WormMine: AnatomyTerm WBbt:0005736

• Name: excretory system
• Primary Identifier: WBbt:0005736

4 Children

Definition	Name	Synonym	Primary Identifier
gland cell of the secretory-excretory system, sends processes to ring, opens into excretory duct.	excretory gland cell	exc gl	WBbt:0005776
H-shaped cell associated with the excretory system, largest cell in C. elegans.	excretory cell	excretory canal cell	WBbt:0005812
cell that forms the duct of the excretory system.	excretory duct cell	exc duct	WBbt:0004540
Excretory socket cell, links duct to hypodermis	excretory socket cell	exc socket	WBbt:0004534

1 Expression Clusters

Regulated By Treatment	Description	Algorithm	Primary Identifier
	Single-cell RNA-Seq cell group 34_0 expressed in glia.	scVI 0.6.0	WBPaper00065841:34_0

43 Expression Patterns

• Primary Identifier: Expr4818
• Remark: Picture: Fig. 1A, 1B, 1C.
• Pattern: aqp-8 localized exclusively to the excretory system of the worm. Expression of aqp-8 also appears to be localized to an additional cell. The aqp-8p::GFP-PEST-expressing worms displayed an identical spatial pattern to the worms carrying the usual aqp-8::GFP construct, but due to the short half-life of the GFP-PEST construct, authors were able to determine that aqp-8 is transcribed only in the interval between the first larval stage and early adulthood. The relative levels of expression in the excretory cell and the excretory gland cell appeared to be similar to each other. Expression patterns derived from extrachromosomal arrays may be confounded by somatic loss of the transgene (leading to mosaically expressing transgenes). Therefore, the expression pattern of aqp-8 was confirmed by generating a genome-integrated aqp-8p::GFP transgenic line to prevent the sporadic loss of the transgene in somatic tissue.

• Primary Identifier: Expr4646
• Pattern: Expression of TRPA-1:: GFP fusion proteins was observed in several cell types. In lines carrying the short fusion construct (for example, ljEx107), TRPA-1:: GFP fusion protein was localized to many tissues, including pharyngeal muscle and body wall muscle, the excretory system, the rectal gland cell, vulval epithelium, epithelial cells in the head, and the spermatheca. Sporadic expression was also observed in some head neurons with this construct.

• Primary Identifier: Expr4647
• Pattern: Transgenic lines generated with the partial protein fusion construct (for example, ljEx109) expressed TRPA-1:: GFP in the same cells as ljEx107 (see Expr4646), but with some additional cells, including the majority of amphid sensory neurons (for example, ASH, AWA, AWB, ASI and ASK) and the phasmid neurons PHA and PHB.

• Primary Identifier: Expr4648
• Pattern: Transgenic lines generated with the full-length protein fusion construct (for example, ljEx114) expressed TRPA-1:: GFP in the same cells as ljEx107 (see Expr4646), but with some additional cells, including the majority of amphid sensory neurons (for example, ASH, AWA, AWB, ASI and ASK) and the phasmid neurons PHA and PHB. The full-length TRPA-1:: GFP fusion was also expressed in the PVD and PDE in the postdeirid sensilla and the sensory neurons OLQ and IL1. Other neurons in the head and ventral nerve cord also expressed TRPA-1:: GFP.
• Subcellular Localization: The fusion protein was observed at the cilia of sensory neurons, as well as at the cell body.

• Primary Identifier: Expr1497
• Remark: Cannot find sequence info for IF B1 in this article. --wjc. Protein_Description: Intermediate Filament gene B1. Reporter gene fusion type not specified. The same structures were seen in immunofluorescence experiments with a B1-specific antibody. This antibody recognized in immunoblots the recombinant protein B1a and two closely spaced bands in a total nematode extract.
• Pattern: The B1 promoter-driven GFP staining was seen in cells associated with the amphid sensory neurons, the excretory cells, the vulva, and the uterus and, finally, in the rectum and some neurons of the tail. In the pharynx, staining localized to the marginal cells and the pharyngeal-intestinal valve.

• Primary Identifier: Expr1926
• Remark: hil-1 = C30G7.1 = H1.X
• Pattern: H1.X::GFP is expressed in body-wall muscles, as well as in the vulva sex muscles. In both cases the general appearance of the cells corresponds to the situation already described for the marginal cells of the pharynx: the fluorescence signal fills the cytoplasm, and the cells' nuclei appear as the brightest fluorescent structure. H1.X presence in muscle cells was not detected with the two different antibodies. H1.X::GFP was also expressed in a limited number of head neurons, in which the fluorescence signal filled the total cytoplasm, including the neuronal projections. The presence of H1.X in these cells was confirmed with the H1.X-101 antibody. Furthermore, H1.X::GFP was detected in the cytoplasm of excretory cells. In C. elegans embryos, H1.X::GFP expression starts with the 30-cell stage. The most prominent structures labeled with both antibodies as well as with H1.X::GFP in transgenic animals are the marginal cells and the tonofilaments therein. The signal appears in all larval stages and in adult C. elegans. No further nuclear or cytoplasmic signal appears besides the labeling of all nuclear lamina caused by the anti-lamin crossreactivity of H1.X-11. This result is confirmed by independent antibody labeling with H1.X-101. In these preparations no nuclear signal appeared in the nuclei of the marginal cells, although the cytoplasm of some head neurons was stained.
• Subcellular Localization: A double labeling experiment was performed with H1.X-11 and the monoclonal antibody IFA, which stains the intermediate filament proteins of the tonofilaments. Both antibodies label identical structures - the tonofilaments in the marginal cells. Antibody labeling with H1.X-101 revealed a prominent labeling of the nucleoli in the polyploid gut nuclei of adult C. elegans hermaphrodites, which colocalized with fibrillarin, a structural component of small nucleolar RNPs (snoRNPs). H1.X was never detected in condensed mitotic or meiotic chromosomes or as a structural component of the interphase chromatin, as revealed by antibody labeling ( H1.X-11) of embryos and meiotic oocytes. H1.X::GFP was never found localized to condensed chromosomes. H1.1-GFP fluorescence is readily observed in condensed mitotic chromosomes in C. elegans embryos, and it is detected as a structural component of interphase chromatin in antibody labeling of embryonic blastomeres and all other cell types of C. elegans. H1.X-101 did not label the nuclear lamina. In H1.X::gfp transgenic animals, the cytoplasm of the marginal cells appeared brightly fluorescent, and the nuclei therein became visible as the brightest fluorescent structures of the cells. The GFP fluorescence was almost homogeneously distributed throughout the whole cytoplasm, but the tonofilaments therein became clearly visible as bright green dots when visualized in axial orientation.

• Primary Identifier: Expr10635
• Pattern: YAP-1::GFP was widely localized in the cytoplasm of several tissues in adult and larval stage. YAP-1::GFP is expressed in epithelial and muscular tissues including the seam cells, epithelial cells and pharynx muscles in a head region, the excretory tissue, hypodermal cells, gonadal sheath cells, the spermatheca, the intestine, the vulva, and hypodermal cells in a tail region.
• Subcellular Localization: YAP-1::GFP appeared in cytoplasm of epithelial cells during/after active proliferation. YAP-1::GFP was transiently expressed in nuclei of the dorsal epidermal cells during the specific development stages, which are involved in dorsal intercalation and ventral enclosure. YAP-1::GFP did not appear to be localized in nuclei of embryonic cells at the late development stage, when embryo undergoes elongation. Thus, YAP-1::GFP is likely to be temporarily localized in nuclei of embryonic epithelial cells, suggesting that the subcellular localization of YAP-1 may be regulated depending on developmental stage.

• Primary Identifier: Expr9255
• Pattern: miR-52 GFP reporter was expressed most widely in hypodermal, muscle, neural, and interstitial cell types in both embryos and larvae. mir-52 was most strongly expressed in the pharynx and anterior embryo but was detectable in most other tissues.

• Primary Identifier: Expr9256
• Pattern: miR-53 GFP reporter was expressed most widely in hypodermal, muscle, neural, and interstitial cell types in both embryos and larvae. mir-53 was more strongly expressed in the hypodermis and neurons and more weakly expressed in the gut and anterior cells around the pharynx.

• Primary Identifier: Expr9007
• Remark: Picture: Fig 2.
• Pattern: GFP expression was observed in nearly all cells of the embryo from about the 100 cell stage. In larvae and adults, GFP was detectable in neurons, hypodermal cells and the seam cells, the excretory system, and intestinal cells. We noted expression in the vulval precursor cells and their descendents during mid-larval stages and strong somatic gonadal expression in the early L3 stage through to adult.
• Subcellular Localization: GFP expression was visible in the nucleus, but restricted from the nucleolus in all expressing cells.

• Primary Identifier: Expr9257
• Pattern: miR-54-56 GFP reporter was restricted in expression to anterior and ventral cells identified as neurons, tail hypodermal cells, and cells of the excretory system.

• Primary Identifier: Expr9258
• Pattern: miR-54-56 GFP reporter was restricted in expression to anterior and ventral cells identified as neurons, tail hypodermal cells, and cells of the excretory system.

• Primary Identifier: Expr9259
• Pattern: miR-54-56 GFP reporter was restricted in expression to anterior and ventral cells identified as neurons, tail hypodermal cells, and cells of the excretory system.

• Primary Identifier: Expr3058
• Pattern: Expression of EGFP was observed in the spermatheca. In addition, the plc-1::egfp reporter expression was observed in the vulva, intestine, excretory cells, and neurons. The onset of expression in the spermatheca was during the early adult stage, while that in excretory cells and neurons were earlier.

• Primary Identifier: Expr3291
• Pattern: Expressed in excretory system, neurons and pharyngeal muscle.

• Primary Identifier: Expr12094
• Pattern: A LIPS-7 translational reporter showed a similar pattern of expression as that of the lips-7 transcriptional reporter. In addition to faint expression in the hypodermis at the young adult stage, prominent LIPS-7 expression was observed in cells located in the head region near the anterior bulb of the pharynx, which may be neuronal support cells or neurons. LIPS-7 expression was also observed in a single neuron in the tail which was tentatively identified as the PVQ neuron. LIPS-7 also appears to localise to cells associated with the excretory system, vulva and rectum. Using the lips-7 transcriptional reporter, co-localisation of lips-7 and CTBP-1 expression in the putative neuronal or neuronal support cells in which lips-7 is expressed in the head was not observed. Also, there was no co-localisation of lips-7 and CTBP-1 expression in neuronal cells located in the nerve ring or along the body, in which CTBP-1 is expressed. Co-localisation of lips-7 transcription and CTBP-1 expression was observed solely in hypodermal nuclei. Using the lips-7 translational reporter we observed co-localisation of LIPS-7 and CTBP-1 in a single neuron in the nerve ring and in the hypodermis.

• Primary Identifier: Expr8409
• Pattern: Expression seen from late L1 to adult stages. Weak expression detected ubiquitously (except germline). Stronger in pharynx, vulva, vulval muscle, body wall muscle.

• Primary Identifier: Expr8458
• Pattern: Expression seen ubiquitously (except germline) from pre-comma stage to adulthood.

• Primary Identifier: Expr8466
• Pattern: Expression detected from L1 to adult. Expression becomes stronger in later stages and in adults is almost ubiquitous. Strongest expression seen in nerve ring, hypodermis, vulva and pharynx.

• Primary Identifier: Expr12856
• Pattern: Intestine, pharynx, excretory system, somatic gonad, spermatheca, hypodermis.

• Primary Identifier: Expr10010
• Pattern: ALG-1 was prominently expressed in the pharynx. Cells in the tail also displayed specific expression. Expression was seen in vulva, seam cells, ventral nerve chord and somatic gonad. The endogenous ALG-1 expression was confirmed for the pharynx and head neurons with a polyclonal antibody raised against the ALG-1 specific N-terminus region. Examination of the ALG-1 expression during larval development did not reveal differences in expression during the four larval stages and adults. During embryogenesis ALG-1 is first detected at the beginning of the morphogenetic phase.

• Primary Identifier: Expr689
• Remark: Reporter gene fusion type not specified. This information was extracted from published material (Archana Sharma-Oates, Andrew Mounsey and Ian A. Hope).
• Pattern: let-60 ras::lacZ. The Vulval lineage: First detected in L3 larvae (before vulval induction). Faint staining observed in P3.p-P8.p. Staining becomes stronger as VPCs begin dividing and fusion protein is expressed through adulthood. Faint staining observed in hyp7. Strong staining in vulA, vulB, vulC, vulD, vulE and vulF. Myoblast lineage: L1 (shortly after division of M) - Staining detected in M.d and M.v. Late L1, faint staining in progeny of M.v (body muscle) including SM (progeny of M.d (body muscle) ceases staining). L3: 8 progeny of SM (vulval muscle) stain before and after differentiation in muscle cells. Gonadal lineage: At hatching Z1 and Z4 gonadal cells stain. Progeny Z1 and Z4 that form distal tip cells (dtcs) and dtcs stain throughout larval development-adulthood. L4: Anchor cells (ac) of somatic gonad stains transiently at apex of invaginating vulva and continues until late L4 when ac nucleus fuses with uterine tissue. L4-adult expression (but not lacZ) Intense gfp near germline nuclei along border of distal arm of the gonad and in some places extended into the rachis. Muscle: L1-adult: All body wall muscle cells stain. Pharyngeal muscle pmp3-8 begin staining in L1 and continue until adulthood. Hypodermis: Begin staining in L2-3 larvae but consistent staining does not occur until the L4 stage and continues until adulthood. Hypodermal cells staining include V and H lineage-derived seam cells and V and H derived lateral hypodermal cells. Ventral hypodermal cells derived from P lineage also stain weakly but consistently in the adult. Intestine: Intestinal cells of late L1 larvae stain briefly during their terminal division. No staining after L2. Nervous system and excretory cells: extensive staining but not entirely at hatching throughout development. Beginning L1 - adulthood: Many ventral cord neurons stain positively identified include FLPL,R AVKL,R and either AIMR or AIYR based on co-staining with an anti-FMRF amide and an anti-galactosidase antibody. Nucleus of excretory cell stains in L1 to adulthood.

• Primary Identifier: Expr12797
• Pattern: tat-2 reporter is first clearly detectable in 2-fold stage embryos in two sets of pharyngeal cells, the developing pharyngeal-intestinal valve and a set of cells in the posterior. By the first larval (L1) stage, GFP fluorescence also appears in the intestine. L4 and adult animals exhibit reporter signals in unidentified cells of the pharyngeal procorpus, the gland cells located in the posterior bulb of the pharynx, the pharyngeal-intestinal valve, rectal gland cells, the intestine and all cells of the excretory system. tat-2 reporter signals are also seen in L4 larvae in the primary vulval lineage vulE and vulF cells and in the proximal gonad. The vulval fluorescence vanishes and a moderately strong uterine signal appears after the uterine-vulval connection is complete in adults. The gonadal signal, emanating from spermatids, migrates to the spermatheca around the time of the first ovulation.

• Primary Identifier: Expr8593
• Remark: Picture: Figure 2A.
• Pattern: ref-2::venus is detected in a substantial number of dividing cells in the embryo. At the end of gastrulation, the reporter is detected in some neuroblasts on the ventral side of the embryo. These neuroblasts include the left/right symmetric pair of ABpl/rpapaaa neuroblasts, which will give rise to AIY and its sister cell, the SMDD motor neuron, through an asymmetric cell division. During interphase, the REF-2::VENUS protein is detected in the nucleus of the SMDD/AIY mothers, then spreads into the cytoplasm just before cleavage. No expression is observed in AIY during larval and adult stages. Thus ref-2 appears to be expressed only transiently in the AIY lineage during embryogenesis. REF-2::VENUS is also expressed in the excretory system (G1, G2, excretory pore, and excretory gland) in the P cell lineage and in the Y and B cells.

• Primary Identifier: Expr1317
• Remark: Reporter gene fusion type not specified.
• Pattern: The expression of lim-6 in all neurons continues throughout adulthood. The expression of lim-6 in the uterus is dynamic. lim-6 reporter gene constructs (lim-6prom::GFP, lim-6up::GFP, lim-6r::GFP) start to be expressed in two uterine cells during the late L3/early L4 stage and the expression widens during the L4 stage to include the uv2 and uv3 cells, several uterine toroid (ut) cells, which form the lumen of the uterus and at least one cell type (sujn) of the spermatheca-uterine junction. Occasionally, weaker and less consistent expression can be observed in some cells of the distal side of the spermatheca, which connect the spermatheca to the rest of the somatic gonad. The lim-6r::GFP fusion gene reveals expression in restricted set of neurons, epithelial cells of the uterus and the excretory system. Reporter gene expression in the nervous system begins late in embryogenesis at about 300 minutes of development, which is after these neurons have been generated and while they initiate neurite outgrowth. After hatching, lim-6r::GFP is expressed in one chemosensory neuron, ASEL, and in eight inter- and motorneurons. Most of these neurons are GABAergic, namely RMEL/R, AVL, RIS and DVB. RMEL/R, AVL and DVB are motorneurons, whereas RIS is an interneuron. The other three neurons, PVT and RIGL/R, express the neuropeptide FMRFamide.

• Primary Identifier: Expr8456
• Pattern: Expression detected from mid embryos to adults. In late embryos, expression is seen on one side of the embryo, ventral and mostly anterior. From late embryo to L1, expression is detected in canal cells and canal nerves. Also, from late embryos to adults, expression is detected in several nerves, including dnc and vnc. In addition, expression is detected in head muscles, coelomocytes and intestine.

• Primary Identifier: Expr8417
• Pattern: Expression detected from late embryos till adulthood. Expressed in excretory cells and canals.

• Primary Identifier: Expr8413
• Pattern: Expressed from late embryos to adulthood. Expressed in excretory cells, uterus, vulva, dnc, distal tip cells, posterior intestine, amphid neurons, head and body wall muscle.

• Primary Identifier: Expr8414
• Pattern: Expressed from mid embryo continuing through adulthood. Expressed in amphids, excretory cells, seam cells, vulva, body neurons, rectum and posterior intestine.

• Primary Identifier: Expr9254
• Pattern: miR-51 GFP reporter was restricted in expression to anterior and ventral cells identified as neurons, tail hypodermal cells, cells of the excretory system, and the arcade cells.

0 Life Stages

1 Parents

Definition	Name	Synonym	Primary Identifier
An organ system consists of the excretory system and associated glands.	excretory secretory system		WBbt:0006850