WormMine: AnatomyTerm WBbt:0005797

• Definition: cell that forms intestinal-rectal valve.
• Name: rectal valve cell
• Primary Identifier: WBbt:0005797
• Synonym: intestinal-rectal valve cell

3 Children

Definition	Name	Synonym	Primary Identifier
Intestino-rectal valve	virL	lineage name: ABprpappppp	WBbt:0004511
Intestino-rectal valve	virR	lineage name: ABprpappppa	WBbt:0004510
	cloacal rectal valve cell		WBbt:0005804

2 Expression Clusters

Regulated By Treatment	Description	Algorithm	Primary Identifier
	Single-cell RNA-Seq cell group 30_0 expressed in valve.	scVI 0.6.0	WBPaper00065841:30_0
	Single-cell RNA-Seq cell group 55 expressed in: Intestinal-rectal valve.	CellRanger, DecontX, Monocle3, Louvain algorithm.	WBPaper00065623:55

23 Expression Patterns

• Primary Identifier: Expr13873
• Pattern: Bright fluorescence was detected in post-gastrulating embryos in regions corresponding to intestinal cells and the dorsal body wall muscle quadrant. Expression continued throughout all larval stages and into adulthood in most tissues except for the gonadal cells. By mid L4, GFP fluorescence was visible in intestinal and muscle cells, with concentrated regions within the pharyngeal and vulval muscles. There was an obvious change in the expression pattern of young adults as fluorescence decreased in the anterior head and posterior tail regions, but the intestine, pharynx and particularly the spermatheca continued to exhibit bright reporter expression. Fluorescence was equally observed in the excretory system within structures resembling the excretory gland cells, the intestinal-rectal valve and anus. Interestingly, no expression was observed in the male gonad.

• Primary Identifier: Expr11583
• Pattern: Paakg-5::GFP is expressed in the female gonad sheath cells, vulva epithelium and neurons, ventral cord neurons and excretory cell. It is also seen in the spermatheca and epithelial seam cells. In addition to the excretory cell, Paakg-5::GFP displays strong expression levels in the pharyngeal epithelia, neurons, some ring neurons and sensory neuron termini. In the tail, Paakg- 5::GFP signal mostly localizes to the pre-anal ganglion, rectum epithelium, intestinal-rectal valve and phasmid support cells. For a summary of Paakg-5::GFP see table S10.

• Primary Identifier: Expr1431
• Pattern: In six comma-stage embryos, an average of 80.5 ( 2.5 s.d.) PHA-4-staining pharyngeal nuclei were counted by confocal microscopy (maximum count = 85). Analysis of later stage animals shows clearly that all six cells of the pharyngeal-intestinal valve contain PHA-4 protein. Thus the total number of potentially staining nuclei (pharynx + valve) should be equal to 86. all cells of the pharyngeal primordium (+ valve) contain the nuclear factor PHA-4. The same embryos also show nuclear PHA-4 in 6-8 rectal cells, including the two rectal valve cells and the three rectal epithelial cells. At the lima bean and comma stages of embryogenesis, a low but significant level of PHA-4 can be detected in the gut. pha-4 gene is expressed in pharyngeal precursor cells well before the formation of the pharynx primordium. PHA-4 can be detected immunologically in most but not all nuclei of the larval and adult pharynx. PHA-4 is detected in nuclei of all epithelial cells, muscle cells, marginal cells, gland cells and pharyngeal intestinal valve cells, but is detected only in about 8 of 19 neuronal nuclei. PHA-4 is also detected in one (comma stage) to several (pretzel stage and later) head cells outside of the pharynx. PHA-4 can also be detected in nuclei of the developing somatic gonad, including the distal tip cell and ventral uterine cells.
• Subcellular Localization: nuclear

• Primary Identifier: Expr11177
• Pattern: The expression dynamics of mom-2/Wnt are quite different throughout the worm life span. Expression of mom-2/Wnt increases 3 fold during the first 5 days of adulthood and then decreases 4 fold by day 8 of adulthood, eventually showing little or no expression in old worms. Expression localization of mom-2 differs slightly between aging and development. During development, mom-2 is expressed throughout the whole body of the worm, in muscles, hypodermal and intestinal cells, vulva precursor cells, as well as in ventral cord motor neurons (Gleason et al. 2006). In young (day1 and 2) and middle-aged (day 5) adults, mom-2/Wnt expression was observed only in posterior intestinal and intestinal rectal valve cells. The authors were not able to detect any mom-2 expression in any other tissues.

• Primary Identifier: Expr15269
• Pattern: The immunofluorescence whole mount microscopy on embryos, larvae and adults, using the ECP-1 antibody, revealed a strong staining of the excretory cells, including the canals and the cell bodies, the pharynx, the pharyngeal-intestinal valve as well as of the intestinal-rectal valve. These results confirmed the specificity of our ECP-1 antibody and reveal that the excretory cell specific expression of ECP-1 was different from the intestinal expression of the IFC-2 protein, while the pharynx and the two intestinal valves contain both these ECP-1 and IFC-2 proteins.

• Primary Identifier: Expr15272
• Pattern: The promoter/GFP-reporter 1 was expressed in the pharynx, the pharyngeal-intestinal valve, the intestinal-rectal valve and also weakly in the uterus.

• Primary Identifier: Expr16434
• Reporter Gene: mKate2::CAP-1
• Pattern: Imaging by spinning-disc confocal microscopy revealed that CAP-1 is expressed in multiple adult tissues, including the germline, spermatheca, pharynx and vulva. It was also found to localize at the apical side of gut epithelial cells, in striations along body-wall muscle cells and in the intestinal-rectal valve. We found CAP-1 to be expressed in all germ cells, where it localized to cell cortices and was highly enriched at rachis bridges and within the actomyosin corset surrounding the rachis . CAP-1 was also observed surrounding the germ cell nuclei. CAP-1 colocalized with PLST-1 and with NMY-2 along the rachis, confirming that it is an integral component of the actomyosin corset in the syncytial germline.

• Primary Identifier: Expr16441
• Pattern: Strong srf-5 expression was observed in seam cells, as well as weaker expression in the intestine, rectal valve, and pharynx.

• Primary Identifier: Expr9005
• Remark: Picture: Fig 4.
• Pattern: Analysis of the distribution of the GFP-mediated fluorescence in the VF15.1 strain showed the pcs-1 promoter activity in the hypodermis, the pharyngeal grinder, the pharyngeal-intestinal valve, and the bodywall and vulval muscles, but not in tissues and cell types expressing hmt-1. Although the bulk of the GFP expression, driven by hmt-1 or pcs-1 promoters was found in distinct tissues, GFP in was detected in coelomocytes of both phmt-1::GFP and ppcs-1::GFP transgenic animals.

• Primary Identifier: Expr14340
• Pattern: Labeled EXC-2 is located at the lumen of the excretory canal, in the corpus, posterior bulb, and pharyngeal-intestinal valve of the pharynx, as well as in the uterine seam and intestinal-rectal valve.
• Subcellular Localization: Labeled EXC-2 is located apical to canal cytoplasm, as determined via cross-sectional fluorescence intensity measurements. This result was confirmed by evaluating the subcellular location of EXC-2 relative to a known apical membrane protein, ERM-1 (Gbel et al. 2004). The results demonstrate that EXC-2 and ERM-1 show overlapping expression at the canal apical (luminal) membrane.

• Primary Identifier: Expr15268
• Pattern: No intestinal expression can be observed for IFC-2a/b/c, which instead presents a very prominent localization in the intestinal-rectal valve. Expression is also observed in the excretory canal, corpus and posterior bulb of the pharynx, pharyngeal-intestinal valve and interfacial uterine cells.

• Primary Identifier: Expr13586
• Remark: Strain UL1990, UL2564
• Pattern: Expression begins in the metacorpus of the pharynx of late embryos and carries on through larval and adult stages. Faint intestinal, bodywall muscle and very strong tail expression, possibly the intestinal-rectal valve, in larvae and adults.

• Primary Identifier: Expr11584
• Pattern: Paakb-1::GFP is strongly expressed in pharyngeal muscles, the pharyngeal intestinal valve cells as previously noted and a few head neurons of the pharynx and the ring region. It is also detected in some support cells. Tail expression of Paakb-1::GFP includes the tail minor epithelium, the rectal-intestinal valve, posterior intestine and body wall muscles. Mid-body expression is mostly restricted to muscles of the vulva, uterus and body wall, but is also detected in the intestine. For a summary of Paakb-1::GFP see table S10.

• Primary Identifier: Expr14341
• Pattern: IFA-4::mKate2 showed expression in several of the same locations as exc-2: the excretory canals, the pharyngeal-intestinal valve, and the intestinal-rectal valve. IFA-4 is additionally located in the spermathecal-uterine valve and cells in the vulva, including the uterine muscles and two neurons in the tail. The IFA-4 protein was also found in the gut of dauer-stage but not well-fed worms, and appeared as well in the tips of the rays and neurons of the male tail.

• Primary Identifier: Expr11539
• Pattern: CGT-3::EGFP was expressed in pharyngeal intestinal valve, intestinal rectal valve and hypodermis. In transgenic rescue experiment, relatively weak but definite expression of the cgt-3 gene was detected also in the germline. Searching the in situ hybridization database (see NEXTDB online at http://nematode.lab.nig.ac.jp/ ) with cgt sequences revealed that the cgt-3 gene is expressed in the gonad of adult hermaphrodites. Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) by Wang et al. (2009) also showed that cgt-3 is among a set of 603 germline-specific/enriched genes identified only by SAGE.

• Primary Identifier: Expr11251
• Pattern: DLC-1 was expressed in numerous tissues including the intestine, body wall muscles, germ cells and oocytes, the rectal valve cell and unidentified cells in the head. DLC-1 was expressed at all developmental stages from the one-cell embryo.

• Primary Identifier: Expr14893
• Pattern: Pdlc-1::dlc-1::GFP was expressed in the intestine, muscle, hypodermis, and the rectal valve cells, and unidentified cells in the head.

• Primary Identifier: Expr3101
• Remark: Reporter gene fusion type not specified.
• Pattern: F54D5.1::gfp gave expression in the pharyngeal and rectal valves, all from late embryogenesis until the adult stage, the same patterns as had been observed for the corresponding lacZ fusions.

• Primary Identifier: Expr14218
• Remark: Other Strain: OH14276
• Pattern: rectal valve cells? Dim and variable

• Primary Identifier: Expr9775
• Pattern: The fluorescence appeared diffuse suggesting that the GFP is distributed throughout the cytoplasm of the cells in which it is expressed. The GFP was very broadly expressed but appeared specifically absent from the pharynx and germline in adults. The strongest fluorescence was in the intestinal/rectal valve and the nerve ring, and was brightest and more extensive in the L4 and adult. Another strain transgenic for this reporter gene fusion, UL3664, was generated and showed the same expression pattern, but transgene transmission was very low and therefore the strain was not retained.

• Primary Identifier: Expr845
• Remark: T03D8.1 = cka-1 --WS59.
• Pattern: Robust GFP fluorescence was observed in cells comprising the intestine. CKA1 promoter activity was also evident in pharyngeal cells and the anal sphincter and depressor muscles. Robust CKA1 promoter activity was evident in both the large nuclei of (~10) intestinal (gut) cells and smaller nuclei located in anal depressor and sphincter muscle cells and cells of the intestinal-rectal valve. A modest level of CKA1 gene transcription was detected in pharyngeal muscle nuclei. Similar patterns of CKA1 gene transcription were obtained for both adults and larvae in several experiments.

• Primary Identifier: Expr846
• Remark: proliferating embryo (curator) = early embryo (author)
• Pattern: Immunofluorescence microscopy disclosed that CKA1 isoforms concentrate at the cell periphery in early embryos. Fluorescence signals that correspond to CKA1/CKA1S IgG complexes are enriched along segments of the cell periphery that are involved in cell-cell junctions.
• Subcellular Localization: Concentrated at the cell periphery.

• Primary Identifier: Expr11537
• Pattern: CGT-1::EGFP was expressed in excretory canals, pharyngeal intestinal valve, intestine and intestinal rectal valve.

0 Life Stages

2 Parents

Definition	Name	Synonym	Primary Identifier
The passageway in the hindgut between the posterior intestine, the rectal valve and the opening to the exterior.	rectum		WBbt:0005773
cell of epithelium, the layer of cells that cover the external surface of an organism as well as forming an inner lining between the tissues and organs of that organism and the external environment. In C. elegans epithelial cells include epithelium of the alimentary tract, intestinal cells, hypodermis, interfacial cells and somatic gonad cells.	epithelial cell	epithelium	WBbt:0003672