WormMine: Gene WBGene00015547

• WormBase Gene ID: WBGene00015547
• Gene Name: ain-1
• Sequence Name: C06G1.4
• Brief Description: ain-1 encodes an unfamiliar protein synergistically required, withLIN-31, for the normal timing of vulval differentiation, independentlyof LET-60/RAS, and parallel to or downstream of LIN-14/LIN-28/HBL-1;AIN-1 is expressed in cytoplasmic foci (that are probably P bodies) inseveral tissues, including vulval precursor cells and neurons; AIN-1coimmunoprecipitates with DCR-1 and ALG-1, also binds ALG-1 in vitro,and does not require DNA or RNA for its binding; in vivo, AIN-1 targetsALG-1 to cytoplasmic foci, in which it colocalizes with DCAP-2; AIN-1 islikely to be a RISC component, since anti-AIN-1 antibodies precipitate29 different miRNAs, including mir-2, mir-52, mir-58, mir-71, mir-77,and mir-239a; ain-1(ku322) mutants are essentially wild-type, except forsporadically gapped alae and excess seam cell nuclei arising fromretarded seam cell fusion; more prominently, ain-1(ku322) suppresses themultivulva phenotype of lin-31(n1053) mutations, while stronglyenhancing lin-31(n1053)'s egg-laying defect; the cellular basis oflin-31(n1053);ain-1(ku322) phenotypes is a delay in vulval developmentin L4 larvae not seen with either mutation alone; ain-1(ku322) has noeffect on let-60(n1046) or lin-3(e1275) mutations; ain-1(ku322)suppresses the precocious vulval development of lin-14(RNAi), lin-28mutants, and hbl-1(RNAi); alg-1 or alg-1 ain-1 mutant alae resembleain-1 alae, indicating that ALG-1 and AIN-1 act in a common geneticpathway; AIN-1 is homologous to Brugia malayi 14748.m00068,14052.m00191, and 14963.m01790, and paralogous to C. elegans B0041.2;AIN-1 and its nematode homologs have weak similarity to human TNRC6A(GW182; OMIM:610739) and Drosophila GAWKY.
• Organism: Caenorhabditis elegans
• Automated Description: Involved in several processes, including embryo development; negative regulation of gene expression; and regulation of developmental process. Located in P-body. Expressed widely.
• Biotype: SO:0001217
• Genetic Position: X :24.0566 ±0.000506
• Length (nt): 3421

1 Organism

• Name: Caenorhabditis elegans
• Taxon Id: 6239

1 Synonyms

• Value: WBGene00015547

Genomics

1 Transcripts

WormMine ID	Sequence Name	Length (nt)	Chromosome Location
Transcript:C06G1.4.1	C06G1.4.1	2592	X: 16613451-16616871

Other

1 CDSs

WormMine ID	Sequence Name	Length (nt)	Chromosome Location
CDS:C06G1.4	C06G1.4	1926	X: 16613493-16613673

16 RNAi Result

• WBRNAi00070581
• WBRNAi00039926
• WBRNAi00027163
• WBRNAi00024491
• WBRNAi00010333
• WBRNAi00010334
• WBRNAi00094401
• WBRNAi00080664
• WBRNAi00080646
• WBRNAi00080648
• WBRNAi00091458
• WBRNAi00069766
• WBRNAi00069767
• WBRNAi00070580
• WBRNAi00070579
• WBRNAi00090705

55 Allele

• gk964260
• gk962707
• gk963810
• gk963581
• gk702687
• gk306146
• gk306149
• gk306148
• gk306147
• gk306150
• bp299
• gk468570
• gk768886
• gk460210
• gk597704
• gk878923
• gk358888
• gk890900
• gk499733
• gk504579
• gk432006
• gk893676
• gk703734
• gk448612
• gk928858
• gk340274
• gk812758
• gk350062
• gk329294
• gk434320

1 Chromosome

• WormBase ID: X
• Organism: Caenorhabditis elegans
• Length (nt): 17718942

1 Chromosome Location

• Feature . Primary Identifier: WBGene00015547
• Start: 16613451
• End: 16616871
• Strand: 1

3 Data Sets

• WormBaseAcedbConverter
• GO Annotation data set
• C. elegans genomic annotations (GFF3 Gene)

1 Downstream Intergenic Region

• WormBase ID: intergenic_region_chrX_16616872..16617891
• Length (nt): 1020
• Chromosome Location: X: 16616872-16617891
• Organism: Caenorhabditis elegans

152 Expression Clusters

Regulated By Treatment	Description	Algorithm	Primary Identifier
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in L1 neural cells comparing to in adult neural cells.	DESeq2 (v1.18.1) fold change > 2, P-adj<0.05, using BenjaminiHochberg correction.	WBPaper00060811:L1_vs_adult_upregulated_neural
	Transcripts expressed in neuronal cells, by analyzingfluorescence-activated cell sorted (FACS) neurons.	DESeq. False discovry rate (FDR) < 0.1.	WBPaper00048988:neuron_expressed
adult vs dauer larva	Transcripts that showed differential expression in adult vs dauer lava in N2 animals at 20C.	N.A.	WBPaper00050488:adult_vs_dauer_regulated_N2_20C
	mRNAs that showed decreased expression in 1 cell mebryo comparing to in oocyte, according to RNAseq analysis.	Gaussian error propagation. As cutoff for the up-regulated genes authors used log2 fold change > 1 and P < 0.05 and as cutoff for the down-regulated genes authors used log2 fold change < -1 and P < 0.05.	WBPaper00045420:fertilization_downregulated_transcript
	Genes that showed expression levels higher than the corresponding reference sample (embryonic 24hr reference).	A Mann-Whitney U test with an empirical background model and FDR correction for multiple testing was used to detect expressed transcripts (Benjamini and Hochberg 1995). Genes and TARs with an FDR <= 0.05 were reported as expressed above background. Authors detected differentially expressed transcripts using a method based on linear models. Genes and TARs were called differentially expressed if the FDR was <= 0.05 and the fold change (FC) >= 2.0. To more strictly correct for potential false-positives resulting from multiple sample comparisons, authors divided individual FDR estimates by the number of samplesor sample comparisons, respectively. This resulted in an adjusted FDR of 1.3 * 0.0001 for expression above background and of 7.4 * 0.0001 for differential expression. Authors called genes selectively enriched in a given tissue if they met the following requirements: (1) enriched expression in a given tissue (FDR <= 0.05 and FC >= 2.0), (2) fold change versus reference among the upper 40% of the positive FC range observed for this gene across all tissues, and (3) fold-change entropy among the lower 40% of the distribution observed for all genes.	WBPaper00037950:AVE-neuron_L1-larva_expressed
	Proteins interacting with NHR-49-GFP according to co-IP and LC-MS.	N.A.	WBPaper00064071:NHR-49_interacting
	Transcripts expressed in the epithelial tissues surrounding the pharynx that includes the arcade and intestinal valve (AIV) cells, according to PAT-Seq analysis using Pbath-15-GFP-3XFLAG mRNA tagging.	Cufflinks FPKM value >=1.	WBPaper00050990:arcade_intestinal-valve_expressed
	Genes significantly enriched in NSM neurons (isolated by FACS) versus the reference, according to RNAseq analysis towards total RNA.	Gene expression quantification and differential expression was analyzed using cufflinks v2.2.1. Enriched contains only genes significantly enriched (differentially expressed >= 2.4 fold in total RNA or >= 3.2 fold in DSN treated total RNA) in the NSM neurons versus the reference.	WBPaper00045974:NSM_enriched_totalRNA_RNAseq
	Transcripts expressed in body muscle, according to PAT-Seq analysis using Pmyo-3-GFP-3XFLAG mRNA tagging.	Cufflinks FPKM value >=1.	WBPaper00050990:body-muscle_expressed
	Transcripts expressed in GABAergic neuron, according to PAT-Seq analysis using Punc-47-GFP-3XFLAG mRNA tagging.	Cufflinks FPKM value >=1.	WBPaper00050990:GABAergic-neuron_expressed
	Transcripts expressed in hypodermis, according to PAT-Seq analysis using Pdpy-7-GFP-3XFLAG mRNA tagging.	Cufflinks FPKM value >=1.	WBPaper00050990:hypodermis_expressed
	Transcripts that showed significantly decreased expression in atfs-1(cmh15) (null allele) animals comparing to in N2 animals at L4 larva stage.	edgeR, fold change > 2, FDR < 0.05	WBPaper00060909:atfs-1(cmh15)_downregulated
	Transcripts expressed in intestine, according to PAT-Seq analysis using Pges-1-GFP-3XFLAG mRNA tagging.	Cufflinks FPKM value >=1.	WBPaper00050990:intestine_expressed
	Transcripts expressed in NMDA neuron, according to PAT-Seq analysis using Pnmr-1-GFP-3XFLAG mRNA tagging.	Cufflinks FPKM value >=1.	WBPaper00050990:NMDA-neuron_expressed
	Transcripts expressed in seam cells, according to PAT-Seq analysis using Pgrd-10-GFP-3XFLAG mRNA tagging.	Cufflinks FPKM value >=1.	WBPaper00050990:seam_expressed
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in sin-3(tm1276) comparing to in N2.	DESeq2, fold change > 2, p-value < 0.01.	WBPaper00061203:sin-3(tm1276)_upregulated
	Maternal class (M): genes that are called present in at least one of the three PC6 replicates.	A modified Welch F statistic was used for ANOVA. For each gene, regressed error estimates were substituted for observed error estimates. The substitution is justified by the lack of consistency among the most and least variable genes at each time point. Regressed error estimates were abundance-dependent pooled error estimates that represented a median error estimate from a window of genes of similar abundance to the gene of interest. A randomization test was used to compute the probability Pg of the observed F statistic for gene g under the null hypothesis that developmental time had no effect on expression. P-values were not corrected for multiple testing.	[cgc5767]:expression_class_M
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in mrg-1(qa6200) comparing to in control animals in primordial germ cells (PGCs) at L1 larva stage.	DESeq2(v1.32.0), FDR < 0.05.	WBPaper00064315:mrg-1(qa6200)_upregulated_PGCs
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in aak-1(tm1944);aak-2(ok524) animals comparing to in N2.	DEseq 1.18.0, adjusted p-value < 0.05.	WBPaper00056471:aak-1(tm1944);aak-2(ok524)_upregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly decreased expression in sin-3(tm1276) comparing to in N2 at early embryo when there were only 3 -5 eggs in the adult.	DESeq2, fold change > 2, adjusted p-value < 0.01	WBPaper00058598:sin-3(tm1276)_downregulated
	Transcripts detected in body muscle nuclei according to a nuclear FACS-based strategy.	Cufflinks	WBPaper00065120:body-muscle-transcriptome
Gamma irradiation 100 mGY per hour for 72 hours since L1 larva.	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression after exposure to 100mGy per hour gamma irradiation from L1 to day 1 adult hermaphrodite stage.	DESeq2, FDR <= 0.05, log2 fold change >= 0.3 or <= -0.3.	WBPaper00058958:100mGy-irradiation-72h_upregulated
	Genes that showed expression levels higher than the corresponding reference sample (L2 all cell reference).	A Mann-Whitney U test with an empirical background model and FDR correction for multiple testing was used to detect expressed transcripts (Benjamini and Hochberg 1995). Genes and TARs with an FDR <= 0.05 were reported as expressed above background. Authors detected differentially expressed transcripts using a method based on linear models. Genes and TARs were called differentially expressed if the FDR was <= 0.05 and the fold change (FC) >= 2.0. To more strictly correct for potential false-positives resulting from multiple sample comparisons, authors divided individual FDR estimates by the number of samplesor sample comparisons, respectively. This resulted in an adjusted FDR of 1.3 * 0.0001 for expression above background and of 7.4 * 0.0001 for differential expression. Authors called genes selectively enriched in a given tissue if they met the following requirements: (1) enriched expression in a given tissue (FDR <= 0.05 and FC >= 2.0), (2) fold change versus reference among the upper 40% of the positive FC range observed for this gene across all tissues, and (3) fold-change entropy among the lower 40% of the distribution observed for all genes.	WBPaper00037950:A-class-motor-neurons_L2-larva_expressed
	Genes that showed expression levels higher than the corresponding reference sample (L2 all cell reference).	A Mann-Whitney U test with an empirical background model and FDR correction for multiple testing was used to detect expressed transcripts (Benjamini and Hochberg 1995). Genes and TARs with an FDR <= 0.05 were reported as expressed above background. Authors detected differentially expressed transcripts using a method based on linear models. Genes and TARs were called differentially expressed if the FDR was <= 0.05 and the fold change (FC) >= 2.0. To more strictly correct for potential false-positives resulting from multiple sample comparisons, authors divided individual FDR estimates by the number of samplesor sample comparisons, respectively. This resulted in an adjusted FDR of 1.3 * 0.0001 for expression above background and of 7.4 * 0.0001 for differential expression. Authors called genes selectively enriched in a given tissue if they met the following requirements: (1) enriched expression in a given tissue (FDR <= 0.05 and FC >= 2.0), (2) fold change versus reference among the upper 40% of the positive FC range observed for this gene across all tissues, and (3) fold-change entropy among the lower 40% of the distribution observed for all genes.	WBPaper00037950:all-neurons_L2-larva_expressed
	Proteins that showed significantly decreased expression after 1-day-old wild type adults were exposed to cisplatin (300ug per mL) for 6 hours.	The differential expression analysis was performed in R. Differentially expressed proteins were identified by using a two-sided t-test on log-transformed data.	WBPaper00065373:Cisplatin_downregulated_WT
	Genes that showed expression levels higher than the corresponding reference sample (L2 all cell reference).	A Mann-Whitney U test with an empirical background model and FDR correction for multiple testing was used to detect expressed transcripts (Benjamini and Hochberg 1995). Genes and TARs with an FDR <= 0.05 were reported as expressed above background. Authors detected differentially expressed transcripts using a method based on linear models. Genes and TARs were called differentially expressed if the FDR was <= 0.05 and the fold change (FC) >= 2.0. To more strictly correct for potential false-positives resulting from multiple sample comparisons, authors divided individual FDR estimates by the number of samplesor sample comparisons, respectively. This resulted in an adjusted FDR of 1.3 * 0.0001 for expression above background and of 7.4 * 0.0001 for differential expression. Authors called genes selectively enriched in a given tissue if they met the following requirements: (1) enriched expression in a given tissue (FDR <= 0.05 and FC >= 2.0), (2) fold change versus reference among the upper 40% of the positive FC range observed for this gene across all tissues, and (3) fold-change entropy among the lower 40% of the distribution observed for all genes.	WBPaper00037950:coelomocytes_L2-larva_expressed
	Genes that showed expression levels higher than the corresponding reference sample (L3/L4 all cell reference).	A Mann-Whitney U test with an empirical background model and FDR correction for multiple testing was used to detect expressed transcripts (Benjamini and Hochberg 1995). Genes and TARs with an FDR <= 0.05 were reported as expressed above background. Authors detected differentially expressed transcripts using a method based on linear models. Genes and TARs were called differentially expressed if the FDR was <= 0.05 and the fold change (FC) >= 2.0. To more strictly correct for potential false-positives resulting from multiple sample comparisons, authors divided individual FDR estimates by the number of samplesor sample comparisons, respectively. This resulted in an adjusted FDR of 1.3 * 0.0001 for expression above background and of 7.4 * 0.0001 for differential expression. Authors called genes selectively enriched in a given tissue if they met the following requirements: (1) enriched expression in a given tissue (FDR <= 0.05 and FC >= 2.0), (2) fold change versus reference among the upper 40% of the positive FC range observed for this gene across all tissues, and (3) fold-change entropy among the lower 40% of the distribution observed for all genes.	WBPaper00037950:dopaminergic-neurons_L3-L4-larva_expressed
	Genes that showed expression levels higher than the corresponding reference sample (L2 all cell reference).	A Mann-Whitney U test with an empirical background model and FDR correction for multiple testing was used to detect expressed transcripts (Benjamini and Hochberg 1995). Genes and TARs with an FDR <= 0.05 were reported as expressed above background. Authors detected differentially expressed transcripts using a method based on linear models. Genes and TARs were called differentially expressed if the FDR was <= 0.05 and the fold change (FC) >= 2.0. To more strictly correct for potential false-positives resulting from multiple sample comparisons, authors divided individual FDR estimates by the number of samplesor sample comparisons, respectively. This resulted in an adjusted FDR of 1.3 * 0.0001 for expression above background and of 7.4 * 0.0001 for differential expression. Authors called genes selectively enriched in a given tissue if they met the following requirements: (1) enriched expression in a given tissue (FDR <= 0.05 and FC >= 2.0), (2) fold change versus reference among the upper 40% of the positive FC range observed for this gene across all tissues, and (3) fold-change entropy among the lower 40% of the distribution observed for all genes.	WBPaper00037950:excretory-cell_L2-larva_expressed
	Genes that showed expression levels higher than the corresponding reference sample (L2 all cell reference).	A Mann-Whitney U test with an empirical background model and FDR correction for multiple testing was used to detect expressed transcripts (Benjamini and Hochberg 1995). Genes and TARs with an FDR <= 0.05 were reported as expressed above background. Authors detected differentially expressed transcripts using a method based on linear models. Genes and TARs were called differentially expressed if the FDR was <= 0.05 and the fold change (FC) >= 2.0. To more strictly correct for potential false-positives resulting from multiple sample comparisons, authors divided individual FDR estimates by the number of samplesor sample comparisons, respectively. This resulted in an adjusted FDR of 1.3 * 0.0001 for expression above background and of 7.4 * 0.0001 for differential expression. Authors called genes selectively enriched in a given tissue if they met the following requirements: (1) enriched expression in a given tissue (FDR <= 0.05 and FC >= 2.0), (2) fold change versus reference among the upper 40% of the positive FC range observed for this gene across all tissues, and (3) fold-change entropy among the lower 40% of the distribution observed for all genes.	WBPaper00037950:GABAergic-motor-neurons_L2-larva_expressed
	Genes that showed expression levels higher than the corresponding reference sample (L2 all cell reference).	A Mann-Whitney U test with an empirical background model and FDR correction for multiple testing was used to detect expressed transcripts (Benjamini and Hochberg 1995). Genes and TARs with an FDR <= 0.05 were reported as expressed above background. Authors detected differentially expressed transcripts using a method based on linear models. Genes and TARs were called differentially expressed if the FDR was <= 0.05 and the fold change (FC) >= 2.0. To more strictly correct for potential false-positives resulting from multiple sample comparisons, authors divided individual FDR estimates by the number of samplesor sample comparisons, respectively. This resulted in an adjusted FDR of 1.3 * 0.0001 for expression above background and of 7.4 * 0.0001 for differential expression. Authors called genes selectively enriched in a given tissue if they met the following requirements: (1) enriched expression in a given tissue (FDR <= 0.05 and FC >= 2.0), (2) fold change versus reference among the upper 40% of the positive FC range observed for this gene across all tissues, and (3) fold-change entropy among the lower 40% of the distribution observed for all genes.	WBPaper00037950:glr-1(+)-neurons_L2-larva_expressed

11 Expression Patterns

• Primary Identifier: Expr3648
• Subcellular Localization: The punctate cytoplasmic pattern of AIN-1::GFP resembles that of the P bodies. By using an anti-DCAP-2 antibody, DCAP-2 has been localized to cytoplasmic foci in C. elegans embryos that resembled P bodies (Richard Davis, personal communication). DCAP-2 is the mammalian and yeast homolog of subunit Dcp2 of decapping enzymes that localizes at P bodies. Staining using this antibody and an anti-GFP antibody indicated that AIN-1 was colocalized with DCAP-2 in the embryos. AIN-1::GFP was also observed to be colocalized with a FLAG-tagged DCAP-1 protein at cytoplasmic foci in C. elegans larvae. DCAP-1 is a homolog of mammalian and yeast Dcp1 that are also a subunit of decapping enzymes localized at P bodies.

• Primary Identifier: Expr2009272
• Pattern: Single cell embryonic expression. Only cell types with an expression fraction of greater 0.2 of the maximum expressed fraction are labeled (Full data can be downloaded from http://caltech.wormbase.org/pub/wormbase/datasets-published/packer2019/). The colors represent the broad cell class to which the cell type has been assigned. The size of the point is proportional to the log2 of the numbers of cells in the dataset of that cell type. Interactive visualizations are available as a web app (https://cello.shinyapps.io/celegans/) and can also be installed as an R package (https://github.com/qinzhu/VisCello.celegans).

• Primary Identifier: Expr1036657
• Pattern: Tiling arrays expression graphs

• Primary Identifier: Expr164
• Pattern: Expression is generally quite ubiquitous and is seen in all somatic cells from early embryo until adult stages. Expression appears membrane bound and extranuclear. This gene has weak homology to the Drosophila gene Brahma.
• Subcellular Localization: Membrane bound.

• Primary Identifier: Expr13423

• Primary Identifier: Expr10992
• Subcellular Localization: In wild-type embryos, AIN-1::GFP was diffusely expressed in the cytoplasm during embryogenesis.

• Primary Identifier: Expr2027509
• Pattern: Single cell embryonic expression. Only cell types with an expression fraction of greater 0.2 of the maximum expressed fraction are labeled (Full data can be downloaded from http://caltech.wormbase.org/pub/wormbase/datasets-published/packer2019/). The colors represent the broad cell class to which the cell type has been assigned. The size of the point is proportional to the log2 of the numbers of cells in the dataset of that cell type. Interactive visualizations are available as a web app (https://cello.shinyapps.io/celegans/) and can also be installed as an R package (https://github.com/qinzhu/VisCello.celegans).

• Primary Identifier: Expr1012501
• Pattern: Developmental gene expression time-course. Raw data can be downloaded from ftp://caltech.wormbase.org/pub/wormbase/datasets-published/levin2012

• Primary Identifier: Expr11903
• Subcellular Localization: Transgenic worms expressing the ain-1::gfp reporter have sporadic cytoplasmic puncta under normal conditions, which are further increased after heat-shock.

• Primary Identifier: Expr1144002
• Pattern: Developmental gene expression time-course. Raw data can be downloaded from ftp://caltech.wormbase.org/pub/wormbase/datasets-published/hashimshony2015

• Primary Identifier: Expr1200254
• Pattern: Data from the TransgeneOme project

17 GO Annotation

0 Homologues

1 Locations

• Feature . Primary Identifier: WBGene00015547
• Start: 16613451
• End: 16616871
• Strand: 1

17 Ontology Annotations

1 Regulates Expr Cluster

Regulated By Treatment	Description	Algorithm	Primary Identifier
	mRNAs that were significantly enriched in the AIN-1 immunoprecipitation samples, compared to the control total mRNAs in the input extracts (p < 0.01).	Signals from replicates of total worm lysates from wt and strains containing the ain-2::gfp or the ain-2 promoter::gfp transgene were mean normalized and averaged respectively to generate standard profiles of gene expression in these worm strains. Authors then calculated the ratio of signal of each gene from each IP sample to the standard gene expression profile of the corresponding worm strain. Based on this ratio, a percentile rank of each gene relative to all genes in each IP replicate was calculated. The percentile ranks in the three replicates of each IP were averaged. Student t test was utilized to determine if the average percentile ranks of enrichment of individual genes were significantly higher (p value) than the mean enrichment of all genes in the IP samples. To determine the AIN-1 or AIN-2 associated genes, we used the following criteria: (1) average percentile ranks of enrichment is greater than the mean enrichment of all genes in AIN-1 or AIN-2 IP with p < 0.01; (2) average signal in AIN-1 or AIN-2 IP replicates is greater than the background signal (including 2X standard deviation (SD)) (Background signal and SD were calculated based on signals from empty spots on each microarray); (3) criteria 1 is not be satisfied for the same gene in the corresponding control IP.	WBPaper00031252:AIN-1_IP_enriched

1 Sequence

• Length: 3421

1 Sequence Ontology Term

• Name: gene

5 Strains

• WBStrain00026534
• WBStrain00026530
• WBStrain00034970
• WBStrain00054873
• WBStrain00054872

1 Upstream Intergenic Region

• WormBase ID: intergenic_region_chrX_16609525..16613450
• Length (nt): 3926
• Chromosome Location: X: 16609525-16613450
• Organism: Caenorhabditis elegans