WormMine: Gene WBGene00004297

• WormBase Gene ID: WBGene00004297
• Gene Name: rad-51
• Sequence Name: Y43C5A.6
• Brief Description: rad-51 encodes two isoforms of a protein orthologous to S. cerevisiae Rad51p and Dmc1p, and to E. coli RecA, and paralogous to C30A5.2; RAD-51 proteins are probably required for meiotic recombination; while dispensable for viability and meiotic synapsis, RAD-51A/B are required for normal chromosomal morphology, univalent formation, dissociation of chiasmata, hyperresistance of meiotic pachytene nuclei to X-irradiation, and the progress of oocytes through diakinesis; RAD-51A/B require CHK-2, MRE-11, and SPO-11 to localize to foci in late zygotene/early pachytene nuclei, and genetically acts downstream of CHK-2 and SPO-11; RAD-51A/B foci later disappear from homologously synapsed chromosomes.
• Organism: Caenorhabditis elegans
• Automated Description: Enables several functions, including ATP hydrolysis activity; DEAD/H-box RNA helicase binding activity; and catalytic activity, acting on DNA. Involved in several processes, including intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator; meiotic chromosome condensation; and negative regulation of apoptotic process. Located in condensed nuclear chromosome; germ cell nucleus; and site of double-strand break. Expressed in gonad. Human ortholog(s) of this gene implicated in several diseases, including Fanconi anemia complementation group R; congenital mirror movement disorder; and ovary epithelial cancer. Is an ortholog of human RAD51 (RAD51 recombinase).
• Biotype: SO:0001217
• Genetic Position: IV :4.56693 ±0.001237
• Length (nt): 2611

1 Organism

• Name: Caenorhabditis elegans
• Taxon Id: 6239

1 Synonyms

• Value: WBGene00004297

Genomics

3 Transcripts

WormMine ID	Sequence Name	Length (nt)	Chromosome Location
Transcript:Y43C5A.6a.1	Y43C5A.6a.1	1530	IV: 10281634-10284244
Transcript:Y43C5A.6b.1	Y43C5A.6b.1	1422	IV: 10281637-10284014
Transcript:Y43C5A.6c.1	Y43C5A.6c.1	1089	IV: 10281976-10284225

Other

3 CDSs

WormMine ID	Sequence Name	Length (nt)	Chromosome Location
CDS:Y43C5A.6a	Y43C5A.6a	1188	IV: 10281976-10282102
CDS:Y43C5A.6b	Y43C5A.6b	1074	IV: 10281976-10282102
CDS:Y43C5A.6c	Y43C5A.6c	1089	IV: 10281976-10282102

55 RNAi Result

• WBRNAi00077191
• WBRNAi00009328
• WBRNAi00093828
• WBRNAi00093827
• WBRNAi00093830
• WBRNAi00093829
• WBRNAi00067637
• WBRNAi00068096
• WBRNAi00056465
• WBRNAi00082135
• WBRNAi00098036
• WBRNAi00077680
• WBRNAi00064204
• WBRNAi00065424
• WBRNAi00098236
• WBRNAi00097180
• WBRNAi00077681
• WBRNAi00097368
• WBRNAi00082132
• WBRNAi00083898
• WBRNAi00083901
• WBRNAi00084465
• WBRNAi00084466
• WBRNAi00062854
• WBRNAi00093826
• WBRNAi00076008
• WBRNAi00028228
• WBRNAi00062957
• WBRNAi00062959
• WBRNAi00082131

46 Allele

• gk964278
• gk964078
• gk964500
• gk962765
• tm10666
• gk946546
• ttTi38774
• WBVar01795252
• ok2218
• WBVar02058645
• gk891217
• WBVar02058644
• gk459456
• gk515473
• gk596704
• WBVar01795251
• gk867432
• gk781371
• gk347835
• gk429039
• gk210529
• gk210530
• gk210527
• gk210528
• WBVar00191768
• gk210525
• gk210526
• gk210524
• WBVar01856823
• WBVar01856822

1 Chromosome

• WormBase ID: IV
• Organism: Caenorhabditis elegans
• Length (nt): 17493829

1 Chromosome Location

• Feature . Primary Identifier: WBGene00004297
• Start: 10281634
• End: 10284244
• Strand: -1

4 Data Sets

• WormBaseAcedbConverter
• GO Annotation data set
• C. elegans genomic annotations (GFF3 Gene)
• Panther orthologue and paralogue predictions

1 Downstream Intergenic Region

• WormBase ID: intergenic_region_chrIV_10281583..10281633
• Length (nt): 51
• Chromosome Location: IV: 10281583-10281633
• Organism: Caenorhabditis elegans

143 Expression Clusters

Regulated By Treatment	Description	Algorithm	Primary Identifier
	Transcripts of coding genes that showed significantly decreased expression in muscle.	DESeq2 (version 1.24.0). Transcripts with a false-discovery rate adjusted p-value less than 0.05 were considered significantly differentially expressed.	WBPaper00062325:muscle_depleted_coding-RNA
	Transcripts expressed in neuronal cells, by analyzingfluorescence-activated cell sorted (FACS) neurons.	DESeq. False discovry rate (FDR) < 0.1.	WBPaper00048988:neuron_expressed
adult vs dauer larva	Transcripts that showed differential expression in adult vs dauer lava in N2 animals at 20C.	N.A.	WBPaper00050488:adult_vs_dauer_regulated_N2_20C
Osmotic stress	Transcripts that showed significantly altered expression with 500 mM salt (NaCl) vs 100 mM salt when food was present	DESeq(version 1.10.1), FDR < 0.05.	WBPaper00050726:OsmoticStress_regulated_Food
Osmotic stress	Transcripts that showed significantly altered expression with 500 mM salt (NaCl) vs 100 mM salt when no food was present	DESeq(version 1.10.1), FDR < 0.05.	WBPaper00050726:OsmoticStress_regulated_NoFood
	Genes that showed expression levels higher than the corresponding reference sample (embryonic 24hr reference).	A Mann-Whitney U test with an empirical background model and FDR correction for multiple testing was used to detect expressed transcripts (Benjamini and Hochberg 1995). Genes and TARs with an FDR <= 0.05 were reported as expressed above background. Authors detected differentially expressed transcripts using a method based on linear models. Genes and TARs were called differentially expressed if the FDR was <= 0.05 and the fold change (FC) >= 2.0. To more strictly correct for potential false-positives resulting from multiple sample comparisons, authors divided individual FDR estimates by the number of samplesor sample comparisons, respectively. This resulted in an adjusted FDR of 1.3 * 0.0001 for expression above background and of 7.4 * 0.0001 for differential expression. Authors called genes selectively enriched in a given tissue if they met the following requirements: (1) enriched expression in a given tissue (FDR <= 0.05 and FC >= 2.0), (2) fold change versus reference among the upper 40% of the positive FC range observed for this gene across all tissues, and (3) fold-change entropy among the lower 40% of the distribution observed for all genes.	WBPaper00037950:bodywall-muscle_L1-larva_expressed
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression after animals were treated with 50uM Rifampicin and 250uM Allantoin from day 1 to day 3 adult hermaphradite.	DESeq2(v1.14.1), fold change > 2, p-value < 0.05	WBPaper00055354:Rifampicin-Allantoin_upregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression after animals were treated with 100uM Psora and 250uM Allantoin from day 1 to day 3 adult hermaphradite.	DESeq2(v1.14.1), fold change > 2, p-value < 0.05	WBPaper00055354:Psora-Allantoin_upregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression after animals were treated with 100uM Rapamycin and 50mM Metformin from day 1 to day 3 adult hermaphradite.	DESeq2(v1.14.1), fold change > 2, p-value < 0.05	WBPaper00055354:Rapamycin-Metformin_upregulated
	Transcripts expressed in intestine, according to PAT-Seq analysis using Pges-1-GFP-3XFLAG mRNA tagging.	Cufflinks FPKM value >=1.	WBPaper00050990:intestine_expressed
	Maternal class (M): genes that are called present in at least one of the three PC6 replicates.	A modified Welch F statistic was used for ANOVA. For each gene, regressed error estimates were substituted for observed error estimates. The substitution is justified by the lack of consistency among the most and least variable genes at each time point. Regressed error estimates were abundance-dependent pooled error estimates that represented a median error estimate from a window of genes of similar abundance to the gene of interest. A randomization test was used to compute the probability Pg of the observed F statistic for gene g under the null hypothesis that developmental time had no effect on expression. P-values were not corrected for multiple testing.	[cgc5767]:expression_class_M
	Transcripts expressed in pharynx, according to PAT-Seq analysis using Pmyo-2-GFP-3XFLAG mRNA tagging.	Cufflinks FPKM value >=1.	WBPaper00050990:pharynx_expressed
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in day 1 adult hermaphrodite comparing to in L4 larva fem-3(q20) animals.	Fold change > 2, FDR < 0.05	WBPaper00064088:Day-1-adult_vs_L4_upregulated_fem-3(q20)
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in day 3 adult hermaphrodite comparing to in L4 larva fem-3(q20) animals.	Fold change > 2, FDR < 0.05	WBPaper00064088:Day-3-adult_vs_L4_upregulated_fem-3(q20)
	Significantly differentially expressed genes as determined by microarray analysis of wild-type and cde-1 mutant germlines.	RNAs that changed at least 2-fold with a probability of p < 0.05 were considered differentially regulated between wildtype and cde-1.	WBPaper00035269:cde-1_regulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly altered expression after 24 hour exposure to stavudine (d4T) starting at L1 lava stage.	DESeq	WBPaper00053302:stavudine_24h_regulated
25C vs. 20C	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in 1-day post L4 adult hermaphrodite N2 grown at 25C, comparing to in N2 animals grown at 20C.	CuffDiff, fold change > 2.	WBPaper00065096:25C_vs_20C_upregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in 10-days post L4 adult hermaphrodite N2 grown at 20C, comparing to in 1-day post L4 adult hermaphrodite N2 animals grown at 20C.	CuffDiff, fold change > 2.	WBPaper00065096:Day10_vs_Day1_upregulated
	Genes that showed expression levels higher than the corresponding reference sample (L3/L4 all cell reference).	A Mann-Whitney U test with an empirical background model and FDR correction for multiple testing was used to detect expressed transcripts (Benjamini and Hochberg 1995). Genes and TARs with an FDR <= 0.05 were reported as expressed above background. Authors detected differentially expressed transcripts using a method based on linear models. Genes and TARs were called differentially expressed if the FDR was <= 0.05 and the fold change (FC) >= 2.0. To more strictly correct for potential false-positives resulting from multiple sample comparisons, authors divided individual FDR estimates by the number of samplesor sample comparisons, respectively. This resulted in an adjusted FDR of 1.3 * 0.0001 for expression above background and of 7.4 * 0.0001 for differential expression. Authors called genes selectively enriched in a given tissue if they met the following requirements: (1) enriched expression in a given tissue (FDR <= 0.05 and FC >= 2.0), (2) fold change versus reference among the upper 40% of the positive FC range observed for this gene across all tissues, and (3) fold-change entropy among the lower 40% of the distribution observed for all genes.	WBPaper00037950:dopaminergic-neurons_L3-L4-larva_expressed
	Genes that showed expression levels higher than the corresponding reference sample (L2 all cell reference).	A Mann-Whitney U test with an empirical background model and FDR correction for multiple testing was used to detect expressed transcripts (Benjamini and Hochberg 1995). Genes and TARs with an FDR <= 0.05 were reported as expressed above background. Authors detected differentially expressed transcripts using a method based on linear models. Genes and TARs were called differentially expressed if the FDR was <= 0.05 and the fold change (FC) >= 2.0. To more strictly correct for potential false-positives resulting from multiple sample comparisons, authors divided individual FDR estimates by the number of samplesor sample comparisons, respectively. This resulted in an adjusted FDR of 1.3 * 0.0001 for expression above background and of 7.4 * 0.0001 for differential expression. Authors called genes selectively enriched in a given tissue if they met the following requirements: (1) enriched expression in a given tissue (FDR <= 0.05 and FC >= 2.0), (2) fold change versus reference among the upper 40% of the positive FC range observed for this gene across all tissues, and (3) fold-change entropy among the lower 40% of the distribution observed for all genes.	WBPaper00037950:excretory-cell_L2-larva_expressed
	Genes that showed expression levels higher than the corresponding reference sample (embryonic 0hr reference).	A Mann-Whitney U test with an empirical background model and FDR correction for multiple testing was used to detect expressed transcripts (Benjamini and Hochberg 1995). Genes and TARs with an FDR <= 0.05 were reported as expressed above background. Authors detected differentially expressed transcripts using a method based on linear models. Genes and TARs were called differentially expressed if the FDR was <= 0.05 and the fold change (FC) >= 2.0. To more strictly correct for potential false-positives resulting from multiple sample comparisons, authors divided individual FDR estimates by the number of samplesor sample comparisons, respectively. This resulted in an adjusted FDR of 1.3 * 0.0001 for expression above background and of 7.4 * 0.0001 for differential expression. Authors called genes selectively enriched in a given tissue if they met the following requirements: (1) enriched expression in a given tissue (FDR <= 0.05 and FC >= 2.0), (2) fold change versus reference among the upper 40% of the positive FC range observed for this gene across all tissues, and (3) fold-change entropy among the lower 40% of the distribution observed for all genes.	WBPaper00037950:germline-precursors_blastula-embryo_expressed
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in ilc-17.1(syb5296) comparing to in N2 animals at L4 larva stage.	DESeq2, fold change > 2, FDR < 0.05.	WBPaper00066594:ilc-17.1(syb5296)_upregulated
Bacteria: B.thuringiensis	Transcripts in elt-2(RNAi) animals that were significantly differentially expressed at least for one time point and one pathogenic strain Bt247 and Bt679 compared to the non pathogenic strain Bt407.	Cuffdiff	WBPaper00060358:B.thuringiensis_pathogen_regulated_elt-2(RNAi)
	Genes that were not enriched in either spermatogenic fem-3(q96gf) nor oogenic fog-2(q71) gonads, according to RNAseq analysis.	To identify differentially expressed transcripts, authors used R/Bioconductor package DESeq.	WBPaper00045521:Gender_Neutral
	Transcripts that showed significantly decreased expression in nhl-2(ok818) comparing to in N2 at 25C.	EdgeR, FDR < 0.05, fold change < 0.5.	WBPaper00055971:nhl-2(ok818)_25C_upregulated
Bacteria infection: Enterococcus faecalis OG1RF. Exposure for 16 hours.	Transcripts that showed significantly decreased expression in hpx-2(dg047) after animals were exposed to E. faecalis OG1RF for 16 hours comparing to exposure to E. Coli OP50.	Cuffcompare and Cuffdiff	WBPaper00056090:E.faecalis_downregulated_hpx-2(dg047)
	Genes found to be regulated by low-copy overexpression of sir-2.1 with p < 0.014.	N.A.	WBPaper00026929:sir-2.1_overexpression_regulated
	Genes that showed expression levels higher than the corresponding reference sample (embryonic 24hr reference).	A Mann-Whitney U test with an empirical background model and FDR correction for multiple testing was used to detect expressed transcripts (Benjamini and Hochberg 1995). Genes and TARs with an FDR <= 0.05 were reported as expressed above background. Authors detected differentially expressed transcripts using a method based on linear models. Genes and TARs were called differentially expressed if the FDR was <= 0.05 and the fold change (FC) >= 2.0. To more strictly correct for potential false-positives resulting from multiple sample comparisons, authors divided individual FDR estimates by the number of samplesor sample comparisons, respectively. This resulted in an adjusted FDR of 1.3 * 0.0001 for expression above background and of 7.4 * 0.0001 for differential expression. Authors called genes selectively enriched in a given tissue if they met the following requirements: (1) enriched expression in a given tissue (FDR <= 0.05 and FC >= 2.0), (2) fold change versus reference among the upper 40% of the positive FC range observed for this gene across all tissues, and (3) fold-change entropy among the lower 40% of the distribution observed for all genes.	WBPaper00037950:hypodermis_L1-larva_expressed
	TGF- Dauer pathway adult transcriptional targets. Results obtained by comparing the microarray results of the dauer-constitutive mutants daf-7(e1372), daf-7(m62), and daf-1(m40) with dauer-defective mutants daf-3(mgDf90), daf-5(e1386), and daf-7(e1372);daf-3(mgDf90) double mutants at the permissive temperature, 20C, on the first day of adulthood.	SAM	WBPaper00031040:TGF-beta_adult_downregulated
	Germline-intrinsic transcripts.	Comparisons were made between genotypes by subtracting the mean log value of one ratio from another, and the significance of the difference was evaluated using Student t-test for two populations. For the fem-3(gf) versus fem-1(lf) direct comparison, authors performed the same analysis, except they used a Students t-test for one population. Author chose a combination of a twofold difference with a t value exceeding 99% confidence (P < 0.01), because these criteria allowed the inclusion of essentially all genes that had previously been identified as germline-enriched in a wt/glp-4 hermaphrodite comparison. Additionally, requiring a twofold difference reduced false positives, as the number of genes with two-fold difference and a P<0.01 only included ~100 genes more than with P < 0.001, and almost all genes showed germline expression by in situ hybridization.	[cgc6390]:intrinsic

11 Expression Patterns

• Primary Identifier: Expr4274
• Subcellular Localization: Recruitment of RAD-51 to chromatin was observed.

• Primary Identifier: Expr7806
• Remark: No GO_term assigned. Picture: Figure 2.
• Subcellular Localization: In wild-type control germ lines, levels of RAD-51 foci rose following entry into meiotic prophase and peaked in the early to mid-pachytene stage.

• Primary Identifier: Expr1032123
• Pattern: Tiling arrays expression graphs

• Primary Identifier: Expr2647
• Pattern: Expressed in gonad.
• Subcellular Localization: Immunostaining of RAD-51 showed that it forms distinct round or slightly elongated dots within nuclei of the gonad. RAD-51 spots was only occasionally observed in mitotic cells. No RAD-51 staining was observed in rad-51(lg08701) worms or when a pre-immune serum was used. However, RAD-51 foci were readily induced in mitotic cells upon irradiation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The number of RAD-51 spots was very heterogeneous between cells at comparable stages within one and the same gonad. In a small fraction of nuclei in the mitotic zone 1 or 2 spots occurred. In meiotic cells RAD-51 foci appeared in nuclei of the transition zone of the gonad, which corresponds to the leptotene to zygotene stage. Many of the RAD-51 spots were bar-shaped. In nuclei immediately adjacent to the transition zone (which correspond to late zygotene/early pachytene) up to nine RAD-51 spots were present, whereas by late pachytene they were gone.

• Primary Identifier: Expr2015241
• Pattern: Single cell embryonic expression. Only cell types with an expression fraction of greater 0.2 of the maximum expressed fraction are labeled (Full data can be downloaded from http://caltech.wormbase.org/pub/wormbase/datasets-published/packer2019/). The colors represent the broad cell class to which the cell type has been assigned. The size of the point is proportional to the log2 of the numbers of cells in the dataset of that cell type. Interactive visualizations are available as a web app (https://cello.shinyapps.io/celegans/) and can also be installed as an R package (https://github.com/qinzhu/VisCello.celegans).

• Primary Identifier: Expr1159938
• Pattern: Developmental gene expression time-course. Raw data can be downloaded from ftp://caltech.wormbase.org/pub/wormbase/datasets-published/hashimshony2015

• Primary Identifier: Expr3476
• Remark: No GO_term assigned.
• Subcellular Localization: In wild-type meiosis, RAD-51 foci appear in the transition zone (which contains nuclei in the leptotene and zygotene stages), become abundant from the late zygotene to the midpachytene stages, and are lost from the late pachytene stage onward.

• Primary Identifier: Expr2033475
• Pattern: Single cell embryonic expression. Only cell types with an expression fraction of greater 0.2 of the maximum expressed fraction are labeled (Full data can be downloaded from http://caltech.wormbase.org/pub/wormbase/datasets-published/packer2019/). The colors represent the broad cell class to which the cell type has been assigned. The size of the point is proportional to the log2 of the numbers of cells in the dataset of that cell type. Interactive visualizations are available as a web app (https://cello.shinyapps.io/celegans/) and can also be installed as an R package (https://github.com/qinzhu/VisCello.celegans).

• Primary Identifier: Expr14744
• Subcellular Localization: RPA-1 and RAD-51 colocalize at double strand breaks.

• Primary Identifier: Expr1018010
• Pattern: Developmental gene expression time-course. Raw data can be downloaded from ftp://caltech.wormbase.org/pub/wormbase/datasets-published/levin2012

• Primary Identifier: Expr1200349
• Pattern: Data from the TransgeneOme project

52 GO Annotation

8 Homologues

1 Locations

• Feature . Primary Identifier: WBGene00004297
• Start: 10281634
• End: 10284244
• Strand: -1

52 Ontology Annotations

0 Regulates Expr Cluster

1 Sequence

• Length: 2611

1 Sequence Ontology Term