WormMine: Gene WBGene00001466

• WormBase Gene ID: WBGene00001466
• Gene Name: gpla-1
• Sequence Name: F58H1.4
• Organism: Caenorhabditis elegans
• Automated Description: Predicted to enable hormone receptor binding activity. Predicted to be involved in cell surface receptor signaling pathway. Located in extracellular space. Expressed in ganglia and pharyngeal neurons. Is an ortholog of human GPHA2 (glycoprotein hormone subunit alpha 2).
• Biotype: SO:0001217
• Genetic Position: V :3.54389 ±0.000758
• Length (nt): 1306

1 Organism

• Name: Caenorhabditis elegans
• Taxon Id: 6239

1 Synonyms

• Value: WBGene00001466

Genomics

1 Transcripts

WormMine ID	Sequence Name	Length (nt)	Chromosome Location
Transcript:F58H1.4.1	F58H1.4.1	875	V: 11936505-11937810

Other

1 CDSs

WormMine ID	Sequence Name	Length (nt)	Chromosome Location
CDS:F58H1.4	F58H1.4	372	V: 11936986-11937078

2 RNAi Result

• WBRNAi00049068
• WBRNAi00033139

36 Allele

• gk963271
• gk963301
• gk964458
• gk964459
• gk963618
• gk964054
• gk964055
• WBVar01866476
• WBVar01866475
• WBVar01866474
• WBVar00006010
• h6683
• rhd117
• gk410078
• gk442311
• ok5792
• gk733835
• gk573519
• gk771183
• gk248497
• gk664345
• ut5
• gk248498
• gk411048
• gk727544
• gk248496
• gk557858
• gk850203
• gk677712
• gk949007

1 Chromosome

• WormBase ID: V
• Organism: Caenorhabditis elegans
• Length (nt): 20924180

1 Chromosome Location

• Feature . Primary Identifier: WBGene00001466
• Start: 11936505
• End: 11937810
• Strand: -1

4 Data Sets

• WormBaseAcedbConverter
• GO Annotation data set
• C. elegans genomic annotations (GFF3 Gene)
• Panther orthologue and paralogue predictions

0 Downstream Intergenic Region

113 Expression Clusters

Regulated By Treatment	Description	Algorithm	Primary Identifier
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in L1 neural cells comparing to in adult neural cells.	DESeq2 (v1.18.1) fold change > 2, P-adj<0.05, using BenjaminiHochberg correction.	WBPaper00060811:L1_vs_adult_upregulated_neural
	Transcripts of coding genes that showed significantly decreased expression in muscle.	DESeq2 (version 1.24.0). Transcripts with a false-discovery rate adjusted p-value less than 0.05 were considered significantly differentially expressed.	WBPaper00062325:muscle_depleted_coding-RNA
	Transcripts expressed in neuronal cells, by analyzingfluorescence-activated cell sorted (FACS) neurons.	DESeq. False discovry rate (FDR) < 0.1.	WBPaper00048988:neuron_expressed
	Genes significantly enriched (> 2x, FDR < 5%) in a particular cell-type versus a reference sample of all cells at the same stage.	A Mann-Whitney U test with an empirical background model and FDR correction for multiple testing was used to detect expressed transcripts (Benjamini and Hochberg 1995). Genes and TARs with an FDR <= 0.05 were reported as expressed above background. Authors detected differentially expressed transcripts using a method based on linear models. Genes and TARs were called differentially expressed if the FDR was <= 0.05 and the fold change (FC) >= 2.0. To more strictly correct for potential false-positives resulting from multiple sample comparisons, authors divided individual FDR estimates by the number of samplesor sample comparisons, respectively. This resulted in an adjusted FDR of 1.3 * 0.0001 for expression above background and of 7.4 * 0.0001 for differential expression. Authors called genes selectively enriched in a given tissue if they met the following requirements: (1) enriched expression in a given tissue (FDR <= 0.05 and FC >= 2.0), (2) fold change versus reference among the upper 40% of the positive FC range observed for this gene across all tissues, and (3) fold-change entropy among the lower 40% of the distribution observed for all genes.	WBPaper00037950:A-class-motor-neurons_larva_enriched
adult vs dauer larva	Transcripts that showed differential expression in adult vs dauer lava in N2 animals at 20C.	N.A.	WBPaper00050488:adult_vs_dauer_regulated_N2_20C
	TGF- Dauer pathway adult transcriptional targets. Results obtained by comparing the microarray results of the dauer-constitutive mutants daf-7(e1372), daf-7(m62), and daf-1(m40) with dauer-defective mutants daf-3(mgDf90), daf-5(e1386), and daf-7(e1372);daf-3(mgDf90) double mutants at the permissive temperature, 20C, on the first day of adulthood.	SAM	WBPaper00031040:TGF-beta_adult_upregulated
	Neuronally enriched transcripts according to a comparison of neuronal nuclei IP samples to total nuclei using isolation of nuclei from tagged specific cell types (INTACT) technology.	DESEQ2, fold change > 2 and FDR < 0.01.	WBPaper00062103:neuron_enriched
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression glp-1(e2141); TU3401 animals comparing to in TU3401 animals.	Fold change > 2, FDR < 0.01.	WBPaper00065993:glp-1(e2141)_upregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in ogt-1(ok1474) neuronal cells isolated by FACs comparing to in FACs isolated neuronal cells from wild type.	DESeq2, fold change > 2, FDR < 0.05.	WBPaper00066485:ogt-1(ok1474)_upregulated_neuron
	Transcripts expressed in GABAergic neuron, according to PAT-Seq analysis using Punc-47-GFP-3XFLAG mRNA tagging.	Cufflinks FPKM value >=1.	WBPaper00050990:GABAergic-neuron_expressed
	Transcripts expressed in intestine, according to PAT-Seq analysis using Pges-1-GFP-3XFLAG mRNA tagging.	Cufflinks FPKM value >=1.	WBPaper00050990:intestine_expressed
	Transcripts expressed in NMDA neuron, according to PAT-Seq analysis using Pnmr-1-GFP-3XFLAG mRNA tagging.	Cufflinks FPKM value >=1.	WBPaper00050990:NMDA-neuron_expressed
	Transcripts expressed in pharynx, according to PAT-Seq analysis using Pmyo-2-GFP-3XFLAG mRNA tagging.	Cufflinks FPKM value >=1.	WBPaper00050990:pharynx_expressed
	Transcripts expressed in seam cells, according to PAT-Seq analysis using Pgrd-10-GFP-3XFLAG mRNA tagging.	Cufflinks FPKM value >=1.	WBPaper00050990:seam_expressed
	Transcripts that showed significantly decreased expression in N2 animals exposed to 0.1mM Paraquat from hatching to reaching adult stage.	DESeq2 version 1.22.2, p < 0.05	WBPaper00064716:paraquat_downregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in xrep-4(lax137).	DESeq2. Genes were selected if their p value < 0.01.	WBPaper00066062:xrep-4(lax137)_upregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in daf-2(e1370) comparing to in N2.	Differential gene expression analysis was performed using the quasi-likeli-hood framework in edgeR package v. 3.20.1 in R v. 3.4.1.	WBPaper00053810:daf-2(e1370)_upregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in hda-2(ok1479) comparing to in N2 animals.	DESeq2 (version 1.28.1), FDR < 0.01, fold change > 2.	WBPaper00062159:hda-2(ok1479)_upregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in npr-15(tm12539) comparing to in N2 at L4 larva stage.	Fold change > 2, FDR < 0.05.	WBPaper00066608:npr-15(tm12539)_upregulated
Bacteria: B.thuringiensis	Transcripts in N2 animals that were significantly differentially expressed at least for one time point and one pathogenic strain Bt247 and Bt679 compared to the non pathogenic strain Bt407.	Cuffdiff	WBPaper00060358:B.thuringiensis_pathogen_regulated_N2
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in animals lacking P granules by RNAi experiments targeting pgl-1, pgl-3, glh-1 and glh-4, and unc-119-GFP(+), comparing to in control animals, at 2-day post L4 adult hermaphrodite stage.	DESeq2, Benjamini-Hochberg multiple hypothesis corrected p-value < 0.05 and fold change > 2.	WBPaper00050859:upregulated_P-granule(-)GFP(+)_vs_control_day2-adult
	Germline-enriched and sex-biased expression profile cluster A.	hierarchical clustering	[cgc6390]:Cluster_A
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in emb-4(hc60) comparing to in N2.	DESeq2	WBPaper00052884:emb-4(hc60)_upregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in sma-2(rax5) comparing to in N2 at 1-day post-L4 adult hermaphrodite	HTseq-count was used to count reads mapped to each gene and counting data was imported to EdgeR for statistical analysis. Statistical significance was defined by adjusted P value (false discovery rate, FDR) of <0.05.	WBPaper00053184:sma-2(rax5)_upregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in sma-4(rax3) comparing to in N2 at 1-day post-L4 adult hermaphrodite	HTseq-count was used to count reads mapped to each gene and counting data was imported to EdgeR for statistical analysis. Statistical significance was defined by adjusted P value (false discovery rate, FDR) of <0.05.	WBPaper00053184:sma-4(rax3)_upregulated
Bacteria infection: Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14. 24 hours of exposure at 25C.	Transcripts that showed significantly decreased expression in N2 animals with 24 hours of exposure to P. aeruginosa PA14 for 24 hrs at 25C, comparing to N2 animals without exposure to PA14.	DESeq2, fold change > 2, FDR < 0.05.	WBPaper00058948:PA14_downregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in sur-5p::jmjd-1.2 comparing to in N2.	DESeq2 Benjamini-Hochberg adjusted p-value < 0.05.	WBPaper00049545:sur-5p-jmjd-1.2(+)_upregulated
	Genes that showed expression levels higher than the corresponding reference sample (embryonic 24hr reference).	A Mann-Whitney U test with an empirical background model and FDR correction for multiple testing was used to detect expressed transcripts (Benjamini and Hochberg 1995). Genes and TARs with an FDR <= 0.05 were reported as expressed above background. Authors detected differentially expressed transcripts using a method based on linear models. Genes and TARs were called differentially expressed if the FDR was <= 0.05 and the fold change (FC) >= 2.0. To more strictly correct for potential false-positives resulting from multiple sample comparisons, authors divided individual FDR estimates by the number of samplesor sample comparisons, respectively. This resulted in an adjusted FDR of 1.3 * 0.0001 for expression above background and of 7.4 * 0.0001 for differential expression. Authors called genes selectively enriched in a given tissue if they met the following requirements: (1) enriched expression in a given tissue (FDR <= 0.05 and FC >= 2.0), (2) fold change versus reference among the upper 40% of the positive FC range observed for this gene across all tissues, and (3) fold-change entropy among the lower 40% of the distribution observed for all genes.	WBPaper00037950:GABAergic-motor-neurons_L1-larva_expressed
Bacteria infection: Serratia marcescens	Genes with increased expression after 24 hours of infection by S.marcescens Fold changes shown are pathogen vs OP50.	For RNA-seq and tiling arrays, log2 fold changes between gene expression values of infected versus uninfected nematodes were calculated. For log2 fold changes > 0.00001 the values > 81.25th percentile were defined as up-regulated and for log2 fold changes < -0.00001 the values < 18.75th percentile were defined as down-regulated.	WBPaper00038438:S.marcescens_24hr_upregulated_RNAseq
	Transcripts that showed significantly decreased expression in crh-1(n3315) comparing to in N2 animals.	DESeq2 v1.26.0, FDR < 0.01. Fold change > 2.	WBPaper00062440:crh-1(n3315)_downregulated

8 Expression Patterns

• Primary Identifier: Expr16470
• Pattern: Consistent with single-cell RNA sequencing data and previous reporter analyses, we found that gpla-1 is predominantly expressed in neurons associated with the gastrointestinal tract, which are part of the enteric nervous system in C. elegans. These include the pharyngeal neurons M1, M5, I5 and NSM, as well as the excitatory motor neurons AVL and DVB that control enteric muscle contractions in the hindgut during defecation. We also observed expression of gplb-1 in the enteric DVB neuron. In addition, both gpla-1 and gplb-1 reporter transgenes show fluorescence in the RME motor neurons that innervate the head muscles. Using a reporter transgene for GABAergic neurons, we confirmed that gpla-1 and gplb-1 are both expressed in the GABAergic DVB and RME neurons. In addition, the gplb-1 reporter transgene shows expression in non-neuronal tissues, including the head mesodermal cell (hmc) and the enteric muscles of the hindgut, which are involved in defecation. Taken together, these results indicate that expression of gpla-1 and gplb-1 co-localizes in the RME neurons in the head and the enteric neuron DVB in the tail, whereas no overlapping expression is seen in the pharyngeal neurons (gpla-1) or hmc and the enteric muscles (gplb-1).

• Primary Identifier: Expr16089
• Pattern: The flr-2::SL2::gfp::h2b reporter allele is expressed in five pharyngeal neuron classes (I4, I5, M1, M4, and M5). A notable feature of the extrapharyngeal expression of the flr-2 reporter allele is expression in the AVL and DVB neurons, the only extrapharyngeal neurons of the C. elegans nervous system that innervate gut tissue (not the foregut, but the midgut; White et al., 1986).

• Primary Identifier: Expr8789
• Remark: Picture: Fig 5.
• Pattern: flr-2p::GFP and flr-2p::VENUS were expressed in some neurons in the pharynx, head and tail from L1 larvae to adults. These neurons were tentatively identified as pharyngeal motor neurons M1, M2L/R, M5, NSML/R, head neurons AIAL/R and tail neurons LUAL/R. Double staining of worms carrying flr-2p::GFP with anti-GFP and anti-FLR-2 antibodies revealed that the cells stained with anti-FLR-2 were the same as those stained with anti-GFP.

• Primary Identifier: Expr2011853
• Pattern: Single cell embryonic expression. Only cell types with an expression fraction of greater 0.2 of the maximum expressed fraction are labeled (Full data can be downloaded from http://caltech.wormbase.org/pub/wormbase/datasets-published/packer2019/). The colors represent the broad cell class to which the cell type has been assigned. The size of the point is proportional to the log2 of the numbers of cells in the dataset of that cell type. Interactive visualizations are available as a web app (https://cello.shinyapps.io/celegans/) and can also be installed as an R package (https://github.com/qinzhu/VisCello.celegans).

• Primary Identifier: Expr11456
• Pattern: flr-2 is expressed throughout the life of the NSM neurons.

• Primary Identifier: Expr1152809
• Pattern: Developmental gene expression time-course. Raw data can be downloaded from ftp://caltech.wormbase.org/pub/wormbase/datasets-published/hashimshony2015

• Primary Identifier: Expr1028783
• Pattern: Developmental gene expression time-course. Raw data can be downloaded from ftp://caltech.wormbase.org/pub/wormbase/datasets-published/levin2012

• Primary Identifier: Expr2030091
• Pattern: Single cell embryonic expression. Only cell types with an expression fraction of greater 0.2 of the maximum expressed fraction are labeled (Full data can be downloaded from http://caltech.wormbase.org/pub/wormbase/datasets-published/packer2019/). The colors represent the broad cell class to which the cell type has been assigned. The size of the point is proportional to the log2 of the numbers of cells in the dataset of that cell type. Interactive visualizations are available as a web app (https://cello.shinyapps.io/celegans/) and can also be installed as an R package (https://github.com/qinzhu/VisCello.celegans).

1 GO Annotation

5 Homologues

1 Locations

• Feature . Primary Identifier: WBGene00001466
• Start: 11936505
• End: 11937810
• Strand: -1

1 Ontology Annotations

0 Regulates Expr Cluster

1 Sequence

• Length: 1306

1 Sequence Ontology Term

• Name: gene

0 Strains

1 Upstream Intergenic Region

• WormBase ID: intergenic_region_chrV_11937811..11942624
• Length (nt): 4814
• Chromosome Location: V: 11937811-11942624
• Organism: Caenorhabditis elegans