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mhIs9 rescued the lin-17 T and B cell polarity defects. |
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Expr4251
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mhIs9 males contain a lin-17::gfp construct that was expressed in the membranes of the T, B cells and their descendants as well as the F, P11, P12 and vuval precursor cells. |
membrane |
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mig-5::gfp rescued the mig-5(ok280) B cell polarity defect. |
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Expr4252
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Animals that contained mig-5::gfp expressed GFP in the B, QL cell and several cells in the nerve ring. MIG-5::GFP was expressed strongly in the B cell and its descendants. |
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Isoform 1b.1 |
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Expr11755
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Picture: Fig 3. |
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Expr8673
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Expression in the alimentary canal: Strong and consistent expression in anterior arcades, posterior arcades, M1, B cell. Weak or rare expression in intestine. Expression in the nervous system: Amsh, CEPsh, CEPso, ILso, OLso, Phso, DVC, MI. Expression in the reproductive system: In adult stage, expressed in gonad sheath, uterus, vulva(low), spermatheca, Sp-ut valve. In developing larva stage, expressed in uterus, vulva, spermatheca, Sp-ut valve. inx-5 first appears in the developing hypodermis at bean stage and then in the excretory cell at three-fold stage. |
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See also WBPaper00045644. |
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Expr989
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At hatching and during the time of Q cell migration, egl-20::gfp was expressed exclusively within a group of epidermal and muscle cells located in the posterior of the animal near the anus. These cells are equi-distant from either Q cell at hatching and are symmetrically distributed on the left and right sides of the animal. Both the level and the distribution of EGL-20::GFP are similar on the left and right sides of the animal. |
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Expr10713
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A hst-3.1 reporter displayed limited expression during early embryogenesis, but was visible in the pharynx and body wall muscle by the embryonic threefold stage. During larval and adult stages, the reporter continued to be expressed in body wall muscle, vulval muscle and the pharynx. In addition, we detected expression in at least six neurons in the head, including the NSM, RIH, RIS, and an unidentified pair of neurons as well as some select epithelial cells. No obvious expression was seen in either AIY or HSN interneurons. Additional expression is observed in the coelomocytes (cc), the distal tip cell (dtc), and rectal cells (U,F/K, B AND Y/PDA). In adults, expression is predominantly seen in body wall muscles, vulva muscles, the muscle arms, the pharynx, and the rectal epithelium. |
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Picture: Figure S3. |
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Expr7883
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Expressed in the B, F, K, and U hypodermal cells, also anal depressor muscle. |
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Picture: Figure S3. |
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Expr7882
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Expressed in the B, F, K, and U hypodermal cells, also anal depressor muscle. |
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Expr12601
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sox-2 expression is restricted to subsets of neuroblasts. sox-2 is expressed relatively late in nervous system development, in the progenitor of differentiated neurons, but not in earlier neuroectodermal cells. sox-2 is also expressed in some progenitors of non-neural tissue, in the head hypodermis and the arcade cells. sox-2 is expressed in several postembryonic blast cells that are generated in the embryo. These blast cells include the B, Y, F, U and K rectal epithelial cells and the seam cells along the body. Although expression of sox-2 is absent in the terminal neurons generated by these lineages, sox-2 expression extends beyond the blast cell stage [e.g. sox-2 expression is maintained in the V5 daughters (V5a and V5p) but is lost in the next division].sox-2 is expressed in the sensory neurons AWB, AWC, IL1, IL2, URA, URB, OLL, the interneurons AIM, AIN, AVK, RIH and the motor neuron class RME. The sox-2 fosmid reporter or sox-2 smFISH did not show any expression in the germ line or oocytes of young adult worms. Expression patterns obtained by smFISH were very similar to the ones observed with fosmid reporters. |
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This information was extracted from published material (Archana Sharma-Oates, Andrew Mounsey and Ian A. Hope). |
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Expr709
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Expression first detected in embryos though to adulthood. In L1, strong staining detected in the pharynx and in 2 laterally located cells (NLS-lacZ staining). The pharyngeal cells are muscle cells which occupy most of the body of the pharynx and the lateral cells were CAN neurons based on the position of the nucleus and axon morphology. Both pharyngeal muscle and CAN neurons express reporter as embryo through to adulthood. Also stained were several cells in the tail region. These include the B and Y cells (forming male spicule) from L1 to adult, the hypodermal blast cells T in the L1 and some of its progeny in later stages. In L1, subset of cells in ventral nerve cord and DA identified as DB neurons (cholinergic motor neurons innervating dorsal body wall muscles) stain. Cells identified by GFP: GFP without NLS revealed expression in distal tip cells (DTC) spermatheca and uterus. It is not clear if GFP is expressed by somatic cells of the gonad or by the germline cells (namely sperm) in the spermatheca. Expression in uterus was seen outside the embryos. It is not clear which cells expressed the reporter in uterus although observation of NLS-lacZ and NLS-GFP indicated that some somatic cells of the gonad expressed CePAKGFP without NLS. There is expression in many hypodermal cells surrounding the embryos during the morphogenetic stage. C-terminus two amino-acids of CePAK replaced with GFP coding sequence and fusion protein was expressed from the CePAK promoter used to analyze intracellular localization (pCPK2.77). CePAK GFP was enriched at cell surface in pharyngeal muscle cells especially condensed at cell boundaries. In CAN neurons CePAK GFP detected in cell bodies and along the axons. CePAK GFP localized to cell bodies and their processes running along the excretory canal on the lateral surface of adults. |
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Lineage expression: B lineage. New Anatomy_term: hyp13. Picture: Figure 2, Figure 4B. |
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Expr8158
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In males, dmd-3::YFP was expressed in a number of sexually dimorphic or sex-specific cells, including the tail tip, hindgut, B lineage, ray RnA neurons and somatic gonad. By contrast, hermaphrodites exhibited strong dmd-3::YFP expression only in the anchor cell. Non-sex-specific expression of these reporters was weak, occurring primarily in the body hypodermis. In addition, expression in phasmid neurons of both sexes was sometimes seen during L3 and L4. In hyp8 to 11, dmd-3::YFP expression was male specific and coincided with morphogenesis. Tail tip expression initiated in early-mid L4 males, first in hyp8, hyp9 and hyp11, and shortly thereafter in hyp10. Authors occasionally observed weak expression in hyp9 in late L3 males. Expression levels peaked during tail tip retraction and decreased rapidly upon its completion. dmd-3 was also expressed in hyp13. Importantly, dmd-3::YFP was not expressed in hermaphrodite hyp8 to 11 at any stage. |
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Reporter gene fusion type not specified. |
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Expr862
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At the L1 larval stage CEH-6ceh-6 is expressed in four pairs of bilaterally symmetric neurons in the lateral ring ganglion of the animal. These neurons are the RMDDLR, RMDVLR, AUALR and AVHLR neurons. The expression in RMDD and RMDV is weaker than in AUA and AVH. ceh-6 is also expressed in the excretory cell, very strongly with the lacZ reporter construct but more weakly with the antibody, which is probably due to the large volume of the nucleus. Despite the nuclear localization signal in the lacZ construct, the beta-galactosidase was occasionally expressed at such high levels that the excretory canals were also stained. Posterior to the excretory cell, the neurons SABVLR in the retro-vesicular ganglion express CEH-6ceh-6. Additional CEH-6-expressing cells in the body and tail were observed only with the antiserum, indicating that the ceh-6 reporters may not contain all promoter elements. In the body region, expression was observed in dividing P.na cells in the ventral nerve cord in L1 animals. The Pn.a expression is transient, appearing before the cell division of Pn.a and fading in the daughter cells. During the cell division, CEH-6 is localized to the cytoplasm of the dividing cells. It appears that the posterior daughters lose CEH-6 before that of the anterior daughter, as seen in the anterior Pn.ap cells. In the tail, CEH-6 expression in L1 animals is seen around the rectum in the five rectal cells B, Y, U, F and K. After K has divided, only the rectal cell K.a expresses CEH-6, though expression during the division was not monitored. At the L2 stage, a sixth cell becomes apparent that, based on its position at the very bottom of the rectum, is deduced to be P12.pa. Head and rectal expression of CEH-6 persists into adulthood. In addition, in adult animals four symmetric CEH-6 expressing cells are seen around the vulva, possibly one set of the vul cells, though did not determine their identity. During embryogenesis ceh-6 is expressed at the comma stage in two clusters one cluster corresponds to the ectodermal cells surrounding the anus (B, Y, U, F and K), and the other cluster corresponded to the cells in the head described above, many of which are located relatively close to each other at that stage in development. |
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Because of the lack of nuclear or cytoplasmic expression, it was difficult to determine which cells were expressing egl-26::gfp in the animals carrying the translational fusion. Because pWH15 retained egl-26 activity as assayed by ability to rescue ku211 and ku228 mutants when expressed from an extrachromosomal array (2/4 lines rescued), it is assumed that the EGL-26::GFP expression pattern would accurately represent global and subcellular localization of EGL-26. |
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Expr1806
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Consistent with the results from the transcriptional fusion, the expression observed near the top of the vulval lumen in animals carrying the translational fusion corresponds most closely to the position of vulE. The 3-D expression pattern of the EGL-26::GFP translational fusion protein showed expression in a ring around the ventral region of the vulva, in a thicker region near the center of the vulva, and at the apex of the vulva corresponding to where the utse lies separating the vulval and uterine lumens. The thick region of expression in the center of the vulva closely corresponds to the vulE cells. The ring around the ventral region of the vulval most likely corresponds to expression by vulB2 as assayed by the transcriptional fusion. In animals that carry this fusion construct on an extrachromosomal array, kuEx90, expression was observed in many regions of the animal, although not ubiquitously. Expression is strong around the cells of the spermatheca, around the mouth, and lining the pharynx, the rectum, and the excretory canals. Expression was also seen in the pharyngeal intestinal junction cells, transiently during L3 in the anchor cell, in rectal epithelial cells D, VL, and VR, in B and in Y, and in several cells with a neuronal appearance. |
Expression is obvious near the vulva and the uterus only during L4. However, it is often very difficult to tell which cell is actually expressing egl-26::gfp because the fusion protein appears to line the lumen of the uterus and portions of the vulval lumen and is not obviously associated with any particular cell cytoplasm. Even in cases where a cell cytoplasm obviously contains egl-26::gfp, expression is often brighter around the apical edge of the cell. |
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Expr973
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mab-9 is expressed in very few cells throughout development. In L1 larvae, mab-9::GFP expression is seen in the posterior hindgut cells B and F, the two cells that take on inappropriate lineage fates in mab-9 mutants. Expression is also seen in two posterior hypodermal nuclei of the large syncytial cell hyp7 and in the nervous system, where mab-9::GFP expression is evident in two neuronal nuclei of the lumbar ganglion. These are most likely to be the two nuclei of the interneuron PVC. In addition, mab-9::GFP expression is always observed in a single neuronal nucleus of the head ganglion. The neuronal and hypodermal expression pattern of mab-9 is the same in males and hermaphrodites. mab-9::GFP expression is observed in both B.a and B.p. In late larval males, the expression pattern of mab-9 is more widespread in nuclei of the proctodeum. In adult hermaphrodites, mab-9::GFP expression is maintained in the same six cells that expressed mab-9 during larval development. A construct in which a 5.2-kb mab-9 promoter-only cassette was cloned in front of GFP (vector pPD96.04) was found to have a very similar expression pattern when present in wild-type worms as an extrachromosomal array. mab-9 is also expressed during embryogenesis. mab-9::GFP expression is first seen at the 1.5-fold stage, 430 min after first cleavage, in three to four nuclei around the presumptive rectum [B, F, and hyp7]. In 3-fold embryos, mab-9::GFP expression becomes very intense in the nuclei of B and F, and weaker expression can also be observed in nuclei of the ventral cord. This ventral cord expression appears to be transient and is not observed reproducibly as larval development ensues. |
mab-9 localizes to the nucleus. |
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Expr12165
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GFP reporter constructs show cat-4 expression in identified serotonergic and dopaminergic neurons (where tryptophan hydroxylase and tyrosine hydroxylase are expressed, respectively), and in the epidermis (where both phenylalanine hydroxylase and alkylglycerol monooxygenase are expressed). Overall, in larval and adult worms, strong expression was observed in serotonergic and dopaminergic neurons, in most of the epidermis - especially the large epidermal syncytium (hyp7) - and more weakly in some intestinal cells. NSM and CEP neuron somas are seen in the head, plus some neuronal processes (especially CEP processes). A few other neuronal somas stain less brightly. The anterior intestine also shows GFP expression, as do some rectal epithelial cells (likely B & Y cells). The cat-4 reporter constructs examined were coming from three different sources, including some previously described by others (Sze et al. 2002, Flames and Hobert 2009). The JY739 strain showed expression in biogenic amine neurons and the epidermis, not in muscle cells as reported (Sze et al. 2002). GFP reporter constructs show cat-4 expression in identified serotonergic and dopaminergic neurons (where tryptophan hydroxylase and tyrosine hydroxylase are expressed, respectively), and in the epidermis (where both phenylalanine hydroxylase and alkylglycerol monooxygenase are expressed). Overall, in larval and adult worms, strong expression was observed in serotonergic and dopaminergic neurons, in most of the epidermis - especially the large epidermal syncytium (hyp7) - and more weakly in some intestinal cells. NSM and CEP neuron somas are seen in the head, plus some neuronal processes (especially CEP processes). A few other neuronal somas stain less brightly. The anterior intestine also shows GFP expression, as do some rectal epithelial cells (likely B & Y cells).The cat-4 reporter constructs examined were coming from three different sources, including some previously described by others (Sze et al. 2002, Flames and Hobert 2009). The JY739 strain showed expression in biogenic amine neurons and the epidermis, not in muscle cells as reported. |
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Expr12036
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mom-2 expression was observed in the male blast cells B, F, Y as well as P12.p, T.a, T.p, hyp7, hyp8 and hyp10 in syEx664 males. |
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Reporter gene fusion type not specified. |
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Expr2728
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In two independent transgenic lines, expression was observed in embryos, larvae and adults in the posterior body region near the anus and in the tail. In L1 larvae, expression was seen in the rectal blast cells B, Y, U, F and K. HSN also expressed LacZ. |
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This information was extracted from published material (Archana Sharma-Oates, Andrew Mounsey and Ian A. Hope). |
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Expr668
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Postembryonic expression is observed in the rectum epithelium. A major site of EGL-5 expression is in the rectal epithelium. At hatching, the rectal expression is in K, F, B, U and Y. In addition expression is seen in (Y differentiates into) PDA motor neuron, (K divides to rise to) part of dorsal rectal epithelium and a cell that becomes DVB motor neuron. In males male-specific neurons show expression. In males Ab staining is observed in B.a and B.p as well as Y.p and Y.p in L1 and early L2. It appears that most/all B, Y, U, F, K descendants express EGL-5. Ventral neuroblast P12, staining is first seen in P12.a and P12.p in 12-h worms. Staining is maintained in P12 descendants in 15-h until adulthood. Both sexes' mechanosensory neurons, expression is seen in PLM neurons throughout larval development. In addition two cells express EGL-5, one in anterior region of each lumbar ganglion, likely to be PVC interneurons. Both sexes' muscles cells, expression is detected in 4-6 left/right pairs of posterior body-wall muscle cells in L1 larvae at earliest examined time 10-12 h. At L2 staining is detected in 12 left/right pairs of nuclei. Staining is strongest in the most posterior nuclei and tapers of towards the anterior. Staining in posterior body wall muscle cells remains throughout larval development and into adulthood in both sexes. In L3 males, sex-specific muscle lineages and sex-specific muscles stain strongly. These muscles include the diagonal muscles, muscles of spicule, gubernaculum and other sex muscles. Staining in these muscles persist until adulthood. HSN neurons, expression from L1 onwards through to adulthood. Male gonad, first detected in the male gonad in late L1 in a group of 6 cells at the anterior end. It appears that expression is clustered in a region that consists of both somatic cells and germ cells. Later at the beginning of the late mitotic period, staining nuclei lose their clustered arrangement. By 34 h, staining is seen in several dividing cells that form the primordium of the seminal vesicles as well as in two large nuclei in the valve region. In the nuclei of diving cells staining surrounds a condensed chromatin. This pattern persists until the end of the late mitotic period (35-37 h posthatching) when staining is also detected in sperm cells. No staining was observed in cells of the vas deferens. Lateral hypodermis, expression is seen in male seam from mid-L2. Staining first appears in V6.ppp at 20-22 h postembryonic development. Staining persists in V6.pppa and V6.pppp but at a lower level. Intensity of staining increases in R5 and R6 and to lesser degree in R4. Identification of staining cells in ray sublineages was not possible due to intense fluorescence of B-lineage cells lying in the same region. However it was possible to observe expression of a reporter gene in R4, R5, and R6 and also in cells of the R5 and R6 sublineages. |
Expressed in the nuclei. |
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Expr1569
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Weak expression of lin-17 detected in the vulva cells that form the vulva only after the vulva precursor cells had divided twice, i.e., in all Pn.pxx cells. lin-17 expression was also observed in the male tail throughout development, with the expression strong particularly at later L3 stage in most descendants of the V6 and T cells in the lateral hypodermis. lin-17 was detected in the P11.p and B cells. This expression was almost uniform around the cell surface prior to their asymmetric divisions. Lin-17 was also detected in both daughters and all the granddaughter cells of the P11.p and B cells. Expression in the daughter cells were also uniform around the cells. In addition, weak lin-17 expression was detected in the P10.p cell and both of its daughter cells. Authors failed to detect lin-17 expression in P7.p, Z1, Z4 and T cells. |
Expressed on cell membrane. |
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Picture: N.A. |
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Expr8184
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sem-4 is expressed in all rectal cells in L1s hermaphrodites (i.e., Y, U, B, F, K, and K') and in all rectal cells, including P12.pa, in L3 or older worms. |
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Expr9342
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lin-44 was mostly localized to the posterior half of L1 larvae, in a pattern that was already present at the comma stage of embryonic development. lin-44 transcripts were present in the tail hypodermal cells hyp8, hyp9, hyp10 and hyp11, and at later larval stages in the phasmid socket cells PHso1 and PHso2 as previously reported (Herman et al., 1995). In addition, it was found that lin-44 is expressed in the rectal epithelial cells B and Y, demonstrating that lin-44 has a more anterior expression domain than has been observed using reporter transgenes. |
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Expr16157
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We confirmed the expression of this construct in F and U, but detected expression at lower frequency and level in other hindgut cells in hermaphrodites grown at 20C. Expression is also observed in K and K'. In wild type, cdh-3::gfp expression is never observed in Y. In contrast, the B cell expresses cdh-3::gfp at low levels in wild type. |
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Expr9343
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egl-20 was mostly localized to the posterior half of L1 larvae, in a pattern that was already present at the comma stage of embryonic development. egl-20 was expressed in the rectal epithelial cells K, F, U and B, in the anal depressor muscle and in P11/12, which is in agreement with previous reporter studies (Whangbo and Kenyon, 1999). However, it was found that in L1 larvae, egl-20 was also expressed in the posterior ventral body wall muscle quadrants VL23 and VR24 and the rectal epithelial cell Y. |
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Other Strain: OH13870 |
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Expr14177
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ASK, ASI, vulval cells, B and Y rectal epithelial cells |
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Expr949
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gfp is expressed in a variety of cells, including the HSNs; hyp 8, 9, and 10; B; F; rect D; DVC; some ventral cord neurons; cells in the head; and cells in the preanal ganglion. sem-4 gfp is expressed in the VPCs. Expression in the VPCs is first observable during L2 and persists in the vulval lineages until the vulval divisions are complete. Expression is undetectable again by the mid-L4 stage, before vulval morphogenesis has terminated. Expression of sem-4 gfp in vulval cells is often strongest in the descendants of P7.p. |
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Interestingly, Y is replaced in the hindgut by P12.pa, a descendant of the only P cell in which PEB-1 protein expression was detected in L1 larvae. No detailed description on cellular expression patterns in pharynx, try to find those information in Expr838. |
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Expr3462
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In summary, PEB-1 accumulated in L1 larvae in the nuclei of all hypodermal cells and the epithelial cells lining the rectal lumen. As in the pharynx, PEB-1 was not detectable in neuroblasts or differentiated neurons. PEB-1-expressing cells are not obviously related by cell type or lineage. Rather, one striking common feature of these cells is that they contact the cuticle on the exterior of the worm or lining the pharyngeal or rectal lumen. Like in the pharynx, PEB-1 was first detected in the hypodermal nuclei in comma stage embryos (approximately 400 min) and remained detectable until hatching. In 1 1/2-fold stage embryos, the PEB-1 protein was detected in the nuclei of most, if not all, hypodermal cells including hyp5, hyp6, and hyp7 and the H, P, and V cells. After hatching, PEB-1 remained detectable in most hypodermal cells although it decreased in later larvae and was undetectable in adults. In the L1 lateral hypodermis, the PEB-1 protein was detected in H0, H1, H2, V1 to V6, and T, and their anterior and posterior daughters, as well as in the nuclei of the hyp7 syncytium. PEB-1 was also detected in many of the dorsal and ventral hypodermal nuclei in the head and the ventral hypodermal nuclei in the tail. Notably, PEB-1 was not detected in larval P cells. In addition, PEB-1 was not detected in other neuroblasts including Q and T.p. PEB-1 was also expressed in cells lining the lumen of the hindgut. In 1 1/2-fold embryos (approximately 420 min), PEB-1 was detected in many nuclei near the posterior of the embryo. These likely include both the posterior hypodermal cells and hindgut cells, although these cells cannot be easily distinguished at this stage. In L1 larvae, PEB-1 was detected in many of the non-neuronal nuclei surrounding the rectal lumen, including K, K', U, F, B, and Y. PEB-1 was not detected in the rectal-intestinal valve or the anal depressor muscle. As in other tissues, the PEB-1 protein remained detectable in the hindgut throughout larval development but became progressively less abundant and undetectable in adults. Importantly, this progressive decrease in PEB-1 expression also occurs in Y, which withdraws from the hypodermis during late larval development to become a neuron. |
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Picture: Figure 2A. |
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Expr8593
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ref-2::venus is detected in a substantial number of dividing cells in the embryo. At the end of gastrulation, the reporter is detected in some neuroblasts on the ventral side of the embryo. These neuroblasts include the left/right symmetric pair of ABpl/rpapaaa neuroblasts, which will give rise to AIY and its sister cell, the SMDD motor neuron, through an asymmetric cell division. During interphase, the REF-2::VENUS protein is detected in the nucleus of the SMDD/AIY mothers, then spreads into the cytoplasm just before cleavage. No expression is observed in AIY during larval and adult stages. Thus ref-2 appears to be expressed only transiently in the AIY lineage during embryogenesis. REF-2::VENUS is also expressed in the excretory system (G1, G2, excretory pore, and excretory gland) in the P cell lineage and in the Y and B cells. |
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Picture: Fig 6. |
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Expr8786
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Apart from cells in the neuroblast lineage that generate ASE, nhr-67::mCherry was expressed in multiple other neuroblast lineages in the developing embryo. Expression was usually observed in the grandmother or mother of a neuron, but not earlier. Within the ASEL and ASER-generating lineage branches, nhr-67 was expressed in neuroblasts that generate closely or distantly related cousins of ASEL and ASER. For example, the sister neuroblast of the ASE-generating neuroblast creates the AUA and ASJ neurons and it expressed nhr-67. The cousin of the ASE-mother cell generates the AWB and ADF sensory neurons. nhr-67 was expressed in these cells. In late stage embryos, a few other, postmitotic neurons started to express nhr-67. Embryonic nhr-67 expression was not restricted to the nervous system, but was observed in a small subset of mesodermal and hypodermal cells. No expression was detected in endodermal cells or the germ line. nhr-67 was expressed in the excretory canal cell. Postembryonically, nhr-67 expression persisted only in a few neurons in the head ganglia until the first larval stage and faded shortly thereafter in most, but not all, of these neurons, with expression persisting through adulthood only in the CEPD/V, RMED/V, AVL and RIS neurons. During mid-larval development, nhr-67 was transiently and dynamically expressed in the AC cells of the vulva. Expression was also found in the VU cells and somatic gonad, but not in vulA, vulB or vulC. Within the ASEL/R generating lineages, nhr-67::mCherry was first observed in the grandmother cells of ASEL and ASER. Transgenic animals that co-express a functional nhr-67::mCherry reporter and a functional che-1::yfp reporter revealed that nhr-67 precedes che-1 expression. nhr-67 expression was maintained in the ASEL and ASER neurons until the first larval stage after which it became undetectable, whereas che-1 expression was maintained throughout the life of the animal. In spite of its genetically deduced role in asymmetric gene expression in ASEL and ASER, nhr-67 expression is bilaterally symmetric in ASEL and ASER. |
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Lineage expression: sexmyoblasts and descandents. |
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Expr1596
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LIN-29 was detected in many non-hypodermal cells in the head, tail and vulval region of the developing hermaphrodite. In the head, LIN-29 accumulates in cells of the pharynx and in a subset of neurons. In the tail, LIN-29 accumulates in the rectal cells B, F and U. LIN-29 also accumulates in the sex myoblasts and their progeny, in the distal tip cells, the anchor cell, and in many vulval cells. Although the accumulation of LIN-29 in the hypodermis is restricted to the L4 stage, accumulation in several of these other cell types is not. For example, the accumulation of LIN-29 in the anchor cell and the distal tip cells occurs during the L3 stage. In addition, many, if not all, of the cells that make up the pharynx contain low levels of LIN-29, beginning in the L1 stage and extending to the adult stage. The anti-LIN-29 antisera recognized a nuclear antigen in lateral hypodermal seam cells in wild-type C. elegans. The anti-LIN-29 antibodies revealed a differential pattern of lin-29 protein accumulation during development. LIN-29 was not detected in hermaphrodite hypodermal nuclei prior to the L4 stage. Although it is possible that LIN-29 is distributed diffusely throughout the hypodermal cytoplasm during the L3 and younger stages, there are no difference detected in hypodermal cell staining when these animals were incubated with secondary antibody alone, relative to animals incubated with both primary and secondary antibodies. The earliest LIN-29 accumulation in lateral seam cell nuclei was shortly after their final division, during the L3- to L4-molt. LIN-29 accumulated in these hypodermal nuclei during the L4 stage, and remained detectable in the adult animal. At approximately the same time, LIN-29 was detected in the hypodermal nuclei of the head (hyp1-hyp6), tail (hyp8-hyp12), and the large hypodermal syncytium covering most of the animal (hyp7). The accumulation of LIN-29 in hyp7 was typically observed following accumulation in the seam, and the signal was usually less intense. In summary, LIN-29 accumulates stage-specifically, beginning during the L4 stage and persisting into the adult stage, in all hypodermal cell nuclei of the worm. LIN-29 was also detectable in late stage gravid adults, at a time when lin-29 mRNAs are greatly reduced in abundance. |
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Expr1921
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REF-2 was first detected weakly in all 12 P cells just before P-cell migration. REF-2 was present in all P cells as migration occurred and remained in both P cell daughters after division in the ventral cord. This is also the point at which anti-REF-2 staining was strongest. REF-2 then disappears in the Pn.a cell lineage. REF-2 also disappears from the Pn.p cells, although it does so at different rates in different Pn.p cells. REF-2 is present for the longest time in the six unfused Pn.p cells P(3-8).p. REF-2 is also present in P1.p and P2.p shortly after those cells fuse with hyp7, although REF-2 decreases to an undetectable level soon after. REF-2 disappears most rapidly in P(9-11).p, with REF-2 being detectable in only some worms around the time of Pn.p cell fusion. In summary, REF-2 protein levels decrease around the time of Pn.p cell fusion, although they do so less quickly in the cells that remain unfused. REF-2 protein was also detected in the nuclei of the B and Y cells in the tail region during L1. |
nuclei |
