WormMine: AnatomyTerm WBbt:0006977

• Definition: ganglion in the tail region (posterior to rectum).
• Name: tail ganglion
• Primary Identifier: WBbt:0006977

3 Children

Definition	Name	Synonym	Primary Identifier
neuron with its cell body situated in the tail, posterior to rectum.	tail neuron		WBbt:0006759
the ganglion that lies above and behind the rectum in the tail, in close continuity with the anal hypodermal ridge. It contains 3 neuron cell bodies (DVA, DVB and DVC) that send their neuronal processes into the ventral nerve cord via dorso-rectal commissures that encircle the anus. The ganglion contains no local neuropil in the hermaphrodite. In the adult male tail, this ganglion gains additional neurons and some local neuropil.	dorso-rectal ganglion		WBbt:0005212
The left and right lumbar ganglia lie behind the pre-anal ganglion in the tail, in lateral positions. Each contains 12 neuron cell bodies that send most of their neuronal processes into the ventral nerve cord via lumbar commissures and the pre-anal ganglion. There is no local neuropil in these ganglia in the hermaphrodite, instead they form most synapses in the pre-anal ganglion. Most lumbar neurons have sensory functions. In the adult male tail, these two ganglia gain many additional neurons and have some local neuropil. The lumbar neurons lie in close association with the lateral hypodermis, and most are posterior to the anus.	lumbar ganglion	lumbar lateral ganglia	WBbt:0005830

0 Expression Clusters

21 Expression Patterns

• Primary Identifier: Expr13713
• Pattern: Expression of pghm-1::GFP, pgal- 1::CFP and pamn-1::mCherry fusion constructs showed co-localization of the three reporter constructs in most of the cell bodies of the nerve ring in the head and the tail ganglia. Expression data indicate that neuropeptide PHM, PAL and PAM enzymes are expressed throughout the nematode nervous system, where they likely function redundantly to promote neuropeptide synthesis.

• Primary Identifier: Expr12085
• Pattern: plr-1::GFP expression became visible in late gastrulation stage embryos. Strongest expression was detected in many cells in the tail region and by comma stage the most prominent expression was seen in body wall muscle cells. In early larval stages expression was detectable in a number of different tissues including the major hypodermal cells, muscle and marginal cells of the pharynx, the intestine (strongest in the anteriormost and posteriormost cells) as well as the anal depressor and stomatointestinal muscle. In the nervous system GFP expression was visible in a few neurons in head ganglia, many ventral cord motor neurons and several neurons in the tail ganglia including the PDA neuron. Based on the lack of commissures the motor neurons are likely of the VA, VB, VC and/or AS class. Based on the number of cells the majority (or even all) of these classes express GFP. In general expression was strongest in the tail region throughout development. This also held true for the motor neurons in the ventral cord, where GFP was strongest in the posterior-most cells and barely detectable in anterior motor neurons. Expression is maintained throughout larval development. In later larval stages expression is also seen occasionally in the distal tip cell of the developing gonad, the vulva and uterine muscle cells and the VC4 and VC5 neurons flanking the vulva. Expression in AVG, HSN or CAN neurons was not detectable with this reporter construct, but was detected in a previous study in HSN and CAN using a longer genomic construct (Moffat et al., 2014, Expr11480).

• Primary Identifier: Expr10766
• Pattern: SHN-1::GFP expressed from embryo to adult. SHN- 1::GFP is expressed in neurons including nerve cords, pharynx, pharyngeal-intestinal valve, intestine, vulva, rectal epithelial cells, tail ganglia and male tail. SHN-1 protein is expressed from the embryonic stage to adulthood and tissue localization overlapped with SHN-1::GFP expression patterns in the pharynx, pharyngeal-intestinal valve, intestine, nerve cords, and tail region in addition to sperm.
• Subcellular Localization: Immunogold electron microscopy in wild-type hermaphrodites and males showed signals in the vesicle-like structures of intestinal and pharyngeal cells, and in the tail region, and most clearly seen in the male germline in developing sperm and in the presumptive pseudopodia, structures for motility of mature sperm.

• Primary Identifier: Expr9937
• Pattern: cnp-1::GFP fluorescence started at comma-stage embryos and persisted to adulthood. Expression was largely observed in the nervous system, including sensory neurons and interneurons posterior to the nerve ring as well as dorsal and ventral nerve cords, tail ganglia and CEP and HSN neurons. DiI staining also identifies the sensory neurons as ASK, ADL, ASH and ASJ.

• Primary Identifier: Expr16049
• Pattern: nmgp-1 expresses mostly in sensory neurons and in the egg-laying apparatus of adult hermaphrodites. GFP expression driven by the putative nmgp-1 promoter was detected in several cells, primarily neurons. Within the head, we saw GFP expression in pharyngeal neurons, as many somas and processes within the metacorpus and the posterior bulb ventral ganglia were observed. In addition, some of the processes next to the bulb might correspond to CEP sheath glial cells. In the midbody, we saw labeling of cells within the egg-laying apparatus. Posteriorly, we observed cells in the tail ganglia and possibly phasmid neurons. Neuronal processes along dorsal and ventral cords were also labeled. In addition, to identify specific neurons, we used the NeuroPAL strain (OH15500) developed by Hobert's Lab (Yemini et al., 2021). This strain has a stereotyped fluorescent color map to identify all neurons. We injected it with the same plasmid for GFP expression under the nmgp-1 promoter. The following neurons were identified as expressing GFP: ALA, CEPD, IL1 (head neurons from the nerve ring), the sensory amphid neurons ASK, neurons from the anterior ventral nerve cord (VA6, VB7, DB5, AS5, VD6, DD3, DA4) and posterior ventral cord (VA11, VD11, AS10, DA7, DB7, CB11, VA11), neurons from the preanal ganglion (PVP, PVT, DD6, AS11, VA12, DA8, DA9) dorso-rectal ganglion (DVB, DVA, DVC) and lumbar ganglion (PVQ, PHC). The neurons identified include sensory neurons (amphid and mechanosensory), motor neurons and interneurons.

• Primary Identifier: Expr13319
• Pattern: Expression is observed in the nerve ring, ventral cord, vulva, mechanosensory neurons, and tail ganglia.

• Primary Identifier: Expr1918
• Pattern: In the pAB::GFP fusion, expression was seen in some pioneering neurones of the nerve ring, beginning at the early comma stage. At the two-fold stage, expression was detected in some 10 neurones in the head that extend axons into the nerve ring, and in two neurones in the tail that extend processes anteriorly. This expression pattern was confirmed by immunohistochemistry with MAb 16-48-2. At the three-fold stage, expression was seen in all DA motoneurones and persisted while they pioneered the dorsal nerve chord. It was also seen in four to six neurones in each of the four head ganglia, including ALA and RID in the dorsal ganglion, and four of the six neurones of the terminal bulb, including M5. In the tail, two neurones in the pre-anal ganglion and six in the lumbar ganglion, including PVQL and PVQR, showed pAB::GFP expression. Additionally, a transient expression was seen in the four rows of bodywall muscle cells in the embryo. After hatching, in L1 larvae, the expression domain extended to amphid and phasmid socket cells, and subsequently in L2 larvae to all the newly born AS motoneurones. In hermaphrodite L3 larvae, expression was seen in the sex myoblasts subsequent to their anterior migration towards the position of the presumptive vulva, and in adult worms at a high level in the vulval muscles vm1 and vm2. In males, expression was seen in the diagonal and spicule retractor muscles.

• Primary Identifier: Expr1618
• Pattern: A high proportion of PKC2 polypeptides is associated with the particulate fraction in newly-hatched (early L1) C. elegans and L3 and L4 larvae.
• Subcellular Localization: In mid-L1 and L2 larvae, as well as young adult nematodes, PKC2 isoforms are nearly uniformly dispersed between cytosol and organelles and/or cytoskeleton. In contrast, 70% of PKC2 isoforms is isolated in cytosol from egg-laying adults.

• Primary Identifier: Expr10550
• Pattern: seb-3::GFP transcriptional fusion was observed mostly in neurons. The SEB-3::GFP translational fusion protein was expressed mainly in neurons. It was expressed predominantly in head neurons, dorsal and ventral nerve cords, and tail ganglia. Faint expression was also observed in posterior body wall muscles and the rectal gland.
• Subcellular Localization: SEB-3::GFP was localized to the cytosol, showing strongest expression near the cell membrane throughout the cell body and axon.

• Primary Identifier: Expr11937
• Pattern: nnt-1 showed a very strong expression in the gut. GFP fluorescence was also detected in a subset of nerve cells in the head ganglion, some neurons in the tail area, the ventral and dorsal nerve cords, and in the pharyngeal intestinal valve.

• Primary Identifier: Expr1072
• Remark: The ric-19 expression patterns reported here are tentative in that they rely on the introduction of multiple copies of reporter plasmids carried on extrachromosomal arrays in various transgenic lines. all C. elegans neurons (author) = all stages (wjc)
• Pattern: These transgenic animals expressed low levels of the RIC-19::GFP fusion protein in all neurons, as well as in the excretory canal and gland cells located just below the nerve ring in the head. The m2 pharyngeal motor neurons, as well as some pharyngeal interneurons, expressed much higher levels of the RIC-19::GFP fusion protein than the other positive cells.
• Subcellular Localization: The RIC-19::GFP protein was diffusely distributed within the cytoplasm of positive cells.

• Primary Identifier: Expr10785
• Pattern: Expression of this reporter gene started at the embryonic comma stage. Larval expression was detected in pharyngeal neurons, ventral and dorsal nerve cords, tail neurons, egg-laying neurons, and egg-laying muscles. In males, GFP was observed in male- specific tail ganglia and rays. In addition, the authors noted gei-8 expression in the germline by analyzing Y. Kohara's in situ hybridization results.

• Primary Identifier: Expr1839
• Remark: Reporter gene fusion type not specified.
• Pattern: During embryogenesis kal-1 expression is first detectable at about the 160- to 200-cell stage in a group of eight to ten neuroblast descendants of the AB blastomere. At no stage during embryogenesis were kal-1 driven reporters detectably expressed by epidermal cells. After elongation of the embryo is completed, the expressing cells have roughly reached the positions they will occupy in larval stages. During post-embryonic development, the expressing neurons remain largely the same, except for the recruitment of some sexually dimorphic neurons. Three groups of neurons express the kal-1 constructs post-embryonically. One group is located in the anterior ganglia. Here, about 15 neurons express the gene. They include some interneurons and some sensory neurons. A second group is located at mid body and is composed of the two canal associated neurons (CANs) and, in adult hermaphrodites, of the hermaphrodite specific neurons (HSN). The third group is located in the tail region, where three to six neurons express the construct. Among these are the PDB neuron and another interneuron, possibly PVW. Two male-specific neurons were also identified, the interneu on EF3 and one of the neurons of sensory ray 5. As during ventral enclosure, also during male tail formation, kal-1 is not expressed by epithelial cells but by neurons.

• Primary Identifier: Expr14879
• Pattern: We expressed mCherry protein under 5.1 kb genomic region upstream of the rimb-1 coding sequence and observed red fluorescent signal exclusively in the nervous system, including head and tail ganglia, dorsal and ventral nerve cords.

• Primary Identifier: Expr11268
• Pattern: Four constructs were made where GFP was fused to either initiation site or stop codon in order to determine if the splice variants are differentially expressed. Expression of the transformation vectors was driven under 1,951 bp of the KCNL-2 endogenous promoter. Confocal fluorescent imaging of transgenic lines expressing these constructs in the N2 background showed a neuronal expression pattern. expression of KCNL-2 when tagged at the latter stop codon (pkcnl-2kcnl-2(taa2)::gfp) was detected in head neurons, the nerve ring (NR), motor neurons of the ventral nerve cord (VNC), the dorsal cord (DC) and tail ganglia. The pkcnl-2kcnl-2(taa2)::gfp construct was expressed in many neuronal processes innervating the vulva while pkcnl-2gfp::(atg2)kcnl-2 shows expression in the VC4 and VC5 neurons of the egg-laying apparatus in addition to other neuronal processes innervating the vulva. The authors made two additional constructs to drive GFP expression under the KCNL-2 promoter to aid in determining the complete expression profile of KCNL-2 that may be masked in transgenic lines that express GFP-tagged KCNL-2.The first construct, pkcnl-2(atg1) gfp, encompassed the coding sequence of GFP which was expressed downstream of the promoter of KCNL-2 (1,951 bp upstream of atg1). The second construct, pkcnl-2(atg2) gfp, expressed GFP at the second initiation site where the coding sequences for kcnl-2-b and -c were deleted. pkcnl-2(atg1) gfp showed a neuronal expression profile with additional GFP-expression in the vulval muscles. pkcnl-2(atg2) gfp showed a strict neuronal expression profile that complemented the expression profile of the pkcnl-2kcnl-2::gfp constructs. pkcnl-2(atg2) gfp readily labels the VC4 and VC5 neurons and displays a highly innervated vulva, a feature that is lacking in the expression profile of pkcnl-2(atg1) gfp. Ultimately, since both pkcnl-2(atg1) gfp and pkcnl-2(atg2) gfp are expressed in different neurons, this suggests that the various isoforms of KCNL-2 may have differing neuronal expression profiles.

• Primary Identifier: Expr13714
• Pattern: Expression of pghm-1::GFP, pgal- 1::CFP and pamn-1::mCherry fusion constructs showed co-localization of the three reporter constructs in most of the cell bodies of the nerve ring in the head and the tail ganglia. Expression data indicate that neuropeptide PHM, PAL and PAM enzymes are expressed throughout the nematode nervous system, where they likely function redundantly to promote neuropeptide synthesis.

• Primary Identifier: Expr13715
• Pattern: Expression of pghm-1::GFP, pgal- 1::CFP and pamn-1::mCherry fusion constructs showed co-localization of the three reporter constructs in most of the cell bodies of the nerve ring in the head and the tail ganglia. Expression data indicate that neuropeptide PHM, PAL and PAM enzymes are expressed throughout the nematode nervous system, where they likely function redundantly to promote neuropeptide synthesis.

• Primary Identifier: Expr12211
• Pattern: PMK-2 expression was mostly restricted to the nervous system; PMK-2 expression was detected in head, body, and tail ganglia as well as the nerve ring and ventral nerve cord. Faint and diffuse expression of PMK-2 was also observed in the distal tip cell and spermatheca at levels much lower than observed in the nervous system. Importantly, PMK-2 expression was excluded from the intestine, where PMK-1 functions solely in innate immunity.

• Primary Identifier: Expr10543
• Pattern: Pdrn-1::venus transcriptional reporter was expressed specifically in neuronal cells including nerve ring, dorsal cord, ventral nerve cord motor neurons, interneurons, and tail ganglia.

• Primary Identifier: Expr9225
• Pattern: The mCherry-SAM- 10 signal was detected broadly throughout the animal with dense expression in the head ganglion,vulva and tail ganglion.sam-10 expression was observed in PLM neurons. Furthermore, using GFP-RAB-3 as a nuclear-excluded marker in the PLM soma, was found that SAM- 10 was nuclearly localized in the PLM. The expression of was characterized using an mCherry-sam- 10 fusion transgene that fully rescues the sam-10(js94) phenotypes.
• Subcellular Localization: mCherry-SAM-10 signal became detectable as early as the 1.5-fold stage during embryogenesis. However, SAM-10 is not nuclearly localized at this stage. Using RAB-3-GFP as a marker for PLMs, it was observed that SAM-10 was not nuclearly localized until the late embryonic threefold stage, just before hatching. Thus, SAM-10 translocated into the nucleus in embryonic animals, well before PLM synaptic branches have even formed in early larval stage animals, indicating that SAM-10 nuclear localization is not driven by pre- and postsynaptic cell contact.

• Primary Identifier: Expr1200098
• Pattern: Data from the TransgeneOme project

0 Life Stages

2 Parents

Definition	Name	Synonym	Primary Identifier
posterior region, from rectum to the end	tail		WBbt:0005741
A cluster of nerve cells and associated glial cells (nuclear location).	ganglion		WBbt:0005189