the gfp expression pattern is established by the lin-3 regulatory region. LIN-3 expression in different cells was temporally distinct as well. Expression in the pharynx was observed throughout post-embryonic stages. Spermathecal-uterine junction core cells, which later form the spermatheca valve, started expressing lin-3::gfp at the late L3 larval stage. |
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Picture: Figure 1. The tat-3::nlsSV40-gfp and tat-3::nlsSV40-gfp-nlsEGL-13 transgenic nematodes exhibit essentially the same tissue-specific pattern of reporter expression. In the tat-3::nlsSV40-gfp nematodes, the NLSSV40-GFP reporter fails to significantly accumulate in the nucleus and, under the UV illumination, the nuclei of the fluorescent cells are indistinguishable from the cytoplasm. As a result, identification of cells expressing the reporter is difficult. In contrast, in the same pharyngeal cells with expression of the NLSSV40-GFP-NLSEGL-13 reporter, the difference in intensity between the cytoplasmic and nuclear fluorescence is dramatic, and the fluorescent nuclei are clearly discernable. The NLSSV40-GFP-NLSEGL-13 reporter seems to be more nuclear and to provide a much better contrast in the fluorescence intensity between the nucleus and the cytoplasm than even 4NLSSV40-GFP. Neither reporter is detectable in the hypodermal cytoplasm. The intensity of nuclear fluorescence in the tat-3::nlsSV40-gfp animals is similarly barely above the threshold of detection. In contrast, NLSSV40-GFP-NLSEGL-13 strongly accumulates in the hypodermal nuclei and unambiguously reveals itself in this tissue. |
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Expr7884
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A strong GFP signal is detectable in these animals in a subset of pharyngeal cells. The tat-3::nlsSV40-gfp and tat-3::nlsSV40-gfp-nlsEGL-13 transgenic nematodes also express the reporters in the hypodermis. In addition to the pharynx and hypodermis, expression of the two reporters is also evident in the seam, anchor, distal tip, and adult vulval cells, and at lower levels, in the progeny of the vulval precursor cells and some unidentified cells in the head and tail regions. |
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Expr12030
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Both YFP::LNKN-1 and LNKN-1::YFP are similarly localized to the plasma membrane of many cells. LNKN-1 begins to be expressed in all somatic gonadal cells of the male, including the LC, the vas deferens precursor cells, and seminal vesicle precursor cells, starting in the early L3 stage and continuing through adulthood. It is also expressed in all somatic gonadal cells of the hermaphrodite, including the distal tip cells, anchor cell, uterine precursor cells, and spermatheca precursor cells. Other expression occurs in pharynx, pharyngeal-intestinal valve, intestine, excretory cell and canal, seam cells, a specialized subset of hypodermal cells, the vulval precursor cells of the hermaphrodite, and hook precursor cells in the male. YFP-tagged LNKN-1 is localized to the plasma membrane, exhibiting stronger localization to the sides of cell-cell contact in tissues such as the intestine, seam, and gonad. |
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Expr13021
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C. briggsae, C. afra, C. angaria and Oscheius tipulae lin-3 is expressed in the anchor cell. Similar to C. elegans, lin-3 expression was also detected at a lower level in the gonad outside the anchor cell and in the pharynx. |
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Expr13244
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Pmemo-1::GFP is expressed in some neurons in the head of an L4 wild-type worm, e.g., amphid neurons, including ASJ, and also non-neuronal tissues, such as the pharynx (the procorpus, the anterior bulb, the isthmus and the terminal bulb). In young, adult wild-type worms, Pmemo-1::GFP is expressed in tail neurons, the posterior end of the intestine and the rectal area. Strong Pmemo-1::GFP expression was detected in tail neurons and weaker expression in the posterior end of the intestine and the rectal area. Pmemo-1::GFP is expressed in the adult vulva. Pmemo-1::GFP is expressed in the spermatheca of wild-type adults. Pmemo-1::GFP is expressed during vulva development at the L4 stage. In an early L4, Pmemo-1::GFP::GFP is expressed weakly around the vulva and expressed strongly in the anchor cell and the vulval precursor cells. There is also strong expression in the ventral cord neurons. Pmemo-1::GFP is expressed in the distal tip cells. |
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Expr9352
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During larval stages, LIN-3 expression was detected in the pharynx and the anchor cell using a nuclear-localized GFP reporter. The expression of LIN-3 protein becomes detectable in intestinal and hypodermal cells as animals mature into fertile adults (24h post-L4 onwards). |
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Expr9878
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The expression pattern of lin-3 in wild-type animals was determined at the late L2 to early L3 stage when vulval induction occurs. Robust expression of lin-3 was observed in the anchor cell and throughout the pharynx. Expression of lin-3 was also seen in the germline. In some wild-type animals a few copies of lin-3 mRNA were seen in one or more cells in the tail, on the ventral side slightly anterior to the anus. In addition, a few copies of lin-3 mRNA were seen on the ventral side of the animal, slightly behind the posterior gonad arm. We imaged several animals that were slightly older, in the late L3 stage, and observed expression of several copies of lin-3 mRNA in the region where P6.p and its descendants are located (data not shown). We did not consistently detect any lin-3 mRNA in other tissues, although in some animals we observed a single lin-3 mRNA molecule elsewhere (e.g. in or near an intestinal cell). |
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Reporter gene fusion type not specified. This information was extracted from published material (Archana Sharma-Oates, Andrew Mounsey and Ian A. Hope). |
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Expr689
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let-60 ras::lacZ. The Vulval lineage: First detected in L3 larvae (before vulval induction). Faint staining observed in P3.p-P8.p. Staining becomes stronger as VPCs begin dividing and fusion protein is expressed through adulthood. Faint staining observed in hyp7. Strong staining in vulA, vulB, vulC, vulD, vulE and vulF. Myoblast lineage: L1 (shortly after division of M) - Staining detected in M.d and M.v. Late L1, faint staining in progeny of M.v (body muscle) including SM (progeny of M.d (body muscle) ceases staining). L3: 8 progeny of SM (vulval muscle) stain before and after differentiation in muscle cells. Gonadal lineage: At hatching Z1 and Z4 gonadal cells stain. Progeny Z1 and Z4 that form distal tip cells (dtcs) and dtcs stain throughout larval development-adulthood. L4: Anchor cells (ac) of somatic gonad stains transiently at apex of invaginating vulva and continues until late L4 when ac nucleus fuses with uterine tissue. L4-adult expression (but not lacZ) Intense gfp near germline nuclei along border of distal arm of the gonad and in some places extended into the rachis. Muscle: L1-adult: All body wall muscle cells stain. Pharyngeal muscle pmp3-8 begin staining in L1 and continue until adulthood. Hypodermis: Begin staining in L2-3 larvae but consistent staining does not occur until the L4 stage and continues until adulthood. Hypodermal cells staining include V and H lineage-derived seam cells and V and H derived lateral hypodermal cells. Ventral hypodermal cells derived from P lineage also stain weakly but consistently in the adult. Intestine: Intestinal cells of late L1 larvae stain briefly during their terminal division. No staining after L2. Nervous system and excretory cells: extensive staining but not entirely at hatching throughout development. Beginning L1 - adulthood: Many ventral cord neurons stain positively identified include FLPL,R AVKL,R and either AIMR or AIYR based on co-staining with an anti-FMRF amide and an anti-galactosidase antibody. Nucleus of excretory cell stains in L1 to adulthood. |
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Picture: Fig 3. |
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Expr8694
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Expression in the alimentary canal: Strong and consistent expression in M5, I1, I3, I6, NSM. Weak or rare expression in posterior arcades. Expression in the nervous system: Phsh, ADA, ADE, ADL, AIN, AIY, ALM, AUA, AVA, AVD, AVH, AVJ, AVK, AVM, AWB, BDU, CAN, CEP, DAn, DBn, DDn, DVB, DVC, FLP, HSN, IL1, IL2, LUA, OLL, PDA, PDB, PDE, PHA, PHB, PHC, PLM, PLN, PVC, PVD, PVM, PVN, PVP, PVQ, PVR, PVT, PVW, RIB, RIC, RIF, RIP, RIS, RME, SDQ, SIA (early larva), SIB (early larva), SMB (early larva), SMD (early larva), URA, URB, VAn, VBn, VCn, VDn, M5, I1, I6, NSM. Expression in the reproductive system: In adult stage, expressed in vulval muscle, uterine muscle, HSN, VCn. In developing larva stage, expressed in HSN, VCn, and anchor cell. |
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Reporter gene fusion type not specified. |
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Expr2312
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Signals were detected in some neurons (ASE, ADF, AVA, AUA, RMDV and BAG) in the head region, the anchor cell, the vulva, the cells around the anus, the body wall muscle, pharyngeal muscles in procorpus and metacorpus and distal tip cells of gonad. |
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Reporter gene fusion type not specified. |
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Expr2313
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Signals were detected in some neurons (ASE, ADF, AVA, AUA, RMDV and BAG) in the head region, the anchor cell, the vulva, the cells around the anus, the body wall muscle, pharyngeal muscles in procorpus and metacorpus and distal tip cells of gonad. |
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Temporal description |
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Expr11860
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Fluorescence was observed in all developmental stages after hatching with strong expression in the nervous system and the somatic gonad during L2-L4 larval stages. Additionally, GFP signals were detected in the uterus as well as in the spermatheca of adult worms. Strong riok-1 expression was seen in the head neurons required for chemotaxis like the AWC neurons, the nerve ring (RID/RIF neurons), in inhibitory motor neurons (DA/DD/VA/VD), mechanosensory neurons (ALML/PLML), as well as in the tail sensory neurons (DVA/PDA). GFP was also detected in both nerve cords and associated commissures. In the L2-larva, GFP expression was observed in the somatic gonad as well as in the ventral nerve cord. In the L3-larva, riok-1 expression is maintained in the somatic gonad in ventral uterine (VU/AC) cells. After commitment, riok-1 is expressed in the anchor cell. In contrast, GFP expression could not be detected in the ventral precursor cells (VPCs) in the hypodermis. In the L4-larva, riok- 1 is expressed in the vulF cells of the vulva, cells of the uterus and the uterine seam cells (utse). In young adult worms, the riok-1 expression is maintained in the cells of vulva and the uterus. |
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Lineage expression: B lineage. New Anatomy_term: hyp13. Picture: Figure 2, Figure 4B. |
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Expr8158
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In males, dmd-3::YFP was expressed in a number of sexually dimorphic or sex-specific cells, including the tail tip, hindgut, B lineage, ray RnA neurons and somatic gonad. By contrast, hermaphrodites exhibited strong dmd-3::YFP expression only in the anchor cell. Non-sex-specific expression of these reporters was weak, occurring primarily in the body hypodermis. In addition, expression in phasmid neurons of both sexes was sometimes seen during L3 and L4. In hyp8 to 11, dmd-3::YFP expression was male specific and coincided with morphogenesis. Tail tip expression initiated in early-mid L4 males, first in hyp8, hyp9 and hyp11, and shortly thereafter in hyp10. Authors occasionally observed weak expression in hyp9 in late L3 males. Expression levels peaked during tail tip retraction and decreased rapidly upon its completion. dmd-3 was also expressed in hyp13. Importantly, dmd-3::YFP was not expressed in hermaphrodite hyp8 to 11 at any stage. |
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Picture: Fig 6. |
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Expr8786
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Apart from cells in the neuroblast lineage that generate ASE, nhr-67::mCherry was expressed in multiple other neuroblast lineages in the developing embryo. Expression was usually observed in the grandmother or mother of a neuron, but not earlier. Within the ASEL and ASER-generating lineage branches, nhr-67 was expressed in neuroblasts that generate closely or distantly related cousins of ASEL and ASER. For example, the sister neuroblast of the ASE-generating neuroblast creates the AUA and ASJ neurons and it expressed nhr-67. The cousin of the ASE-mother cell generates the AWB and ADF sensory neurons. nhr-67 was expressed in these cells. In late stage embryos, a few other, postmitotic neurons started to express nhr-67. Embryonic nhr-67 expression was not restricted to the nervous system, but was observed in a small subset of mesodermal and hypodermal cells. No expression was detected in endodermal cells or the germ line. nhr-67 was expressed in the excretory canal cell. Postembryonically, nhr-67 expression persisted only in a few neurons in the head ganglia until the first larval stage and faded shortly thereafter in most, but not all, of these neurons, with expression persisting through adulthood only in the CEPD/V, RMED/V, AVL and RIS neurons. During mid-larval development, nhr-67 was transiently and dynamically expressed in the AC cells of the vulva. Expression was also found in the VU cells and somatic gonad, but not in vulA, vulB or vulC. Within the ASEL/R generating lineages, nhr-67::mCherry was first observed in the grandmother cells of ASEL and ASER. Transgenic animals that co-express a functional nhr-67::mCherry reporter and a functional che-1::yfp reporter revealed that nhr-67 precedes che-1 expression. nhr-67 expression was maintained in the ASEL and ASER neurons until the first larval stage after which it became undetectable, whereas che-1 expression was maintained throughout the life of the animal. In spite of its genetically deduced role in asymmetric gene expression in ASEL and ASER, nhr-67 expression is bilaterally symmetric in ASEL and ASER. |
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Lineage expression: sexmyoblasts and descandents. |
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Expr1596
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LIN-29 was detected in many non-hypodermal cells in the head, tail and vulval region of the developing hermaphrodite. In the head, LIN-29 accumulates in cells of the pharynx and in a subset of neurons. In the tail, LIN-29 accumulates in the rectal cells B, F and U. LIN-29 also accumulates in the sex myoblasts and their progeny, in the distal tip cells, the anchor cell, and in many vulval cells. Although the accumulation of LIN-29 in the hypodermis is restricted to the L4 stage, accumulation in several of these other cell types is not. For example, the accumulation of LIN-29 in the anchor cell and the distal tip cells occurs during the L3 stage. In addition, many, if not all, of the cells that make up the pharynx contain low levels of LIN-29, beginning in the L1 stage and extending to the adult stage. The anti-LIN-29 antisera recognized a nuclear antigen in lateral hypodermal seam cells in wild-type C. elegans. The anti-LIN-29 antibodies revealed a differential pattern of lin-29 protein accumulation during development. LIN-29 was not detected in hermaphrodite hypodermal nuclei prior to the L4 stage. Although it is possible that LIN-29 is distributed diffusely throughout the hypodermal cytoplasm during the L3 and younger stages, there are no difference detected in hypodermal cell staining when these animals were incubated with secondary antibody alone, relative to animals incubated with both primary and secondary antibodies. The earliest LIN-29 accumulation in lateral seam cell nuclei was shortly after their final division, during the L3- to L4-molt. LIN-29 accumulated in these hypodermal nuclei during the L4 stage, and remained detectable in the adult animal. At approximately the same time, LIN-29 was detected in the hypodermal nuclei of the head (hyp1-hyp6), tail (hyp8-hyp12), and the large hypodermal syncytium covering most of the animal (hyp7). The accumulation of LIN-29 in hyp7 was typically observed following accumulation in the seam, and the signal was usually less intense. In summary, LIN-29 accumulates stage-specifically, beginning during the L4 stage and persisting into the adult stage, in all hypodermal cell nuclei of the worm. LIN-29 was also detectable in late stage gravid adults, at a time when lin-29 mRNAs are greatly reduced in abundance. |
nuclei |
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Expr1315
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ADL, ASH, ASK, PHA, PHB, distal tip cell, anchor cell, many male-specific neurons. |
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Picture: Fig 3, Fig S1, S2, S3. |
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Expr9091
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The expression pattern of MADD-2::GFP in animals carrying trIs31 was characterized in detail and is similar to the pattern observed in animals carrying trIs32. Weak MADD-2::GFP expression was first observed in the ventral blast cells during late gastrulation, followed by stronger expression in the overlying ventral hypodermal blast cells during enclosure. MADD-2::GFP expression can also be seen in myoblasts at the two-fold stage of development and persists in the BWMs throughout the life of the animal. From the three-fold stage of embryonic development, MADD-2::GFP is localized to the right side of the ventral hypodermal ridge and to the left side of the dorsal hypodermal ridge, where the ventral and dorsal major nerve cords, respectively, reside. MADD-2::GFP is also expressed in the vulval muscles, the anchor cell, the six ventral uterine precursor cells, the lateral seam cells, and the ray precursor cells and their descendents in males. Other ectodermal derivatives that express MADD-2::GFP include the hermaphrodite-specific neurons (HSNs), and some Q cell descendents, including the AVM, PVM, SDQr, and SDQl neurons. |
Authors also expressed CFP-tagged MADD-2 in select body muscles by using the him-4 promoter. The him-4 promoter drives expression in the distal BWMs of each quadrant and not within the nervous system. In these transgenic animals, MADD-2::CFP is localized to the dense bodies and the muscle arm termini in a pattern that recapitulates MADD-2::GFP localization in strains carrying trIs31. Transgenic BWMs that are surrounded by nontransgenic cells show nearby localization of MADD-2::GFP at the hypodermal ridge, suggesting that MADD-2 is localized postsynaptically and not within axons. Within the BWMs, MADD-2::GFP is localized to the dense bodies that anchor thin fila ments to the extracellular matrix. |
