WormMine: AnatomyTerm WBbt:0005375

• Definition: ganglion anterior to the nerve ring
• Name: anterior ganglion
• Primary Identifier: WBbt:0005375

2 Children

Definition	Name	Synonym	Primary Identifier
portion of anterior ganglion of somatic nervous system that is near or posteior to the metacorpus of pharynx.	anterior ganglion (post)		WBbt:0005371
portion of anterior ganglion of somatic nervous system that is anterior to the metacorpus of pharynx.	anterior ganglion (ant)		WBbt:0005372

0 Expression Clusters

23 Expression Patterns

• Primary Identifier: Expr1167
• Pattern: Neurons in anterior, lateral, lumbar ganglia; pharyngeal motorneurons and interneurons; pharynx.

• Primary Identifier: Expr1170
• Pattern: Neurons in anterior, lateral, lumbar ganglia; pharyngeal motorneurons and interneurons; pharynx; intestine.

• Primary Identifier: Expr720
• Remark: This information was extracted from published material (Archana Sharma-Oates, Andrew Mounsey and Ian A. Hope).
• Pattern: Prominent staining of the entire nervous system, specially the axonal processes emanating from neuronal cell bodies is observed at all developmental stages. Neuronal processes including axonal and dendrites consistently stains brighter than the cell bodies. Staining is detected in the central neurophil (nerve ring) in the head, the ventral cord consisting of motor neurons along the body length, lateral nerve cords, lumbar commissures and neuronal cell bodies in the tail ganglia. Staining is observed in the six sets of touch receptor neurons ALML, ALMR, PLML, PLMR, AVM and PVM. In the head region, neurons and their axonal and dendritic processes in the anterior ganglia, lateral ganglia, ventral ganglion, retro-vesicular ganglion and the nerve ring consisting of axonal fibres from neurons located in the head and tail ganglia are brightly labeled. Neurons and their axonal processes are stained in the tail, which has a pair of bilaterally symmetric lumbar ganglia, a small dorso-rectal ganglion and the pre-anal ganglion at the posterior end of the ventral cord. Besides the major axonal bundle of the ventral nerve cord, the dorsal nerve cord and a set of lateral cords along the body length are also stained. Muscle cells, intestine and hypodermal cells stain weakly. Staining of the mitotic spindles in C. elegans are clearly visible in embryos and meiotic spindles in the germline cells in the gonad of adult hermaphrodites. Spindles are stained more strongly and non-spindle structures.
• Subcellular Localization: Stained in neuronal processes and cell bodies. Spindles are stained more strongly.

• Primary Identifier: Expr946
• Remark: To compare the transcription pattern of the daf-1 promoter with the whole gene, the gfp cDNA was fused to the terminus of the daf-1 gene in a plasmid that included 2.6 kb of upstream sequence. Despite the fact that this transgene rescued the daf-1 Daf-c mutant phenotype, GFP fluorescence was not detected in rescued animals. Hence, these observations were limited to the daf-1 promoter fusion, which may not represent the expression pattern of the whole daf-1 gene if enhancer elements are present in introns or in 3' sequences.
• Pattern: GFP expression was observed in the head and the developing ventral nerve cord beginning in mid-stage embryos and continuing into adulthood. In the head, GFP was detected in more than twenty neurons in the anterior, lateral, ventral and retrovesicular ganglia. Fluorescent processes terminating at the tip of the head suggest that daf-1 is expressed in sensory neurons and in support cells in the amphids and inner labial sensilla. In the midbody, GFP was expressed in the ALM mechanosensory neurons and the PVT neuron, as well as one additional neuron pair. In the lumbar ganglia of the tail, five cells expressing GFP included phasmid neurons and PLN and PLM mechanosensory neurons. The daf-1 promoter also conferred gfp expression in nonneuronal cells, including a membranous sheath surrounding the distal end of the intestine and in the distal tip cell (DTC) of the gonad. In some lines, GFP was sometimes detected in the muscles of L4 and adult animals. In L1 larvae, daf-1 promoters is active in neurons in the head, as well as in the ventral cord and tail. The promoter continues to express GFP in dauer larvae from starved plates.

• Primary Identifier: Expr11136
• Remark: Expression of gfp in sEx13706 animals is directed by a 2.8 kb hda-1 regulatory region that includes the open reading frames and potential cis-regulatory elements(enhancers) of two other hda-1 upstream genes (ril-1 and C53A5.2). The other hda-1::gfp transgenic strain (bhEx72), generated in this study, contains a much smaller 5'upstream region of hda-1 (approximately 1.0 kb, pGLC44) and excludes the two genes mentioned above. The analysis of GFP fluorescence in sEx13706 and bhEx72 animals revealed a similar pattern, although the fluorescence in sEx13706 was much brighter.
• Pattern: hda-1 is broadly expressed throughout development. The earliest expression was detected in gastrulating embryos. The larvae exhibited GFP expression in several neuronal and epidermal cells, primarily in the anterior ganglion and ventral hypodermal regions. Expression persisted in many cells in later larval and adult stages (data not shown). In the vulva, hda-1::gfp expression was first detected in the progeny of P(5-7).p in mid-L3 animals. At this stage, GFP fluorescence was absent in other VPC lineages (P3.p, P4.p and P8.p) (data not shown). By the L4 stage, almost all vulval cell types were observed fluorescing, with presumptive vulA, vulB1, vulB2, and vulD cells being the brightest. GFP fluorescence in vulval cells was mostly absent beyond the late-L4 stage, suggesting that hda-1 may not be needed in vulval cells at later stages of development. The broad expression of hda-1 is in consistent with the involvement of the gene in multiple developmental processes. This multifaceted role for hda-1in C. elegans appears to be conserved in C. briggsae, because Cbr-hda-1::gfp is expressed in a similar manner. hda-1::gfp expression was also observed in the AC in L3 animals that persisted until the early L4 stage (data not shown). No expression was observed in pi cells or their progeny at any developmental stage.

• Primary Identifier: Expr11137
• Remark: Expression of gfp in sEx13706 animals is directed by a 2.8 kb hda-1 regulatory region that includes the open reading frames and potential cis-regulatory elements(enhancers) of two other hda-1 upstream genes (ril-1 and C53A5.2). The other hda-1::gfp transgenic strain (bhEx72), generated in this study, contains a much smaller 5'upstream region of hda-1 (approximately 1.0 kb, pGLC44) and excludes the two genes mentioned above. The analysis of GFP fluorescence in sEx13706 and bhEx72 animals revealed a similar pattern, although the fluorescence in sEx13706 was much brighter.
• Pattern: hda-1 is broadly expressed throughout development. The earliest expression was detected in gastrulating embryos. The larvae exhibited GFP expression in several neuronal and epidermal cells, primarily in the anterior ganglion and ventral hypodermal regions. Expression persisted in many cells in later larval and adult stages (data not shown). In the vulva, hda-1::gfp expression was first detected in the progeny of P(5-7).p in mid-L3 animals. At this stage, GFP fluorescence was absent in other VPC lineages (P3.p, P4.p and P8.p) (data not shown). By the L4 stage, almost all vulval cell types were observed fluorescing, with presumptive vulA, vulB1, vulB2, and vulD cells being the brightest. GFP fluorescence in vulval cells was mostly absent beyond the late-L4 stage, suggesting that hda-1 may not be needed in vulval cells at later stages of development. The broad expression of hda-1 is in consistent with the involvement of the gene in multiple developmental processes. This multifaceted role for hda-1in C. elegans appears to be conserved in C. briggsae, because Cbr-hda-1::gfp is expressed in a similar manner. hda-1::gfp expression was also observed in the AC in L3 animals that persisted until the early L4 stage (data not shown). No expression was observed in pi cells or their progeny at any developmental stage.

• Primary Identifier: Expr15
• Remark: life_stage summary : postembryonic
• Pattern: Expression is seen in 4 neural cells of the anterior ganglion, 8 more in the lateral/ventral ganglia, and 4-6 nuclei of the tail ganglia. Staining is also seen on sub-cellular particles in the vm1 muscles of the vulva. The neural pattern develops from L1 onwards; the vulval staining occurs L4 onwards.
• Subcellular Localization: Expressed in nuclei.

• Primary Identifier: Expr3065
• Subcellular Localization: Anti-GPA-2 antibodies stained many cilia, cell bodies, and axons in the head. Two cell bodies in the anterior ganglion, two pharyngeal muscle cells, and seven cell bodies in the lateral and ventral ganglia showed staining, indicating that GPA-2 is expressed in more cells than initially identified. Importantly, in addition to rod-like cilia, the typical wing shape of the AWC cilia could be distinguished at high magnification. This confirms that GPA-2 is expressed in the AWC cells. No indications of GPA-2 expression in the AWA cells was found.

• Primary Identifier: Expr1773
• Pattern: kin-29::GFP expression was primarily neuronal, with additional expression in body wall muscle and hypodermal cells. Expression persisted through all stages of postembryonic development. Among neuronal cells, kin-29 was expressed in multiple sensory neurons and interneurons in the lateral, anterior, and lumbar ganglia, as well as in motor neurons in the ventral motor cord. kin-29::GFP colocalizes with odr-1::RFP expression in both the AWB and AWC olfactory neurons. kin-29 was also expressed in the ASH, AFD, ASJ, AWA, ASK, ASG, and ASI sensory neurons. In addition, kin-29 was expressed in the AIY and AIZ interneurons. Additional kin-29-expressing cells were not identified definitively.
• Subcellular Localization: KIN-29::GFP was localized cytoplasmically, and was excluded from the nuclei of most, if not all, cell types. KIN-29::GFP was localized cytoplasmically at all stages of development examined, including in dauer larvae. However, KIN-29::GFP was rapidly translocated to the nucleus upon heat shock, but not upon starvation for 18 hr, addition of dauer pheromone, or in a tph-1 mutant background, although transient nuclear localization in a subset of cell types cannot be ruled out. Heat shock-induced translocation was observed in most, if not all cells, including neurons, muscles, and hypodermal cells. Translocation was reversible; KIN-29::GFP was relocalized to the cytoplasm within an hour upon temperature downshift.

• Primary Identifier: Expr14055
• Pattern: ASI, sometimes one neuronal pair in the anterior ganglion (much dimmer and less consistent), uterus

• Primary Identifier: Expr11225
• Pattern: EFN-1::GFP is expressed widely in anterior neurons in mid-embryogenesis, but like VAB-1 becomes more restricted during larval stages. In larvae, EFN-1::GFP was not observed in amphid neurons but was seen in a set of ventral neurons including AIM, AIY, and AVK.

• Primary Identifier: Expr14087
• Remark: Other Strain: OH14338
• Pattern: ADL, other head neurons in anterior and ventral ganglion (much dimmer), PHA, PHB, vulva, anterior sheath/socket cells (Amsh/Amso?), males - expression in rays

• Primary Identifier: Expr1632
• Pattern: Although the antibody and reporter patterns coincide in a number of key aspects, a few differences are evident. Expression in the head hypodermal cells upon hatching is only faintly detected with the gfp reporter construct. Moreover, only a few neurons in the head express the ceh-32::gfp construct, compared with the immunostaining results. These differences could reflect that positive control elements are missing or inactive in the reporter transgenes. The expression of ceh-32 begins during the embryonic development, during the gastrulation stage (in 100-min-old embryos), and persists until adults. Embryonic expression of ceh-32 is detected in the anterior part of the embryos in head hypodermal and neuronal precursor cells. Upon hatching, ceh-32 is expressed in the hypodermal and neuronal cells of the head as well as in the somatic gonad. The head hypodermal nuclei expressing CEH-32 were identified as the nuclei of hyp3, hyp4, hyp5, and the first ventral nuclei of hyp6. In the head neurons, ceh-32 is found expressed in 12 cells of the anterior ganglion, in the sensory neurons ADL, in a pair of neurons in the dorsal side of lateral and ventral ganglion, and in 8 neurons in the ventral side of the lateral and ventral ganglion. Some weakly expressing cells were not identified. In the somatic gonad, the expression of ceh-32 begins at the L1/L2 stage in the sheath/spermatheca (SS) precursor cells, and this expression is maintained during the development of the somatic gonad in the gonadal sheath cells. In the adult worm, all the gonadal sheath cells express ceh-32.
• Subcellular Localization: The CEH-32 protein is detected exclusively in the nuclei.

• Primary Identifier: Expr13359
• Pattern: skn-1::EGFP is highly expressed in neurons in the lateral, ventral and dorsal ganglia, and to a lesser extent in the anterior ganglia. Furthermore, skn-1::EGFP clearly colocalizes with the specific AIY marker ttx-3::RFP, confirming that skn-1 is indeed expressed in AIY interneurons.

• Primary Identifier: Expr2246
• Pattern: In general, the expression patterns found for the translational fusion constructs were similar to those reported above for the transcriptional fusions. Cells were labeled in the anterior, lateral and ventral, and retrovesicular ganglion near the pharynx, in the ventral nerve cord, and in the pre-anal, dorso-rectal, and lumbar ganglion near the tail. Animals demonstrated labeling of the lumbar ganglion in an adult animal. HSN (hermaphrodite-specific neuron) was also labeled as were the vulC cells of the vulva and the excretory cell.
• Subcellular Localization: NHX-5 appeared to be associated with intracellular membranes. NHX-5::GFP expression occurred primarily in neuronal cell bodies. Labeling was granular in the cytoplasm and extended weakly through the neuronal cell processes.

• Primary Identifier: Expr13203
• Pattern: Three rectal glands; Faint expression in head and tail neurons: at least 6 neurons in the lumbar ganglion, at least 20 neurons in the anterior ganglion, at least 20 neurons in the lateral ganglia, 2 neurons in the dorsorectal ganglion.

• Primary Identifier: Expr2868
• Remark: Reporter gene fusion type not specified.
• Pattern: nhr-91DGFP displayed expression in the developing vulva, seam cells, spermatheca, excretory cells, and anterior neurons.

• Primary Identifier: Expr1182
• Pattern: Neurons in anterior, lateral, retrovesicular ganglia; seam cells.

• Primary Identifier: Expr1839
• Remark: Reporter gene fusion type not specified.
• Pattern: During embryogenesis kal-1 expression is first detectable at about the 160- to 200-cell stage in a group of eight to ten neuroblast descendants of the AB blastomere. At no stage during embryogenesis were kal-1 driven reporters detectably expressed by epidermal cells. After elongation of the embryo is completed, the expressing cells have roughly reached the positions they will occupy in larval stages. During post-embryonic development, the expressing neurons remain largely the same, except for the recruitment of some sexually dimorphic neurons. Three groups of neurons express the kal-1 constructs post-embryonically. One group is located in the anterior ganglia. Here, about 15 neurons express the gene. They include some interneurons and some sensory neurons. A second group is located at mid body and is composed of the two canal associated neurons (CANs) and, in adult hermaphrodites, of the hermaphrodite specific neurons (HSN). The third group is located in the tail region, where three to six neurons express the construct. Among these are the PDB neuron and another interneuron, possibly PVW. Two male-specific neurons were also identified, the interneu on EF3 and one of the neurons of sensory ray 5. As during ventral enclosure, also during male tail formation, kal-1 is not expressed by epithelial cells but by neurons.

• Primary Identifier: Expr9866
• Pattern: The pattern for T16A9.4 has a strong neuronal component. Nuclear lacZ expression was found in the anterior ganglion, ventral nerve cord, lumbar ganglion and neuronal support cells of an adult and larval C. elegans.

• Primary Identifier: Expr9006
• Remark: Picture: Fig 2.
• Pattern: The let-765p::nls::gfp transgene (sEx1800) was expressed throughout larval development in the excretory system, anterior neurons, and the hypodermis. Furthermore, strong GFP expression was observed in the somatic gonad during the L3 and L4 stages.

• Primary Identifier: Expr2915
• Remark: When this transgene was introduced into daf-2(e1370) and daf-7(e1372) mutant animals grown at the non-permissive temperature (25 centigrades), hypodermal expression of daf-9::GFP was absent in dauers, even though the daf-9::GFP expression in XXXL/R persisted. The lack of hypodermal daf-9::GFP expression was also noted in wild-type dauer animals derived from starvation. The daf-9::GFP transgene was unable to suppress dauer arrest of daf-2(e1370) and daf-7(e1372) animals (n>100) at the restrictive temperature (25 centigrades) and enhanced dauer arrest of these animals at the permissive temperature (15 centigrades).
• Pattern: daf-9::GFP is expressed in a pair of cells in the anterior ganglion in L1 larvae, which persists in all larval stages and in adults, in the hypodermis from the mid-L2 stage to the end of L4 stage, and in the spermatheca of adult hermaphrodites. The daf-9::GFP-expressing head cells have been identified as XXXL/R, which are thought to be embryonic hypodermal cells.

• Primary Identifier: Expr1528
• Remark: kin-13 is called PKC1B in this article.
• Pattern: The transgene is expressed selectively and abundantly in nuclei of a group of neurons whose cell bodies lie immediately posterior to the nerve ring in the pharynx. These neurons are anterior, dorsal, ventral, lateral and retrovescular ganglia. PKC1B also expressed in tail ganglia. Expression not detected in the bulk (~75%) worm neurons or any other somatic cells.

0 Life Stages

1 Parents

Definition	Name	Synonym	Primary Identifier
ganglion in the head.	head ganglion		WBbt:0005135