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Expr4684
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GFP expression was detected at most developmental stages, with the spatial expression depending on the developmental stage of the animal. Neuronal expression of hlh-29 was detected in larvae and adults in both amphid and phasmid sockets, in the ALA and PVT neurons, in the chemosensory and mechanosensory neurons, ASI, ASK, PHA, and PQR, and in neurons of the anterior pharyngeal bulb. Weaker expression was also detected in the ASG chemosensory neurons in some transgenic lines. L1 animals show strong expression of hlh-29 in intestinal cells, and weaker expression in the rectal glands and the pharyngeal muscle cell PM1. By L3 stage, intestinal expression of the hlh-29::GFP is limited to the posterior intestinal cells, and PM1 expression is no longer detected. Expression is also detected in the ventral posterior coelomocytes in the later L3-stage larvae, and in the spermatheca and vulval muscles of L4 and adult animals. |
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Picture: Fig 3. |
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Expr9099
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This mab-31 2Kb 5' flanking sequence was active in gut cells of the pretzel-stage embryo and throughout the larval stages. In adult males and hermaphrodites, gfp reporter signal was observed in the pharynx, body hypodermis, and intestine. On the other hand, mab-31 expression is also observed in support cells of neuronal sensilla, like amphid socket cells and phasmid socket cells. In the wild-type male tail, the mab-31 transcriptional reporter expression was detected in structural cells highlighting the cell bodies and processes of all sensory rays. |
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Isoform 1a |
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Expr11754
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Isoform 1b.1 |
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Expr11755
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Picture: Fig 3. |
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Expr8673
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Expression in the alimentary canal: Strong and consistent expression in anterior arcades, posterior arcades, M1, B cell. Weak or rare expression in intestine. Expression in the nervous system: Amsh, CEPsh, CEPso, ILso, OLso, Phso, DVC, MI. Expression in the reproductive system: In adult stage, expressed in gonad sheath, uterus, vulva(low), spermatheca, Sp-ut valve. In developing larva stage, expressed in uterus, vulva, spermatheca, Sp-ut valve. inx-5 first appears in the developing hypodermis at bean stage and then in the excretory cell at three-fold stage. |
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Expr2937
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Both ahr-1:GFP reporters are expressed during embryonic and larval development. Expression is first detected in two cells 260 min after the first cleavage. By midembryogenesis (pre-comma stage), 14 cells express the pJ360 ahr-1:GFP fusion gene. At the 2-fold stage of embryogenesis, two cells express ahr-1:GFP in the tail, and the remaining fluorescing cells are in the forming head. During the first larval stage. ahr-1:GFP is expressed in 28 neurons, several blast cells, and two phasmid socket cells. The neurons that express ahr-1:GFP include ALNR/ALNL, AQR/PQR, AVM/PVM, BDUR/BDUL, PLMR/PLML, PLNR/PLNL, PHCL/PHCR, PVWL/PVWR, RMEL/RMER, SDQR/SDQL, and URXR/URXL. The T.pa, T.ppa, and T.ppp blast cells in the tail express ahr-1:GFP, as do all of their descendents, including the PHso1 and PHso2 phasmid socket cells. ahr-1:GFP is also expressed in the MI and I3 neurons in the pharynx and the G2 and W blast cells. Four additional cells in the head express ahr-1:GFP, tentatively identified as the ASK and RIP neurons. |
The pJ360 construct includes the entire ahr-1 genomic sequence, and transgenic animals express this fusion protein in a subset of neuronal nuclei. The pHT102 transgene lacks most of the ahr-1 coding sequence and labels axons as well as nuclei. |
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Expr12196
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To determine where lite-1 is expressed and identify likely sites of lite-1 function, the authors generated and examined worms carrying one of four transgenes derived from the wild-type lite-1 locus: a genomic fragment (lite-1 genomic), a transcriptional fusion (lite-1prom::gfp), a C-terminal translational fusion (lite-1prom::lite-1::gfp), and an N-terminal translational fusion (lite-1prom::gfp::lite-1). GFP expression was observed in a total of 29 cells: pharyngeal neurons M1, M4, M5, and MI; non-pharyngeal neurons ASK, ADL, ASI, ASH, AVG, AVB, RIM, ADF, PHA, PHB, and PVT; and non-neuronal cells Hyp3 (hypoderm), AMso (amphid socket cells), and PHso (phasmid socket cells). AVB was observed only with the C-terminal fusion transgene, and RIM and ADF were observed only with the transcriptional fusion transgene. lite-1 expression in AVG and PVT was previously reported. |
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All of the reporter constructs produced the same cell-specific expression pattern as transgenes. |
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Expr1438
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The reporter transgenes express ubiquitously in the early embryo starting at about the 100 cell stage during gastrulation. In late embryogenesis and posthatching, expression is more limited. Strongest expression is observed in migrating cells and growing neurons as these cells undergo movements on the epidermis. At hatching, the reporters express in many neurons throughout the animal, in several cells of the pharynx including some pharyngeal neurons, in the elongated processes of the excretory cells, in the amphid and phasmid sheath and socket cells, in the tail hypodermis, and at later stages in intestine, muscles, vulva, and somatic gonad including the gonad sheath and hermaphrodite distal tip cells. The neurons expressing unc-73 include the PLM, ALM, PDE, HSN, CAN, PHC, and PVN neurons and the ventral cord motorneurons. Expression in the HSNs is absent in early larval stages, but begins late in the second larval stage (L2), precisely when axon outgrowth is initiated from the HSN cell bodies. The Q neuroblasts, Pn neuroectoblasts, sex myoblasts (SMs), and canal associated neurons (CANs) express unc-73 reporters. The left and right Q cells begin to express the GFP reporter as they initiate their migrations along the longitudinal axis of the epidermis during the early first larval (L1) stage, and expression in these cells continues beyond the completion of their first division. The unc-73 reporters express in the Pn cells just before this second phase of movemen. The distal tip cells also express the unc-73/reporters during their migration. |
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Picture: Figure 3. |
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Expr8171
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Cells with neuronal-like processes were visible immediately after the embryonic stage and remained through the life of the worm. GFP-positive cells were visible in the head anterior and posterior ganglia, which contain most of the C. elegans neurons as well as other associated cells. GFP-positive neuronal-like processes were also found in the nerve ring encircling the isthmus of the pharynx. Whether the GFP-positive cells were indeed neurons could not be determined solely on their localization. However, the finding of GFP-positive processes in the nerve ring suggested that at least some neurons were expressing T27A3.1. When a shorter promoter region, only 2 kb of genomic DNA upstream from the start codon of T27A3.1a, was used to drive the expression of GFP, a similar expression pattern was seen; however, fewer GFP-expressing neurons were visible. This data suggest that the larger 4-kb promoter region contains regulatory elements necessary for specific neuronal expression that are not contained within the smaller 2-kb promoter segment. Each transgenic line displayed similar expression patterns. GFP expression was visible late in embryogenesis but before morphogenesis and continued through the larval stages into adulthood. In adults, expression was found in a variety of cell types: GFP was found in the cells of the pharynx, in the epithelial cells of the intestine, in the seam cells that line the sides of the worm, in cells of the vulval region, in the somatic gonads, and in cells of the tail region. In males, GFP expression was found in the bilateral sensory rays and in the spicules. In the pharyngeal bulbs, the morphology and striated appearance of GFP-positive cells is consistent with muscle cell characteristics. In the vulval region, the GFP-positive cells did not appear to be neurons or muscle cells, and their identity remains unclear. In the gonads, GFP expression was visible in the distal tip cell (DTC), as well as in the distal sheath cell pair 1 that can be identified by its fish-net-like appearance. In the tail, GFP-positive cells most likely include the rectal gland cells, the rectum epithelial cells, and phasmid sheath cells (Phsh) and socket cells (Phso1 and 2). |
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Expr9342
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lin-44 was mostly localized to the posterior half of L1 larvae, in a pattern that was already present at the comma stage of embryonic development. lin-44 transcripts were present in the tail hypodermal cells hyp8, hyp9, hyp10 and hyp11, and at later larval stages in the phasmid socket cells PHso1 and PHso2 as previously reported (Herman et al., 1995). In addition, it was found that lin-44 is expressed in the rectal epithelial cells B and Y, demonstrating that lin-44 has a more anterior expression domain than has been observed using reporter transgenes. |
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The alr-1p::GFP reporter construct was generated by inserting 1 kb of upstream regulatory sequence into the pPD95.75 vector, which contains the green fluorescent protein (GFP) coding sequence and the 3' untranslated region of unc-54 at the 3' end. This construct was injected into N2 worms at 10 ng/ul along with a PCR product corresponding to 6 kb of overlapping alr-1 upstream regulatory sequence and a dominant Roller marker, pRF4 containing rol-6 (su1006),at 100 ng/ul to generate kuEx146. |
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Expr3525
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Embryonic analysis indicated an early expression pattern just after the 28-cell stage. The strongest expression at this point was seen in descendants of the C linage as well as less prominent expression within a subset of the AB lineage. By the comma stage (-400 cells), GFP expression was apparent in alternating dorsal hypodermal cells before the onset of cell fusions. After the onset of the hypodermal cell fusions, GFP was apparent throughout the hyp7 hypodermal syncytium. At the comma stage, GFP was also strongly expressed in the precursors to the PLM and ALN neurons, the T-cells (precursors to the phasmid socket cells), and the cells that would comprise the hyp4 anterior hypodermal syncytium. These cells were tentatively identified based on cell position and the strong expression seen within the adult structures derived from these cells. A number of GFP-expressing cells within the head region of the embryo remained unidentified. These cells likely include a number of head and pharyngeal neurons, although other cells types are not ruled out. Expression in the larval and adult hermaphrodite was primarily restricted to a subset of neurons and neuronal support cells. The PLM, ALM, and AVM touch neurons and the intrinsic pharyngeal neurons I2 and I6 all showed very strong expression throughout all larval stages and adulthood. The RIS neuron and one other unidentified, unpaired neuronal cell body located in the retrovesicular ganglion occasionally showed faint expression. Strong expression was also seen in the glial-like amphid and phasmid socket cells (AMso and PHso 1 and 2) throughout larval development and adulthood. Strong GFP expression was also observed within the hyp6 and hyp4 hypodermal syncytia, the distal most segments of the intestine and the coelomocytes, the scavenger cells located within the pseudocoelom. Variable GFP expression was also seen in larval and adult worms within the hyp7 hypodermal syncytium. Importantly, GFP expression was not observed in 23 of the 24 GABAergic neurons (the sole exception being the RIS neuron) that have been shown previously to stain with anti-ALR-1 antibodies (See Expr3487). This suggested that the sequences required for ALR-1 expression in these neurons may reside outside of the 6 kb of promoter sequence driving this GFP reporter. Alternatively, GFP expression from this construct may not be readily detectable above background fluorescence in these specific neurons. |
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Expr2202
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ver-1 was expressed in neural and muscular cell types localized in the anterior and posterior regions of the worm. The sheath, and very rarely the socket cells of the amphid and phasmid generally exhibited a bright fluorescence indicative of ver-1 promoter activity. In agreement with amphid sheath cell development, ver-1 expression was observed from the late embryonic stage to the adult, and for the phasmid sheath cells at the L1 stage, a stage when the cellular processes of the phasmid sheath cells are still lacking. They were identified by the channel they made for the chemosensory neurons after Dil dye filling. The ver-1 gene was upregulated at the dauer state. Beside these neural cell types, a frequent expression of the ver-1::gfp was observed in the muscular intestinal cell, which participates in the defecation process, and in the first and last intestinal cells, but rarely in other intestinal cells, indicating that this expression was not due to some unspecific expression by the gut. |
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Expr3510
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Pdaf-6GFP was expressed in the amphid sheath glia. Expression was also seen in amphid socket cells, the phasmid sensory organ sheath and socket cells, cells of the excretory system (the excretory canal, duct, pore, and gland cells), the vulval E and F cells, the K, K', F, and U rectal epithelial cells, and less frequently in posterior intestinal cells. |
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Expr3511
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In the amphid, DAF-6::GFP fusion protein expression usually persisted only up to the L1 larval stage, and the protein localized to the region of the amphid channel formed by the sheath and socket cells. DAF-6::GFP also localized to the luminal surfaces of tubes generated by other cells expressing daf-6. As in the amphid, expression in the phasmid sheath and socket cells usually did not persist beyond the L1 larval stage. Expression in vulval cells was usually restricted to the L4 larval stage, after the cells were generated and during or shortly after the vulval lumen was generated. Expression in the rectum and excretory system was observed throughout embryogenesis and larval development, but usually not during adulthood. DAF-6::GFP protein was detected in punctate structures within the cytoplasm of expressing cells. This localization was best seen in the vulva and in the excretory canal cell. Thus, DAF-6 may localize to vesicles as well. |
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Expr9934
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The ztf-16 promoter::gfp construct including a region -4637 to -2536 of the ztf-16 promoter relative to the +1 translation start site gives strong, specific expression in AMsh and PHsh glia, AMso and PHso socket glia, and in an unidentified pair of neurons in the head. By contrast, a 2.5 kb region immediately adjacent to the ztf-16 start codon is expressed in hypodermal and other cell types, but not in glia (data not shown). |
Localization of a ZTF-16::GFP fusion protein to the nucleus of the AMsh glia when expressed under a glia-specific promoter (nsEx1347). |
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Expr1918
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In the pAB::GFP fusion, expression was seen in some pioneering neurones of the nerve ring, beginning at the early comma stage. At the two-fold stage, expression was detected in some 10 neurones in the head that extend axons into the nerve ring, and in two neurones in the tail that extend processes anteriorly. This expression pattern was confirmed by immunohistochemistry with MAb 16-48-2. At the three-fold stage, expression was seen in all DA motoneurones and persisted while they pioneered the dorsal nerve chord. It was also seen in four to six neurones in each of the four head ganglia, including ALA and RID in the dorsal ganglion, and four of the six neurones of the terminal bulb, including M5. In the tail, two neurones in the pre-anal ganglion and six in the lumbar ganglion, including PVQL and PVQR, showed pAB::GFP expression. Additionally, a transient expression was seen in the four rows of bodywall muscle cells in the embryo. After hatching, in L1 larvae, the expression domain extended to amphid and phasmid socket cells, and subsequently in L2 larvae to all the newly born AS motoneurones. In hermaphrodite L3 larvae, expression was seen in the sex myoblasts subsequent to their anterior migration towards the position of the presumptive vulva, and in adult worms at a high level in the vulval muscles vm1 and vm2. In males, expression was seen in the diagonal and spicule retractor muscles. |
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Expr1920
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Expressed in nine DA, 11 AS, ALA, RID, two PDE, two HSN, M5, four vulval muscles 1, four vulval muscles 2, four uterine muscles 1, four uterine muscles 2, two intestine muscles, sphincter muscle, 15 diagonal muscles, two spicule retractors, bodywall muscles, two AM socket cells, two PH socket cells, two distal tip cells. |
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No detailed description on expression patterns in other life stages.. Picture: Fig. 5. |
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Expr8275
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GFP expression was observed in various tissues, including many neurons in the head and tail, head muscles, intestine, phasmid socket cells, spermatheca, and eggs. A weak expression was also observed in the cells of the gonad and vulva. The neurons expressing ser-3 promoter-driven GFP in the tail were identified as PHA, PHB, and PVQ neurons. |
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Reporter gene fusion type not specified. This information was extracted from published material (Archana Sharma-Oates, Andrew Mounsey and Ian A. Hope). |
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Expr645
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wrt-5 starts expression at the beginning of morphogenesis in all seam cells and the excretory cells and remains until adult stage. In larvae and adults, wrt-5 is also expressed strongly in the six cells of the pharyngeal-intestinal valve and the rectal valve. Expression is seen in phasmid socket cells and in sheath and/or socket cells of the anterior sensilla at all postembryonic stages. In adults expression is observed in gonadal sheath cells, spermathecal sheath cells and the uterus. |
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