WormMine: AnatomyTerm WBbt:0005270

• Definition: Neuron class of six motoneurons, with cell bodies in the ventral cord, which innervate dorsal muscles. Each cell has a short, posteriorly directed and a longer, anteriorly directed process emanating from its cell body. The anterior process has a branch, which leaves the ventral cord as a commissure and runs round to the dorsal cord.
• Name: DD neuron
• Primary Identifier: WBbt:0005270

6 Children

Definition	Name	Synonym	Primary Identifier
Ventral cord motor neurons, reciprocal inhibitors, chnage synaptic pattern during postembryonic development	DD6	lineage name: ABprppapppp	WBbt:0004824
Ventral cord motor neurons, reciprocal inhibitors, chnage synaptic pattern during postembryonic development	DD2	lineage name: ABprppappap	WBbt:0004838
Ventral cord motor neurons, reciprocal inhibitors, chnage synaptic pattern during postembryonic development	DD4	lineage name: ABprppapppa	WBbt:0004826
Ventral cord motor neurons, reciprocal inhibitors, chnage synaptic pattern during postembryonic development	DD5	lineage name: ABplppapppp	WBbt:0004825
Ventral cord motor neurons, reciprocal inhibitors, chnage synaptic pattern during postembryonic development	DD3	lineage name: ABplppapppa	WBbt:0004837
Ventral cord motor neurons, reciprocal inhibitors, chnage synaptic pattern during postembryonic development	DD1	lineage name: ABplppappap	WBbt:0004839

3 Expression Clusters

Regulated By Treatment	Description	Algorithm	Primary Identifier
	Genes enriched in DD neurons cells isolated by FACS at L1 larva stage.	Transcripts showing > 2-fold difference at < 5% false discovery rate (FDR) between DD versus L1 reference data sets were identified with two-class unpaired analysis in significance analysis of microarray (SAM).	WBPaper00048563:L1_DD_enriched
	Single-cell RNA-Seq cell group 44 expressed in: Glia_1.	CellRanger, DecontX, Monocle3, Louvain algorithm.	WBPaper00065623:44
	Single-cell RNA-Seq cell group 43 expressed in: VD_DD.	CellRanger, DecontX, Monocle3, Louvain algorithm.	WBPaper00065623:43

84 Expression Patterns

• Primary Identifier: Expr4864
• Pattern: A-class motor neuron: enriched in embryo (2.0) and larva (2.1). Neuronal expression include: DA, DB, VA, VB, DD, VD, head neurons. Also expressed in other cells: Pharyngeal muscle. Pan-neuronal: enriched in embryo (1.7) and larva (3.5).

• Primary Identifier: Expr4865
• Pattern: A-class motor neuron: enriched in embryo (1.8) and larva (1.8). Neuronal expression include: DA, DB, DD, VA, VB, VD, AS, head neurons. Also expressed in other cells: Head muscle. Pan-neuronal: enriched in embryo (1.8) and larva (1.5).

• Primary Identifier: Expr4862
• Pattern: A-class motor neuron: enriched in embryo (1.9) and larva (2.1). Neuronal expression include: DA, VB, DB, VD, DD, bright in AS, also head and tail neurons. Pan-neuronal: expressed in embryo; enriched in larva (3.5).

• Primary Identifier: Expr4858
• Pattern: A-class motor neuron: enriched in embryo (2.8) and larva (3.1). Neuronal expression include: DA, VB, AS, DB, DD, HSN, VC4&5, AIY, head neurons. Also expressed in other cells: Muscle, intestine. Pan-neuronal: expressed in embryo; enriched in larva (1.5).

• Primary Identifier: Expr4859
• Pattern: A-class motor neuron: enriched in embryo (8.7) and larva (7.9). Neuronal expression include: I5, ASE, ASG, BAG, DD, M3, M5, head neurons. Pan-neuronal: expressed in embryo; enriched in larva (7.1).

• Primary Identifier: Expr4850
• Pattern: A-class motor neuron: enriched in embryo (2.6); not expressed in larva. Neuronal expression include: DD, head and tail neurons. Also expressed in other cells: Body muscle, pharyngeal muscle. Pan-neuronal: expressed in embryo; enriched in larva (6.5).

• Primary Identifier: Expr4845
• Pattern: A-class motor neuron: expressed in larva; enriched in embryo (2,5). Neuronal expression include: DA, DB, DD, VA, VB, VD, AS head and tail neurons. Also expressed in other cells: Body muscle, head muscle, pharyngeal muscle. Pan-neuronal: enriched in embryo (2.1) and larva (1.8).

• Primary Identifier: Expr4847
• Pattern: A-class motor neuron: enriched in embryo (2.3); not expressed in larva. Neuronal expression include: DA, DB, DD, VD, AS. Pan-neuronal: enriched in larva (1.7); not expressed in embryo.

• Primary Identifier: Expr4376
• Remark: Picture: Fig. 7.
• Pattern: ceGAT-1 is expressed in all of the GABA-ergic neurons. These GFP-positive neurons include the VD and DD neurons in the ventral cord, the RMED, RMEV, RMEL, RMER, AVL, and RIS neurons in the head area and the DVB neuron in the tail region. There are two additional GFP-positive neurons in the tail region. These two neurons are PVQR and PVQL. The identity of these GFP-positive neurons were confirmed by epifluorescence microscopy and by the location of the neurons as revealed by a combination of Nomarski-differential interference contrast microscopic observation and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole nuclei-staining method. This expression pattern is evident from the early larva stage through the adult stage. An identical expression pattern was observed with at least 10 transgenic animals.

• Primary Identifier: Expr9452
• Remark: Operon: CEOP1368
• Pattern: Animals bearing the transcriptional and translational reporters had similar GFP expression patterns. L1 animals carrying the translation reporter expressed GFP in many neurons, including CANs, DD-type motoneurons and ALMs. Expression in the nervous system began early in comma-stage embryos and peaked in intensity around the 3-fold stage of embryogenesis. Although neuronal expression was much fainter at later larval stages, it persisted in some head and tail neurons through adulthood. Non-neuronal cells that also expressed CRML-1::GFP included the migrating distal tip cells, the pharynx, some vulval epithelial cells, rectal epithelial cells and the excretory canal.
• Subcellular Localization: Sub-cellular localization within the body wall muscle: Muscle cell membrane +/- Muscle arms

• Primary Identifier: Expr8203
• Pattern: Expressed in DA, VB, AS, DB, DD, HSN, VC4 & 5, AIY, head neurons, muscles, intestine. acr-14::GFP is expressed in RME in the head and in ventral nerve cord (VNC) motor neurons.

• Primary Identifier: Expr11174
• Pattern: unc-25 showed expression in the D-type GABAergic neurons as well as other neurons.

• Primary Identifier: Expr10058
• Pattern: lin-14 was broadly expressed in C. elegans neurons, with strong expression in neurons starting in the late embryonic stage. Analysis of the expression patterns of lin-14 and lin-4 revealed overlapping expression of the two genes in several neurons, including AVM, ALM, PVM, PLM, DD, VD, DA, DB, SDQR, HSN, and PQR.

• Primary Identifier: Expr14481
• Pattern: pde-4 was expressed in DD MNs and several other neurons in the L1 stage. Interestingly, pde-4 expression in DD MNs decreased gradually beginning in the late L1 stage. In adults, pde-4 expression was high in VD MNs, while its expression in DD MNs had diminished.

• Primary Identifier: Expr10600
• Pattern: F53B6.2a showed expression in the D-type GABAergic neurons as well as other neurons.

• Primary Identifier: Expr10601
• Pattern: acr-12 showed expression in the D-type GABAergic neurons as well as other neurons.

• Primary Identifier: Expr10602
• Pattern: twk-30 showed expression in the D-type GABAergic neurons as well as other neurons.

• Primary Identifier: Expr10603
• Pattern: rpy-1 showed expression in the D-type GABAergic neurons as well as other neurons.

• Primary Identifier: Expr10604
• Pattern: Expressed in D neurons of the L1 ventral cord with additional neuronal expression elsewhere.

• Primary Identifier: Expr10605
• Pattern: Expressed in D neurons of the L1 ventral cord with additional neuronal expression elsewhere.

• Primary Identifier: Expr10606
• Pattern: Expressed in D neurons of the L1 ventral cord with additional neuronal expression elsewhere.

• Primary Identifier: Expr10607
• Pattern: Expressed in D neurons of the L1 ventral cord with additional neuronal expression elsewhere.

• Primary Identifier: Expr859
• Pattern: cle-1AGFP expression was first detected in comma stage ( 390min) embryos in cephalic neurons. Expression in interneurons and rectal epithelial cells is seen by the 2-fold stage, 60 min later, and continues through larval and adult stages. cle-1BGFP expression was first observed at the 3-fold stage ( 520 min) of embryogenesis in four neurons of the lateral ganglia and in the DD dorsal motorneurons. The postembryonic VD dorsal motorneurons also express cle-1BGFP starting in the second larval stage, and this pattern persists through larval and adult stages. cle-1CGFP expression is first seen in comma stage embryos in pharynx and body wall muscles and later appears in the canal-associated neurons (CAN), head mesodermal cell, accessory muscles, and intestine. During larval development, expression is restricted to the ventral GLR glia like cells, the canal-associated neurons, and the head mesodermal cell. Beginning in the late fourth larval stage and continuing through adult, cle-1CGFP expression appears in somatic sheath cells of the gonad and reappears in body wall muscles.

• Primary Identifier: Expr8678
• Remark: Picture: Fig 3.
• Pattern: Expression in the alimentary canal: Strong and consistent expression in pharyngeal epithelium, pm1, pm2, pm3, pm6, pm7, pm8, mc1, mc2, mc3. Weak or rare expression in pm4, pm5. Expression in the nervous system: DDn, DVA, DVB, DVC, PVP. Expression in the reproductive system: In adult stage, expressed in proximal gonad sheath, spermatheca. In developing larva stage, expressed in uterus, spermatheca. inx-10 is localized to pharyngeal precursors from early stages of embryogenesis, and by three-fold stage, all pharyngeal muscles except pm4 are seen to express it at high levels.

• Primary Identifier: Expr7975
• Remark: Picture: Figure 8. Reporter gene fusion type not specified.
• Pattern: Expressed in head neurons, DDs, VDs. Also expressed in head muscle, hypodermis.

• Primary Identifier: Expr94
• Remark: Legacy Data: "Bauer PK" "Mounsey A" "Royall CM" "Hope IA" Date 1997-07.
• Pattern: Expression of this neural pattern is first seen prior to the embryonic comma stage, and extends through to adulthood. Strong staining is seen in the ventral nerve cord and its cell bodies, in the retrovesicular ganglion, the circumpharyngeal nerve ring, and in the rectal muscle group involved in defecation (anal depressor, sphincter muscle and intestinal muscle). The DVB neuron which innervates this muscle group also exhibits staining. Weaker staining can be observed in the dorsal nerve cord and in some commissures possibly of VD or DD type. Staining appears to be in foci along the commissures.

• Primary Identifier: Expr8671
• Remark: Picture: Fig 3.
• Pattern: Expression in the alimentary canal: Strong and consistent expression in pharyngeal epithelium, pm5, pm6, pm7, pm8, g2, rectal gland cells. Weak or rare expression in anterior arcades, posterior arcades, pm2, pm3, pm4, M3, MC, intestine, rectal epithelial cells. Expression in the nervous system: CEPsh, ALN, ASn, CAN, DAn, DBn, DDn, DVA, DVB, HSN, PDE, PLM, PVQ, PVR, PVT, URB, VAn, VBn, VDn, M3, MC. Expression in the reproductive system: In adult stage, expressed in spermatheca, vulval muscle, HSN. In developing larva stage, expressed in vulval muscle, uterine muscle, HSN. inx-3 was expressed broadly during early embryogenesis. After the beginning of morphogenesis, inx-3 expression becomes more restricted to the pharynx, hypodermis, and intestine. By three-fold stage inx-3 expression appears in ventral cord motor neurons (strongest in DA neurons) along with continued strong pharyngeal expression. By hatching, its hypodermal expression disappears, while postembryonically born ventral cord motor neurons express it at low levels. Its pharyngeal (strong) and neuronal (faint) expressions continue to adulthood.

• Primary Identifier: Expr8682
• Remark: Picture: Fig 3.
• Pattern: Expression in the alimentary canal: Weak or rare expression in pm5, pm6, pm7. Expression in the nervous system: DDn, VDn. Expression in the reproductive system: In adult stage, expressed in vulval muscle, uterine muscle.

• Primary Identifier: Expr8694
• Remark: Picture: Fig 3.
• Pattern: Expression in the alimentary canal: Strong and consistent expression in M5, I1, I3, I6, NSM. Weak or rare expression in posterior arcades. Expression in the nervous system: Phsh, ADA, ADE, ADL, AIN, AIY, ALM, AUA, AVA, AVD, AVH, AVJ, AVK, AVM, AWB, BDU, CAN, CEP, DAn, DBn, DDn, DVB, DVC, FLP, HSN, IL1, IL2, LUA, OLL, PDA, PDB, PDE, PHA, PHB, PHC, PLM, PLN, PVC, PVD, PVM, PVN, PVP, PVQ, PVR, PVT, PVW, RIB, RIC, RIF, RIP, RIS, RME, SDQ, SIA (early larva), SIB (early larva), SMB (early larva), SMD (early larva), URA, URB, VAn, VBn, VCn, VDn, M5, I1, I6, NSM. Expression in the reproductive system: In adult stage, expressed in vulval muscle, uterine muscle, HSN, VCn. In developing larva stage, expressed in HSN, VCn, and anchor cell.

• Primary Identifier: Expr14140
• Pattern: ASI (dim), BAG, (I4), 3 more head neuron pairs, DD, VD, Amso, PHsh or Phso

0 Life Stages

2 Parents

Definition	Name	Synonym	Primary Identifier
neuron making synapse on an effector (muscle, gland).	motor neuron	motoneuron	WBbt:0005409
neuron that uses GABA as a vesicular neurotransmitter.	GABAergic neuron		WBbt:0005190