WormMine: AnatomyTerm WBbt:0003925

• Definition: Ventral cord motor neuron, innervates dorsal muscles, no ventral counterpart
• Name: AS1
• Primary Identifier: WBbt:0003925
• Synonym: lineage name: P1.apa

1 Children

Definition	Name	Synonym	Primary Identifier
nucleus of pedigree P1.apa	P1.apa nucleus		WBbt:0001666

5 Expression Clusters

Regulated By Treatment	Description	Algorithm	Primary Identifier
	Single-cell RNA-Seq cell group 6_2 expressed in neuron.	scVI 0.6.0	WBPaper00065841:6_2
	Single-cell RNA-Seq cell group 6_3 expressed in neuron.	scVI 0.6.0	WBPaper00065841:6_3
	Single-cell RNA-Seq cell group 6_0 expressed in neuron.	scVI 0.6.0	WBPaper00065841:6_0
	Single-cell RNA-Seq cell group 132_0 expressed in neuron.	scVI 0.6.0	WBPaper00065841:132_0
	Transcripts enriched in AS according to single cell RNAseq.	Genes that pass the Bonferroni threshold for multiple comparisons (q < 0.05) are significantly enriched.	WBPaper00061651:AS_enriched

31 Expression Patterns

• Primary Identifier: Expr15649

• Primary Identifier: Expr15442

• Primary Identifier: Expr15558

• Primary Identifier: Expr15567

• Primary Identifier: Expr15571

• Primary Identifier: Expr15572

• Primary Identifier: Expr15573

• Primary Identifier: Expr15579

• Primary Identifier: Expr15586

• Primary Identifier: Expr15651

• Primary Identifier: Expr15652

• Primary Identifier: Expr15589

• Primary Identifier: Expr15591

• Primary Identifier: Expr15598

• Primary Identifier: Expr15604

• Primary Identifier: Expr15608

• Primary Identifier: Expr15611

• Primary Identifier: Expr3875
• Remark: The timing expression pattern of coq-8 gene reported herein correlates with the overall Q content in C. elegans. Higher expression of coq-8 gene, and presumably Q biosynthesis activity, correspond with those tissues with particularly active bioenergetics in different development stages during life cycle. Thus coq-8 expression pattern may directly or indirectly reflect bioenergetics and cellular activity in vivo.
• Pattern: As adult animals progressed towards the post-fertile period, COQ-8::GFP expression became restricted to nervous system, whilst in other tissues, including muscles, progressively diminished until it completely disappeared. During the adult stage stained neurons could be individually identified. These included at least the ASIL, ASIR, PHAL, PHAR, PVDR and PVDL sensory neurons. The interneurons AVKL, AVKR, PVT, PVQL, PVQR, and motoneurons AS1 to AS8, DA1 to DA9, DD1 to DD6, and VC1 to VC6, were also stained. COQ-8 expression in hypodermis was not evident until worms reached the L2 stage, however not all hypodermal cells showed similar expression levels. Lateral hypodermal syncytium appeared heavily stained whereas seam cells, that form a protruding hypodermal ridge termed alae, did not show significant fluorescence. Neuronal cells stained in L1 remained stained during L2 stage. COQ-8 expression pattern changed in L4 larvae and young adult stages of very active and fertile young individuals. Hypodermis fluorescence decreased abruptly and GFP signal appeared restricted to muscles and nervous system. It worth noting that hypodermal COQ-8::GFP expression was readily observed during moulting period but decreases abruptly in young adults, that no further moults, allowing the detection of COQ-8::GFP fluorescence in smaller cells as coelomocytes, which were not readily visible in earlier larval stages. Coelomocytes are defensive phagocytes that produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) in worms and other invertebrates and a high Q content would be needed to prevent oxidative damage derived from this particular oxygen metabolism. During egg development fluorescence was readily detectable in early pre-morphogenetic stages about 4 to 5 h post-fertilization, becoming higher in both intensity and number of fluorescent cells during later embryogenesis. 4D microscopy revealed some spatial and temporal variability in the initial expression of COQ-8::GFP from embryo to embryo. The beginning of the COQ-8::GFP expression was detected between the 8th and the 10th embryonic mitosis and was triggered by a group of several blastomeres in all the analyzed embryos. These blastomers are committed to differentiate into specific tissues with high energetic requirements, such as neurons and muscles, but also hypodermis and coelomocytes. These tissues also showed fluorescence during later life stages. Fluorescence reached its maximum intensity in L3 stage of development, supporting a genetic basis to previous observations that showed highest Q content in L2 ~ L4 stages. Longitudinal nervous ventral and dorsal cords showed high fluorescence and some muscular innervations were also stained at this stage. Expression of COQ-8::GFP was clearly evident in hypodermis, neurons and cords, and muscle cells. This expression pattern cannot exclude other tissues showing much weaker fluorescence that may not be readily observed. The expression in muscle and neuronal cells was detected during larval development as early as in the first larval stage (L1). At this stage, longitudinal muscles quadrants were GFP-stained tail and pharyngeal ring neural centres displayed significantly higher COQ-8 expression levels than other tissues. The nervous system of L1 wild type larvae is not entirely developed and contains fewer connections between neurons than in older animals, as it is observed by the GFP staining.

• Primary Identifier: Expr15570

• Primary Identifier: Expr15644

• Primary Identifier: Expr15648

• Primary Identifier: Expr12716

• Primary Identifier: Expr12717

• Primary Identifier: Expr15633

• Primary Identifier: Expr12715

• Primary Identifier: Expr15629

• Primary Identifier: Expr1918
• Pattern: In the pAB::GFP fusion, expression was seen in some pioneering neurones of the nerve ring, beginning at the early comma stage. At the two-fold stage, expression was detected in some 10 neurones in the head that extend axons into the nerve ring, and in two neurones in the tail that extend processes anteriorly. This expression pattern was confirmed by immunohistochemistry with MAb 16-48-2. At the three-fold stage, expression was seen in all DA motoneurones and persisted while they pioneered the dorsal nerve chord. It was also seen in four to six neurones in each of the four head ganglia, including ALA and RID in the dorsal ganglion, and four of the six neurones of the terminal bulb, including M5. In the tail, two neurones in the pre-anal ganglion and six in the lumbar ganglion, including PVQL and PVQR, showed pAB::GFP expression. Additionally, a transient expression was seen in the four rows of bodywall muscle cells in the embryo. After hatching, in L1 larvae, the expression domain extended to amphid and phasmid socket cells, and subsequently in L2 larvae to all the newly born AS motoneurones. In hermaphrodite L3 larvae, expression was seen in the sex myoblasts subsequent to their anterior migration towards the position of the presumptive vulva, and in adult worms at a high level in the vulval muscles vm1 and vm2. In males, expression was seen in the diagonal and spicule retractor muscles.

• Primary Identifier: Expr1920
• Pattern: Expressed in nine DA, 11 AS, ALA, RID, two PDE, two HSN, M5, four vulval muscles 1, four vulval muscles 2, four uterine muscles 1, four uterine muscles 2, two intestine muscles, sphincter muscle, 15 diagonal muscles, two spicule retractors, bodywall muscles, two AM socket cells, two PH socket cells, two distal tip cells.

• Primary Identifier: Expr15563

• Primary Identifier: Expr10750
• Pattern: The expression pattern of lhIs35[Punc::55::gfp] was similar to previous observations (Zhou and Walthall, 1998) except that VD precursor cells were also labeled. GFP was detected in the 13 VD neurons, 11 AS neurons, VA1 and PDB. Punc-55 activity was highest during L2, and was not detected beyond L4, as reported (Zhou and Walthall, 1998).

0 Life Stages

3 Parents

Definition	Name	Synonym	Primary Identifier
Neuron class of eleven motoneurons, with cell bodies in the ventral cord, which innervate dorsal muscles.	AS neuron		WBbt:0005334
neuron whose cell body is in the retrovesicular ganglion.	retrovesicular ganglion neuron	retrovesicular ganglion	WBbt:0005403
post-embryonic cell of pedigree P1.ap	P1.ap		WBbt:0007210