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Picture: Fig 1c, 1d. |
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Expr8979
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AC88, a well-characterised Hsp-90 monoclonal antibody that cross-reacts with C. elegans DAF-21, was used to stain freeze-cracked worms. Very high levels of expression were observed in the gonad and early embryos, suggesting that daf-21 is maternally derived in C. elegans. Expression was also observed in additional tissues including muscle and possibly neurons in the head. |
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Expr2291
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SQV-4 Abs stained the cytoplasm of many cells, including (but not limited to) oocytes and vulval cells, as well as uterine, seam, pharyngeal, and spermathecal cells. During the early L4 stage, 10 of the 22 vulval nuclei were in cells with dramatically increased expression of SQV-4. These 10 nuclei are the six inner nuclei of the P5.p and P7.p descendants and the four outer nuclei of the P6.p descendants. During the mid-late L4 stage and thereafter, cells containing the inner four nuclei of the P6.p descendants also increased SQV-4 expression, bringing the total of vulval nuclei that highly expressed SQV-4 to 14. Thus, the 22 vulval nuclei define three classes based on the levels and timing of SQV-4 expression. |
cytoplasm |
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Picture: Figure 1 A, B. |
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Expr7948
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GFP fluorescence was observed in paired neurons situated in the head region around the posterior pharyngeal bulb. The unique morphology suggested that expression was in the AIB interneuron pair. Based on cell position, DiI staining, costaining, and morphology authors concluded that npr-9 is expressed in the AIB interneuron. No GFP fluorescence was noted in somatic gonad tissue, vulval muscle, body wall, and inner labial neurons. An identical pattern of head neuron GFP expression was noted during all larval stages (L1, L2, L3, and L4) and in hermaphrodite adults. There was no GFP expression detected in embryos. |
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Other strains injected with this plasmid are UL268 and UL269. late embryo(author) = fully-elongated embryo(curator). |
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Expr96
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The expression pattern appears to have two components, both in muscle cells, and for both the b-galactosidase appears in discrete sub-cellular foci.The first component begins in late embryogenesis and continues through early larval stages. Four longitudinal bands of b-galactosidase staining are observed running from just behind the pharynx to the posterior of the worms. This may correspond to to the body wall muscle cells, apart from those body wall muscle cells in the head.The second component begins in late larval stages as the gonad develops. b-galactosidase staining is first diffuse, in four patches a-p along the gonad. It then becomes more discrete as the subcellular foci form although apparently still in four bands, which we think correspond to the uterine muscle cells. As the adult hermaphrodites age, these foci seem to become progressively more specifically associated with lateral positions and we hypothesise that these foci are related to the attachments of the uterine muscle cells to the hypodermal seam cells. Expression in males has not yet been examined. |
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reference is Labouesse et al. Development 122, 2579-2588 (1996). wild type strains. Legacy Data: Author "Labouesse M" "den Boer BGW". Date 1996-08. Sequence: Z32673. |
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Expr87
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All hypodermal cells in embryos, larvae and adults. Also neuron associated support cells (socket and sheath) and somatic gonad. In young L1 in the somatic gonad (Z1+Z4), in L2 expression is seen weakly in all somatic gonad cells except dtc and in adults and L4 expression is present in the uterine cells. |
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early embryo (author) = blastula embryo (curator) --wjc. |
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Expr1736
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In early embryos, MES-3 protein is present in the nuclei of all cells. As embryogenesis progresses, staining gradually diminishes in somatic cells. In late embryos and L1 larvae, MES-3 is detectable in some somatic cells but is most prominent in Z2 and Z3, the primordial germ cells. The nuclear staining of MES-3 is reduced below detection in any of the four nonconditional alleles of mes-3. In wild type adults, MES-3 is most prominent in germline nuclei and is occasionally barely detectable in intestinal nuclei. In the germline, it is present at low levels in distal mitotic nuclei, undetectable in the pachytene region of the distal arm, and present at elevated levels in the proximal meiotic region and in oocytes. |
MES-3 is localized predominantly in nuclei. The immunolocalization pattern of MES-3 was analyzed in embryos, using confocal microscopy. Cells at different stages of mitosis were stained by affinity-purified anti-MES-3 antibody and anti-penta-acetylated H4 antibody to visualize chromosomes. During interphase and prometaphase, when condensed chromosomes are clearly visible in nuclei, MES-3 protein is not obviously concentrated on chromosomes; instead it appears evenly distributed in the nucleoplasm. During metaphase and early anaphase, when nuclear envelopes are broken down, some MES-3 protein is detectably associated with chromosomes. |
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Expr2579
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SCC-1/COH-2 was expressed in germ cells throughout the development, including the adult stage. SCC-1/COH-2 was detected in virtually all mitotic germ nuclei. Similarly to somatic cells in embryos, SCC-1/COH-2 was dispersed in the cytoplasm at mitotic prometaphase and was absent from the condensed anaphase chromosomes in germ cells. In female germ cells that entered meiotic prophase in adult hermaphrodites, SCC-1/COH-2 was observed uniformly in the nuclei. It was unclear whether SCC-1/COH-2 localized to the condensed meiotic chromosomes, because of the strong SCC-1/COH-2 signal emitted from the nucleoplasm. SCC-1/COH-2 was detected also in male germ cells at mitosis and meiosis, but it was not detectable in mature sperm. SCC-1/COH-2 was strongly expressed in virtually all cells in early embryos, but its expression was gradually weakened, and the signal could hardly be detected in late embryos, in which cell division was ceased almost completely. Strong nuclear signals of SCC-1/COH-2 reappeared in larvae, though they were limited to a subset of cells. SCC-1/COH-2 was detectable only in cells that were going to divide. For example, in an L1 larva, intense SCC-1/COH-2 signals were detected in the 14 hypodermal V lineage cells, which divide synchronously. The SCC-1/COH-2 signal was dispersed and not detectable on condensed chromosomes, as observed in embryos of an intermediate stage. In a slightly older L1 larva, expression of SCC-1/COH-2 was seen in 22 P lineage cells to constitute the ventral nerve cord and in four Q lineage cells to produce posterior neuronal cells, all of which divide at the same time. In this L1 larva, no signal was detected in the V lineage cells, suggesting that the SCC-1/COH-2 protein is present only for a short time in the cell cycle, and likely to be degraded quickly after cell division. Larvae of later stages also expressed SCC-1/COH-2 in dividing cells: in an L3 larva, SCC-1/COH-2 was detected in four M lineage cells to produce the uterine and vulval muscle cells and in 10 P lineage vulval precursor cells, which divide concurrently. The embryos were stained with both anti-SCC-1/COH-2 antibodies and an antibody against a component of the nuclear pore complexes. The SCC-1/COH-2 signal was evenly distributed within the nuclear envelope except for the chromosomal region, suggesting that SCC-1/COH-2 molecules dissociated from the chromosomes at metaphase were trapped by the nuclear envelope. Consistently with this interpretation, the SCC-1/COH-2 staining around the metaphase plate was no longer seen at later stages of embryogenesis involving >30 cells, where nuclear envelope is known to break down before metaphase. SCC-1/COH-2 was dispersed into the whole cytoplasm of metaphase cells at these stages. |
SCC-1/COH-2 seemed to localize to the chromosomes in a cell cycle-dependent manner. In interphase, SCC-1/COH-2 was seen throughout the nucleus, overlapping largely with DNA. At mitotic prophase, SCC-1/COH-2 started to separate from condensing chromosomes, and it was not detected on the chromosomes at prometaphase and metaphase. At metaphase, the SCC-1/COH-2 signal seemed as if surrounding the metaphase plate, although it was possible that a small amount of SCC-1/COH-2 was remaining on the metaphase chromosomes but escaped detection, because cohesin is reported to become detectable on metaphase chromosomes only after detergent extraction of soluble background in other metazoans. The SCC-1/COH-2 signal was then dispersed in the cytoplasm at anaphase. At telophase, the SCC-1/COH-2 protein began to reaccumulate on the chromosomes. |
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Expr2455
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unc-103::GFP construct expressed broadly in the head and ventral cord neurons in both males and hermaphrodites. In the male tail the SPC motor neurons and the PCB postcloacal sensory neurons expressed the construct. Many neurons express the construct, but because of variability in cell position and cellular localization of the fusion protein in processes, the list of unc-103-expressing cells is far from complete. In the head region ALA, ADL, ASK, AVH, AVJ, AIN, AVA, ASJ, SMDD, SIA, ADE, and AVD express the construct. In the tail region PHA, DVC, ALN, and PVP express the construct. The unc-103 fusion protein accumulates extensively in the processes of many ventral cord neurons; however, only some cells in the AS class of excitatory neurons was identified. In the adult hermaphrodite HSN expresses the unc-103::gfp construct. |
The fusion protein aggregates mostly on the cytoplasmic membrane of neuronal processes and in many, but not all, cases of cell bodies. In larval hermaphrodites and males some of the cells had cell body localization of UNC-103::GFP. |
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Expr16049
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nmgp-1 expresses mostly in sensory neurons and in the egg-laying apparatus of adult hermaphrodites. GFP expression driven by the putative nmgp-1 promoter was detected in several cells, primarily neurons. Within the head, we saw GFP expression in pharyngeal neurons, as many somas and processes within the metacorpus and the posterior bulb ventral ganglia were observed. In addition, some of the processes next to the bulb might correspond to CEP sheath glial cells. In the midbody, we saw labeling of cells within the egg-laying apparatus. Posteriorly, we observed cells in the tail ganglia and possibly phasmid neurons. Neuronal processes along dorsal and ventral cords were also labeled. In addition, to identify specific neurons, we used the NeuroPAL strain (OH15500) developed by Hobert's Lab (Yemini et al., 2021). This strain has a stereotyped fluorescent color map to identify all neurons. We injected it with the same plasmid for GFP expression under the nmgp-1 promoter. The following neurons were identified as expressing GFP: ALA, CEPD, IL1 (head neurons from the nerve ring), the sensory amphid neurons ASK, neurons from the anterior ventral nerve cord (VA6, VB7, DB5, AS5, VD6, DD3, DA4) and posterior ventral cord (VA11, VD11, AS10, DA7, DB7, CB11, VA11), neurons from the preanal ganglion (PVP, PVT, DD6, AS11, VA12, DA8, DA9) dorso-rectal ganglion (DVB, DVA, DVC) and lumbar ganglion (PVQ, PHC). The neurons identified include sensory neurons (amphid and mechanosensory), motor neurons and interneurons. |
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Expr2709
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Reporter gene fusions to dop-2 produce gfp expression exclusively in a small set (~10) of neurons in the head and tail ganglia of larval and adult hermaphrodites. The strongest and most consistent expression is observed in the RIA(L/R) interneuron pair. In addition, expression of variable intensity and penetrance can be observed in at least a subset of the sublateral interneurons (SIA and SIB) which send characteristic axons along sublateral tracks and in the unilateral RID neuron. In the tail, a single neuron, the PDA neuron, shows dop-2::gfp expression. |
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Expr9310
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Phmit-1.3::egfp was expressed in the intestine and amphid sheath glial cells. |
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Expr1
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Body wall muscle cells and vulval muscle cells of adult hermaphrodites. Beta-galactosidase is nuclear localized |
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Picture: Figure 4. |
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Expr8827
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GFP signals were detected during all stages of C. elegans development (larvae L1 to L4 and adult hermaphrodites). Strong far-7::GFP expression was observed in parts of the hypodermis, in particular the syncytia covering the lips and parts of the head region. The second major localization of far-7::GFP expression was in the H-shaped excretory cell. Expression in the head hypodermis and the excretory cell remains upon fasting, but additional strong expression of far-7::GFP is observed in the hypodermal syncytium (hyp7) covering the body of the animal. |
far-7::GFP expression is observed in the cytoplasm of the excretory cell and not in the lumen of the excretory duct. |
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Expr2933
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SRP-2 expression is evident in numerous cells of the C. elegans embryo in the early stages of development (36-100-cell stage). However, in the later stages of embryonic development, expression is confined to a few cells of the anterior hypoderm and the eggshell. In the L1 and L2 larvae, expression is seen in a number of hypodermal (possibly hyp 1, 2, and 3) cells near the buccal cavity. Expression is also seen in the sensory support (sheath or socket) cells of several sensilla. Strong expression is visible in the posterior intestinal cells, seam cells, and the body hypoderm. In the adult hermaphrodite, strong punctate expression is seen in the hypodermal cells surrounding the anterior and posterior bulb of the pharynx. Expression was also seen in hyp 7 cells near the vulval opening. A strong striated staining pattern was seen in what appears to be the fibrous organelles that link muscle/hypoderm/cuticle. GFP expression was also observed in the phasmid (PHA and PHB) neurons, which was confirmed by co-staining with the amphid neuron-specific dye, DiI. The overall SRP-2::GFP expression pattern was similar in the hermaphrodites and males. |
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Expr9308
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Phmit-1.1::egfp 186 was expressed predominantly in the intestine. |
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Expr1253
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In the meiotic cells of the gonad including oocytes and in the interphase cells of 200-cell embryos, DNA topoisomerase I was localized in nuclei. At the comma stage, a more narrowed concentration of DNA topoisomerase I was observed in the nucleoli of gut cells. |
In the dividing cells of early embryos, the protein was distinctively localized in centrosomes (1 cell to 4 cell embryos). The protein localization in centrosomes was observed throughout mitosis from prophase to telophase. |
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No GO_term assigned. |
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Expr2698
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Transgenic animals carrying this construct express gfp in the gut, with a notable absence of expression in the gut nuclei. This pattern of expression is seen from the first larval stage through to adulthood in both hermaphrodites and males. GFP was not detected at any stage of embryogenesis. |
Expression is absent from the gut nuclei. |
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Expr9309
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Phmit-1.2::egfp was expressed in the excretory canal cell, which is an osmotic regulatory organ that is functionally analogous to the kidney, and pairs of amphid and phasmid sheath glia. |
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Expr3850
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bli-5 is abundantly expressed in the larval and adult hypodermis, the hermaphrodite vulva and the excretory cell and duct. |
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Expr2686
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In adult males, daf-21 mRNA was detected in germline cells, similarly as in hermaphrodites, with a strong signal seen in spermatogonia, decreasing signal in spermatocytes, and none in mature sperm. In the embryo comma stage, daf-21 mRNA was strongly detected in cells of the head region and less so in other areas. In the hatched L1 larvae, daf-21 mRNA was mainly distributed in the germline precursor cells Z2 and Z3 and the head region, whereas in the adult hermaphrodite, it was localized uniquely in the germ cells. In the distal arms of the adult hermaphrodite, mitotically dividing germline cells were strongly stained with the antisense probe, but not with the sense probe. As the oocytes matured, the signal strength of the antisense probe seemed to decrease. |
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Expr2687
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In adult hermaphrodites, 608F antigen existed ubiquitously in the cytoplasm of the oogonium and all oocytes. In adult males, the 608F antigen was distributed ubiquitously in the cytoplasm of spermatogonium and spermatocytes. It was previously shown immunohistologically that, for the early larval stages of L1 and L2, the antigen was detected in both Z2 and Z3 cells as well as in somatic cells. |
Distributed ubiquitously in the cytoplasm. |
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Expr_pattern were examined using qExAPX, the stable line before integration. |
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Expr1587
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Abundant in the distal tip cells and can be detected in the germ line. |
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Expr1642
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CGH-1 remained present in somatic and P granules in the early embryo. Embryonic P granules can be detected by PGL-1 staining, and are initially segregated by four cell divisions to a single germline precursor (P4), which forms the two germline precursors Z2 and Z3 at around the 100 cell stage. In the germline, these PGL-1 particles were associated with co-localized CGH-1 staining through the 100 cell stage. CGH-1 staining then disappeared from Z2 and Z3 by the 200 cell stage. CGH-1 was also readily detectable in somatic granules throughout the embryo through the four-cell stage. The latter CGH-1 staining then began to diminish, and was barely detectable at the 28 cell stage and absent in 50-100 cell embryos. No CGH-1 staining was detected at later stages. In intact hermaphrodite larvae and adults, CGH-1 was detectable specifically in the gonad in germline but not somatic cells. Paralleling its mRNA expression, CGH-1 levels were barely detectable in L1 and L2 animals, higher during the L3 stage, and significantly increased in L4 and adult gonads. CGH-1 levels remained modest in proliferating cells at the distal gonad end, where it co-localized with the P granule components PGL-1 and the GLH helicases. In the transition zone, where cells enter meiosis, CGH-1 appeared in additional cytoplasmic granules within the central gonad core. These were referred as CGH-1 somatic granules because they appeared to be maintained in the cytoplasm throughout oogenesis and into early embryogenesis, during which they were not segregated to the germline. CGH-1 remained at high levels in association with each granule type in later stage meiotic cells and oocytes. In contrast, in the male gonad, CGH-1 was readily detectable only in cells that were entering meiosis, in which it was also co-localized with P granules. |
CGH-1 is co-localized with the P granule. |
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Staining was completely eliminated in tlk-1(RNAi) embryos and entirely competed by preincubation of TLK-1 antisera with MBP-TLK-1. |
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Expr2758
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TLK-1 protein was exclusively found in nuclei from the 2-cell stage until morphogenesis. TLK-1 was also detectable in adult germline nuclei, suggesting that the TLK-1 protein is maternally expressed. |
Examination of TLK-1 immunostaining with respect to the cell cycle revealed that TLK-1 was highly expressed in interphase and prophase nuclei. TLK-1 immunostaining diminished dramatically upon nuclear envelope break-down and did not appear to be above background levels in mitotic cells from metaphase through telophase. However, it is impossible to distinguish whether this is due to diffusion of nuclear TLK-1 or due to degradation of the TLK-1 protein during mitosis. |
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400-cell stage (author) = comma embryo (curator) --wjc. |
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Expr1674
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In hermaphrodites, newly synthesized ife-1 mRNA was first detected in the germline of L3 stage larvae. At this stage germ cells in the distal region of the gonad are mitotically proliferating and those in the proximal region are entering meiosis. As germline development progressed, the hybridization signal intensified in the regions of the gonad undergoing spermatogenesis. The signal persisted after spermatogenesis was complete; a reduced level of ife-1 mRNA was detectable in adult germlines undergoing oogenesis. In embryos, the distribution of ife-1 mRNA was similar to a pattern described previously as class I maternal mRNAs. These mRNAs show a uniform distribution in all cells during early cleavage stages and disappear at later stages. ife-1 mRNA was detected in all cells in embryos until the 100-200-cell stage and gradually disappeared by the 300-400-cell stage. |
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Expr1838
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Previous report: Expressed in the developing germline, oocytes, and in all embryonic blastomeres. In early embryo, the protein is detected in non-dividing nuclei and in a cell membrane-associated localization; it is not present in dividing nuclei. See Expr600. Result consistent with previous report with exception that protein is detected in most or all nuclei later in embryonic development than previously reported. However, its abundance clearly declines as the number of embryonic cells increases. |
Expressed in nuclei and cell membrane. |
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Expr3082
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Quatitive RT_PCR revealed that chk-1 was predominantly expressed in embryos, in addition, chk-1 was abundantly expressed in mutant adult hermaphrodite fem-1(hc17ts) or fem-3(q20), suggesting that chk-1 was also expressed in large quantities in the germline. |
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Antibodies that recognize either the N or C terminus of SYP-1 do not detect SYP-1 protein on chromosomes in germ-line nuclei from syp-1(me17) mutants, further confirming the specificity of the antibody. Expression pattern in other life stages or other tissues are not reported in this article. |
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Expr2201
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Expressed in germ-line cells. |
SYP-1 protein was observed along the length of synapsed chromosomes during meiotic prophase. Within the premeiotic region of the germ line, SYP-1 protein is not detectable on chromosomes. At or just prior to the beginning of the transition zone, a small number of nuclei are closely associated with one or two SYP-1 foci, while the majority of transition-zone nuclei exhibit several continuous tracks of SYP-1 staining that localize to a portion of the total DAPI-stained chromatin. In the pachytene region, nuclei exhibit highly ordered SYP-1 staining: Thick, continuous lines of SYP-1 lie at the interface between synapsed homologs along their full lengths. Finally, SYP-1 disassembles from the majority of the length of each chromosome pair by diakinesis, and is undetectable on chromosomes by the end of prophase. |
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Expr2215
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In wild type gonads, a distinct punctate LIP-1 staining was observed in the region of the distal arm that contains pachytene nuclei. In other regions of the gonad, no specific LIP-1 staining could be detected. The puntate LIP-1 staining was absent in the lip-1(null) mutants. |
LIP-1 was localized between the densely packed pachytene nuclei that are arranged circumferentailly near the surface of the tubular distal gonad arm. LIP-1 appeared to be concentrated in rod-like structures that measured ~2um in length and extended towards the cytoplasmic core. This specific membrane associated localization of LIP-1 was not observed in other parts of the gonad or in somatic cells. |
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Expr2269
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Wild-type adults of either sex expressed both GLD-3L and GLD-3S. By contrast, adult glp-1(ts) hermaphrodites, which have virtually no germline, had no detectable GLD-3, consistent with the idea that gld-3 is expressed specifically in the germline. Furthermore, the deletion mutant, gld-3(q730), made no detectable GLD-3, confirming specificity of the antibodies. |
The GLD-3 subcellular distribution was investigated by immunocytochemistry. Similar results were obtained using either anti-GLD-3 or anti-GLD-3L. In most experiments, antibodies to the P granule protein PGL-1 were used to highlight germ cells and P granules. The data support three main conclusions. First, GLD-3 protein is predominantly cytoplasmic. GLD-3 was found in germline cytoplasm throughout development in both sexes and in the cytoplasm of early embryos. Second, GLD-3 distribution is controlled spatially and temporally. In adult hermaphrodites, GLD-3 was detectable in the transition zone (TZ), where germ cells enter meiotic prophase; it was fainter in the early mitotic region and in pachytene germ cells; however, as germ cells entered diakinesis, GLD-3 became abundant. During spermatogenesis, GLD-3 was present in primary spermatocytes, but not in secondary spermatocytes or mature sperm. A similar pattern was observed in males. Third, GLD-3 colocalizes with P granules. GLD-3 was found in the cytoplasm of early embryos, and colocalized with P granules from the 1-cell stage through the 64-cell stage; beyond the 100-cell stage of embryogenesis, GLD-3 was no longer detected. GLD-3 also appeared in particles that were near but not coincident with P granules. In the germline, GLD-3 was found both diffusely as well as in a more granular form. The granular GLD-3 was found primarily at the cytoplasmic side of the nuclear boundary and often colocalized with PGL-1. Mutant embryos derived from gld-3(q730) homozygous mothers could contain apparently normal P granules that appeared to segregate normally to a single blastomere; however, these gld-3 mutant embryos had no detectable GLD-3, consistent with the idea that this mutant removes most gld-3 activity. |
