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Picture: Figure 2C. Reporter gene fusion type not specified. |
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Marker68
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Marker for M cell. |
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Expr11887
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At the comma stage, during larval development, and in adult animals, mig-14 is mainly expressed in the posterior part of the animal. The expression of mig-14 overlaps with the known expression patterns of C. elegans Wnt genes. Thus, mig-14 is expressed in the tail hypodermis, which expresses the Wnt gene lin-44 (Herman and Horvitz, 1994); in cells in the anal region that express egl-20/Wnt (Whangbo and Kenyon, 1999); and in posterior body wall muscle cells that express cwn-1/Wnt (Gleason et al., 2006; Pan et al., 2006). In addition, mig-14 is strongly expressed in the stomatointestinal muscle, the mesoblast cell M and its descendants, the CAN neurons, the developing vulva, the pharynx, and the pharyngeal intestinal valve. mig-14 is also weakly expressed in a small subset of head neurons, the ventral nerve cord, and the seam cells, but is undetectable in the main body hypodermis and the intestine. |
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Expr1222
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In adult animals, GFP signal was found in all body wall muscle cells, in the three pharyngeal cells pm5 and in the anal sphincter muscle. A weak expression was observed in four of the eight vulval muscle cells (vm1) whereas in males, GFP was expressed in diagonal and spicule muscles. GFP was expressed also in three pairs of cephalic sensory neurons located in anterior (two pairs) and dorsal (one pair) head ganglia, respectively. These neurons possessed endings in the labial region and were identified as the outer lateral labial cells (OLL) and the four sensory cephalic neurons CEP (the ventral CEP pair is ventral and anterior to the nerve ring, the dorsal CEP pair is posterior to the nerve ring). During development, GFP was detected in embryos at the 1-1/2-fold stage, in one muscle quadrant. For larval stages, an expression pattern similar to that in adults was observed, but in early L1, a strong signal was detected in the mesodermal M cell in the mid-part of the body. |
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Lineage expression: V lineage. Transgenic ceh-20(mu290) animals bearing pLY11 were rescued for the QR.pax positioning phenotype, the Muv/Egl, and the Vn.a division phenotype, suggesting that ceh-20::gfp was expressed in cells that require its function for these processes. |
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Expr3231
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ceh-20::gfp expression was detected in QR and QL and their descendants throughout their migrations to the end of L1. V cells and their daughters also expressed ceh-20::gfp. Expression persisted in the descendants of the V cells through the adult stage. At hatching, all P cells expressed ceh-20::gfp. Before the anterior and posterior Pn.p cells fuse, they also expressed ceh-20. In L3 hermaphrodites, expression was maintained in P(3-8).p. ceh-20::gfp expression was identified in several other cell types. These included M, BDU, ALM, HSN, body wall muscle cells, I4, all L1 ventral cord neurons and a few unidentified neurons in the head behind the posterior bulb of the pharynx. |
In all cells expressing ceh-20, the expression was stronger in the nucleus than in the cytoplasm. ceh-20::gfp expression and nuclear localization did not change in the unc-62(mu232) background. |
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This information was extracted from published material (Archana Sharma-Oates, Andrew Mounsey and Ian A. Hope). |
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Expr660
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9h after fertilization: strong staining in intestinal and hypodermal nuclei; Weak neuronal staining. Early L1: staining in nuclei of most postembryonic blast cells. Strong staining in nuclei of hypodermic blast cells H1, H2, V1-V6, T and all intestinal (E) cells. Weak staining nuclei of neuroblasts Q1 and Q2, mesoblast M cells and P cells. 9h after fertilization: strong staining in intestinal and hypodermal nuclei; Weak neuronal staining. Early L1: staining in nuclei of most postembryonic blast cells. Strong staining in nuclei of hypodermic blast cells H1, H2, V1-V6, T and all intestinal (E) cells. weak staining nuclei of neuroblasts Q1 and Q2, mesoblast M cells and P cells. Adult: staining observed in the mature oocyte nuclei of hermaphrodites, at meiotic prophase I when the chromosomes are condensed. (Possible artifact, detected in lin-14 loss-of-function mutant strains n536n540, n355n726). In embryo, first observed in embryo at 7h after fertilization (half way through embryogenesis). Strong staining in intestinal and hypodermal nuclei. L3: Pn.p stains weakly before division (staining fades by L4). Occasional weak staining of hypodermal, intestinal and neuronal nuclei and cytoplasm at L2 and L3. Late L1: staining of all nuclei except for neuronal nuclei is weaker. More neuron of the nerve ring and posterior ganglion stain than in earlier stages. Intestinal and hypodermal cell lineages stain strongest at mid to late L1 (Fade entirely by L2) similarly with many of the neuronal cells. Mid L1: staining in nuclei of hypodermic blast cells H1, H2, V1-V6 and T. The nuclei of intestinal (E) cells also stain. Weak staining in nuclei of P cells (staining fades before migration into ventral cord). Strong staining in nuclei of embryo-derived nuclei in hypodermal syncytial cell hyp7, ABarpppapa, ABplaapppp, Cpaaaa, Cpaapa, Cpaapp, Cpapaa, terminally differentiated nuclei from embryonic body muscle also stain for lin-14. Staining observed in nuclei of neuronal cells BDU, ALM, and CAN. All embryonic generated ventral cord neurons and some neurons of the nerve ring and posterior ganglion stain for lin-14. |
lin-14 is localized to the nuclei. |
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Lineage expression: H, V, T descandents. This information was extracted from published material (Archana Sharma-Oates, Andrew Mounsey and Ian A. Hope). |
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Expr661
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lin-14 protein is first observed in embryos at ~7 hours after fertilization where most intense staining is seen in intestinal and hypodermal nuclei. ~9 h after fertilization, additional weak staining is observed. lin-14 protein is expressed at high level in the nuclei of most of the post-embryonic blast cells. Intense nuclear staining was observed in the hypodermal blast cells H1, H2, V1-V6 and T and in all of the intestinal (E) cells and weaker staining was observed in both neuroblasts Q1 and Q2, in the mesoblast M cell and in P cells (P1/2, P3/4 and P5/6). During L1, staining is seen in the progeny of the hypodermal blast cells H1, H2 V1-V6 and T and in all of the intestinal (E) cells. Staining in P-cell nuclei fades before migration into the ventral nerve cord but reappears later in some of their progeny cells. The embryo-derived nuclei in the hypodermal syncytial cell hyp7, ABarpppapa, ABplaapppp, Cpaaaa, Cpaapa, Cpaapp, Cpapaa, all stain for the lin-14 protein during the L1 stage. Terminally differentiated nuclei from embryonic body muscle also accumulate the lin-14 protein. Nuclei of many but not all neuronal cells stain with the antibody (e.g. BDU, ALM, CAN but not HSN). All of the embryonically generated ventral cord neurons and some but not all of the neurons of the nerve ring and the posterior ganglion accumulate the lin-14 protein in their nuclei during the L1 stage. Late L1 stage, staining is seen in all nuclei except in the neuronal nuclei staining is much weaker. In addition, more neurons of the nerve ring and posterior ganglion stain than at the earlier stages. Thus, in the hypodermal and intestinal cell lineages, lin-14 protein level peaks during early L1 and fade entirely by L2. In the many neuronal cells, lin-14 protein peak during mid to late L1 and fade by L2. Pn.p accumulates lin-14 protein at the L3 stage, although, very weak staining is seen before the Pn.p cells divide. This staining fades by early L4, In occasional L2 and L3 stage animals, weak staining is observed in nuclei and cytoplasm of hypodermal, neuronal and intestinal cells. Patches of staining in hypodermal or intestinal nuclei is only rarely observed in very old adults. In most adults, staining reappears only in the mature oocyte nuclei of hermaphrodites at meiotic prophase I when the chromosomes are condensed. The oocyte nuclear staining disappears after fertilization. Quantitation of immunoblots show that the level of lin-14 protein relative to a pharyngeal myosin control decreases >= 25-fold from L1 to L2. |
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Three methods, lacZ, gfp, antibody staining results all mixed together. Lots of unextracted cell objects buried in pattern text. |
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Expr841
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PAL-1 produced from zygotic transcripts is seen initially in C and D lineage cells that also expressed maternally derived PAL-1. As gastrulation begins, expression is seen in only Ca and Cp and then in their daughters, of which 2 are hypodermoblasts (Caa and Cpa) and 2 are myoblasts (Cap and Cpp). The GFP reporter is first detected at the late 2C-cell stage and then more strongly in the 4 daughters. At about 100 cells, expression is also detected in the 2 D-lineage myoblasts. Thereafter, PAL-1 continues to be detected in all C and D descendants until the end of gastrulation at about 350 cells. At about 180 cells (midgastrulation), the C hypodermal precursors, which express more strongly than the muscle precursors, form a characteristic double row on each side of the dorsal midline in the posterior. Thereafter, PAL-1 decreases in these cells and is no longer detectable with antibody after 350 500 cells. At about 250 cells, expression is detected in two AB cells that border the posterior left edge of the mesectodermal cell layer that is closing the ventral gastrulation cleft (ABplpappp and ABplppppp) and slightly later in the right homolog of one of them (ABprppppp). The daughters and granddaughters of these cells, generated after the cleft closes, continue to express strongly along the ventral midline until about the time of hatching. Beginning at about 360 cells, as morphogenesis begins, weak transient expression is detected in the posterior ectodermal P cells and occasionally in posterior V cells as both groups move ventrally. During this period the V cells become the lateral seam cells, and the P cells undergo their terminal embryonic divisions as they complete hypodermal enclosure of the embryo. Meanwhile, in the interior, pal-1 expression, detectable both with antibody and with reporter constructs, appears at about 350 cells in 2 Ea descendents near the middle of the gut primordium (the int5 pair) and in 2 anteriorly located MS descendants which migrate to the posterior and become the mesoblast M and the right intestinal muscle (mu intR). During early morphogenesis as the embryo develops through the comma stage and begins to elongate, all the pal-1-expressing cells (approximately 50) are located in the posterior ventral region, except for the 2 midgut cells which lie more dorsally. The descendants of ABpl/rppppp, as well as mu intR, move into the elongating tail and participate in formation of the rectal and associated intestinal muscles, as well as the ventral tail hypodermis. Expression diminishes during elongation and by hatching is detectable only in the 2 gut cells, M, mu intR, and 10 cells descended from ABpl/rppppp. |
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At 335 minutes post fertilization. |
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Expr11224
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efn-2 expression showed widespread left-right asymmetry inembryos, both in amphid neurons and in other cells. |
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CeTwist means hlh-8 here. See Expr607 for the pattern of the same locus. This information was extracted from published material (Archana Sharma-Oates, Andrew Mounsey and Ian A. Hope). |
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Expr606
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Immuno fluorescence staining with antisera to ceTwist indicated similar expression pattern to reporter fusion. CeTwist first detected in L1 in defecation-associated muscles and in small number of neuron-like cells in the head. In later larvae, CeTwist was detected in SMs and their descendants. Expression in M and its descendants prior to to the SM stage was detected with reporter fusion but not with antibody. Expression in mature coelomocytes was also only detected with reporter fusions. |
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This information was extracted from published material (Archana Sharma-Oates, Andrew Mounsey and Ian A. Hope). |
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Expr607
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3-fold embryo staining first detected in M blast cell after it had finished its posterior migration. hlh-8::gfp detected after hatching in a set of rectum-associated cells that appeared to be defecation-associated muscles (this required full-length hlh-8 genomic fragment). During larval development hlh-8::gfp detected in M cell and all undifferentiated descendants of M. This expression was lost as cells differentiated into body wall or sex muscles. Expression was maintained in the two M derived coelomocytes throughout adult life. L2 expression was seen in all four non-M-derived embryonic coelomocytes. Expression was detected in embryonic coelomocytes after the birth of both postembryonic M-derived coelomocytes. Expression also observed in head cells, likely to be neuronal. hlh-8::lacZ fusion with addition 5' sequences showed reporter activity in coelomocytes. Expression in all these cells were nuclear localized both with gfp and lacZ. |
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In the absence of food expression is very high in arrested larvae and then fades by 8-12h post-feeding. See Table 2 in the article cgc3201 for the stage/tissue type expression patterns of this locus. Lineage expression: SM lineage. This information was extracted from published material (Archana Sharma-Oates, Andrew Mounsey and Ian A. Hope). |
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Expr608
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First detected at comma stage in pharyngeal primordium as pharyngeal muscles begin terminal differentiation. Strong expression is detected in most cells during late embryogenesis when cells are either differentiating or undergoing cell cycle arrest prior to hatching. At hatching and in L1 animals maintained in absence of food expression detected in Q, M, Z1, Z4 and V cells. Expression in these cells fades after feeding when cell division resumes. Strong expression is observed in many postmitotic neurons and muscle cells. Stronger expression is detected in newly differentiated cells and then gradually decreases. cki-1 also expressed in dauer larvae. 1. Lateral hyodermal V lineage: V cells show strong expression until they divide in the mid L1 (fluorescence decreases significantly). Seam cells express at quite high levels during resting phases between molts and at a reduced level during division. Expression increases at L4 (coincident with seam cell terminal differentiation). 2. sex myoblasts (SM)lineage: High level of expression observed during SM migration, reduced during SM division and high again as the sex muscles differentiate. 3. P lineage: L1-molt progeny of Pn.a neuroblasts express high levels of cki-1::gfp. 4. Somatic gonad: Expression in Z1 and Z4 diminishes prior to cell division in mid-L1. Strong expression in Z1.aa and Z4.pp, the distal tip cells, beginning in L2, undetectable in the rest of Z1/Z4 lineage until the late L3 and early L4. Expression in somatic gonad increases dramatically at the onset of terminal differentiation. 5. Intestine: After L1-molt expression in intestine is seen throughout the larval stages 6. Vulva precursor cells: cki-1::gfp expression first detected in vulva precursor cells (VPCs) in late L1 or early L2 and peaks at L2 molt. |
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Lineage expression: M lineage. The transgene rescued the Daf-d phenotype of rh61rh411 animals, suggesting that daf-12::GFP is functional. Several integrated transgenic lines were made and all gave a similar pattern of expression. |
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Expr1047
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DAF-12::GFP was expressed widely in most cells including tissues modified for dauer formation or by stage. It was expressed in phenotypically affected target tissues (e.g., epidermis, vulva, somatic gonad, intestine, pharynx, sex myoblasts), as well as other tissues with no known phenotype (e.g., nervous system, body wall muscle). Expression was seen from embryo to adult, but was most elevated and widespread during L2. Epidermis: In seam cells and hypodermis, DAF-12::GFP expression was first seen at the 3-fold stage of embryogenesis, increased by late L1, peaked during L2, diminished by late L3, and was low or off in L4 and young adults. Expression was also seen in the ventral epidermal L1 P ectoblasts, L2 vulval precursors, and their L3 descendants. Expression continued during L4 vulval morphogenesis and persisted occasionally in the mature adult vulva at reduced levels. Somatic Gonad: Faint expression was seen as early as L1 in Z1 and Z4 somatic gonadal precursors. By L2, their descendants, the somatic gonadoblasts, including the migratory distal-tip cell, strongly expressed DAF-12::GFP. Expression continued in somatic gonadoblast descendants and distal-tip cells in L3 and early L4. In the adult, expression was robust in the mature spermatheca and uterus. Intestine: Expression in intestinal nuclei was diffuse during the larval stages, but became somewhat stronger in the adult. Nervous System: Only a handful of head and tail neurons expressed GFP early in L1. By mid-L2, DAF-12::GFP was expressed strongly throughout the nervous system, including the ventral cord and peripheral neuroblasts. Expression continued in many neurons in the adult, albeit at reduced levels. Musculature: Expression in body wall muscles became visible by late L1 and L2. Expression continued at later larval stages and in the adult at reduced levels. Expression in pharyngeal muscle was strong by L2 and downregulated by adult. DAF-12::GFP was also expressed in the L1 M-mesoblast, and its derivatives, including post-embryonic body wall muscles, sex myoblasts and their descendants. Dauer formation: DAF-12::GFP was downregulated in dauer larvae in all tissues, but perdured in the somatic gonad and occasional neurons. Upon recovery from dauer diapause, DAF-12::GFP was expressed weakly in most tissues. |
DAF-12::GFP localized primarily to the nucleus, except during mitosis, when expression became diffuse. |
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Expr9787
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GFP was seen in 100 to 200 cell embryos onwards, in many nuclei. GFP expression in the DVA neuron was apparent from the L1 to the mature adult. Intestinal expression of GFP was seen from the L1 or L2 to adult but the level of GFP in this tissue decreased in more mature adults. Many neurons in the head, and some in tail, also expressed GFP. GFP expression was present throughout the ventral nerve cord in the L1 and L2. The M cell expressed GFP in the L1 and and this continued into the resulting sex muscle precursors in later stages. GFP was also observed in body wall muscle. GFP expression in UL3704 was much fainter than in UL3705 and was only visible in DVA in most individuals. |
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Expr9818
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GFP was observed in the M cell in the L1 and in all Mv cell daughters giving rise to the sex muscles in the L4. The GFP was occasionally maintained in vulval muscle cell nuclei into the adult. GFP expression was also seen in muscles in the head, in vulval and uterine precursors in L2s and L3s, and in several neurons in the head and ventral nerve cord from L2 to adult. There was also GFP expression in the intestine but this was inconsistent. (The images are of strain UL4037 which exhibited broader and stronger expression than UL3567, which had very weak GFP expression). |
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Expr15115
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Expr15116
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Expr3094
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At approximately 240 min post-fertilization, UNC-39::GFP appeared in more posteriorly located nuclei in addition to the anterior nuclei. Posterior nuclei expressing unc-39::gfp included Z1 and Z4, the M cell, and the embryonic coelomocytes. Occasionally expressed in additional posteriorly located cells. Expression in M and the coelomocytes was transient and no longer observed by 600 min post-fertilization, whereas Z1 and Z4 expression persisted into the L1 larval stage. Expression of the full-length unc-39::gfp transgene was dynamic throughout development. UNC-39::GFP was first seen at approximately 100 min post-fertilization when gastrulation and embryonic transcription begin. UNC-39::GFP accumulated in the nuclei of 12 to 16 blast cells in the anterior of the embryo. As embryogenesis proceeded, expression was observed in increasing numbers of anterior nuclei which were most likely the descendants of the earlier-expressing cells, as UNC-39::GFP-expressing pairs of cells in the process of cell division were observed. Expression in anterior nuclei continued until about 450 min post-fertilization (2-fold stage), at which time expression became restricted to less than 10 cells and persisted into adulthood. The locations and morphologies of some of these cells indicated that they were anterior neuroblasts derived from the AB lineage. In addition to expression in the anteriorly generated mesodermal Z1, Z4, M, and coelomocytes, the unc-39 promoter was active in all of the body wall muscle cells of late embryos and L1 larvae. Thus, unc-39::gfp transgenes were expressed very early in embryogenesis in anterior cells that generate neuronal and mesodermal tissues, and later in body wall muscle cells. The 4-kb unc-39 promoter driving the expression of gfp alone showed a similar general pattern. However, expression of this construct persisted in a greater number of anterior cells into larval and adult stages. These cells had axon and dendrite morphologies characteristic of amphid sensory neurons. Furthermore, the CAN neuron clearly showed unc-39 promoter expression. |
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Expr15952
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The mNG::SEC::mls-2 knock-in allele is a transcriptional reporter of mls-2, since the self-excising cassette (SEC) contains transcriptional terminators. mNG::SEC::mls-2 knock-in showed diffuse mNG expression in numerous cells in the head and the M mesoblast of first-stage larvae. |
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Expr15953
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mNG::mls-2 knock-in animals displayed wild-type AWC asymmetry as determined by the expression of the AWCON marker str-2p::TagRFP, suggesting that mNG::MLS-2 fusion protein is functional in AWC development. Like GFP::MLS-2 expressed from transgenes, mNG::MLS-2 knock-in was localized in the nucleus of AWC precursor cells in early embryos but was not observed in AWC cells in late embryos or early-stage larvae. Similar to MLS-2 antibody staining and GFP::MLS-2 transgenes (Jiang et al., 2005), mNG::MLS-2 knock-in was localized to the nucleus of a subset of head cells and the M mesoblast in first-stage larvae and adults. |
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Expr3651
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The GFP::MLS-2 fusion construct and antibody staining showed identical expression patterns. Expression of MLS-2 was first detectable in one or two cells in embryos at the 50-cell stage and is localized in the nucleus. MLS-2 continued to be expressed in proliferating cells that are primarily located at the anterior of the embryo and are presumably derived from the AB lineage. During morphogenesis, this expression became restricted to a small subset of head neuronal precursors. Expression persisted in six head neurons during postembryonic development. GFP::MLS-2 expression was also observed in unidentified cells near the vulva at the L2 and L3 stages. To characterize the M lineage expression pattern of mls-2, double-labeling experiments were performed using anti-MLS-2 antibodies and the M lineage-specific hlh-8::gfp or hlh-8::lacZ markers. mls-2 expression in the M lineage was first detectable in the M mesoblast, and was retained during the first three rounds of cell divisions, such that mls-2 expression was still detectable in eight M descendants (designated 8-M stage, n>200). However, after one more round of cell division (at the 16-M stage), no MLS-2 signal was detected either by anti-MLS-2 antibodies or by the gfp::mls-2 fusion construct. Although it is possible that a low level of MLS-2 protein is present after the 8-M stage, the loss of MLS-2 signal at the 16-M stage appears to be due to the instability of the MLS-2 protein, because the mls-2 promoter is still active in M lineage descendants after the fourth round of cell division, as detected by a transcriptional mls-2p::gfp::mls-2 3' UTR construct. Neither the mls-2 promoter activity nor the MLS-2 protein was detected in the SM lineage or the differentiated BWMs and CCs. Thus mls-2 is expressed in the proliferating cells of the early M lineage. |
Localized in the nucleus. |
