WormMine: Gene WBGene00001599

• WormBase Gene ID: WBGene00001599
• Gene Name: glh-2
• Sequence Name: C55B7.1
• Brief Description: glh-2 encodes a putative DEAD-box RNA helicase that contains six CCHC zinc fingers and is homologous to Drosophila VASA, a germ-line-specific, ATP-dependent, RNA helicase; at non-permissive temperatures, GLH-2 plays a role in germ-line development and fertility, specifically in regulating the normal extent of germ-line proliferation, oogenesis, and the production of functional sperm; GLH-2 activity may also be required for the wild-type morphology of P granules and for localization of several protein components, but not accumulation of P granule mRNA components; GLH-2 interacts in vitro with itself and with KGB-1, a JNK-like MAP kinase; GLH-2 is a constitutive P granule component and thus, with the exception of mature sperm, is expressed in germ cells at all stages of development; GLH-2 is cytoplasmic in oocytes and the early embryo, while perinuclear in all later developmental stages as well as in the distal and medial regions of the hermaphrodite gonad; GLH-2 is expressed at barely detectable levels in males.
• Organism: Caenorhabditis elegans
• Automated Description: Enables JUN kinase binding activity and RNA helicase activity. Involved in germ cell development and post-embryonic development. Located in P granule. Expressed in germ line and gonad. Is an ortholog of human DDX4 (DEAD-box helicase 4).
• Biotype: SO:0001217
• Genetic Position: I :1.19624 ±0.004855
• Length (nt): 3580

1 Organism

• Name: Caenorhabditis elegans
• Taxon Id: 6239

1 Synonyms

• Value: WBGene00001599

Genomics

1 Transcripts

WormMine ID	Sequence Name	Length (nt)	Chromosome Location
Transcript:C55B7.1.1	C55B7.1.1	3218	I: 6513928-6517507

Other

1 CDSs

WormMine ID	Sequence Name	Length (nt)	Chromosome Location
CDS:C55B7.1	C55B7.1	2925	I: 6514021-6514054

8 RNAi Result

• WBRNAi00043223
• WBRNAi00003236
• WBRNAi00075504
• WBRNAi00065811
• WBRNAi00065813
• WBRNAi00065814
• WBRNAi00085041
• WBRNAi00114753

49 Allele

• gk962858
• gk962706
• gk963902
• sam82
• ttTi32952
• WBVar01283272
• WBVar01283274
• pk294
• gk340332
• gk630411
• ttTi4720
• gk335360
• gk858369
• gk578007
• gk799684
• gk331541
• gk357645
• gk638508
• gk932444
• gk331253
• gk331542
• gk904818
• gk322120
• gk902422
• gk113152
• gk638507
• gk113153
• gk461715
• gk113154
• gk562798

1 Chromosome

• WormBase ID: I
• Organism: Caenorhabditis elegans
• Length (nt): 15072434

1 Chromosome Location

• Feature . Primary Identifier: WBGene00001599
• Start: 6513928
• End: 6517507
• Strand: 1

4 Data Sets

• WormBaseAcedbConverter
• GO Annotation data set
• C. elegans genomic annotations (GFF3 Gene)
• Panther orthologue and paralogue predictions

1 Downstream Intergenic Region

• WormBase ID: intergenic_region_chrI_6517508..6517528
• Length (nt): 21
• Chromosome Location: I: 6517508-6517528
• Organism: Caenorhabditis elegans

201 Expression Clusters

Regulated By Treatment	Description	Algorithm	Primary Identifier
	oocyte proteins identified by two or more unique peptides during proteomics study.	In the pooled data set, 1453 C. elegans proteins were identified with a probability >= 0.9 according to ProteinProphet, of which 1165 proteins were identified by more than one unique peptide.	WBPaper00038289:oocyte_protein
	Transcripts of coding genes that showed significantly decreased expression in muscle.	DESeq2 (version 1.24.0). Transcripts with a false-discovery rate adjusted p-value less than 0.05 were considered significantly differentially expressed.	WBPaper00062325:muscle_depleted_coding-RNA
	Transcripts expressed in neuronal cells, by analyzingfluorescence-activated cell sorted (FACS) neurons.	DESeq. False discovry rate (FDR) < 0.1.	WBPaper00048988:neuron_expressed
adult vs dauer larva	Transcripts that showed differential expression in adult vs dauer lava in N2 animals at 20C.	N.A.	WBPaper00050488:adult_vs_dauer_regulated_N2_20C
	mRNAs that showed decreased expression in 1 cell mebryo comparing to in oocyte, according to RNAseq analysis.	Gaussian error propagation. As cutoff for the up-regulated genes authors used log2 fold change > 1 and P < 0.05 and as cutoff for the down-regulated genes authors used log2 fold change < -1 and P < 0.05.	WBPaper00045420:fertilization_downregulated_transcript
Osmotic stress	Transcripts that showed significantly altered expression with 500 mM salt (NaCl) vs 100 mM salt when food was present	DESeq(version 1.10.1), FDR < 0.05.	WBPaper00050726:OsmoticStress_regulated_Food
	Proteins interacting with NHR-49-GFP according to co-IP and LC-MS.	N.A.	WBPaper00064071:NHR-49_interacting
	Transcripts expressed in the epithelial tissues surrounding the pharynx that includes the arcade and intestinal valve (AIV) cells, according to PAT-Seq analysis using Pbath-15-GFP-3XFLAG mRNA tagging.	Cufflinks FPKM value >=1.	WBPaper00050990:arcade_intestinal-valve_expressed
	Transcripts expressed in GABAergic neuron, according to PAT-Seq analysis using Punc-47-GFP-3XFLAG mRNA tagging.	Cufflinks FPKM value >=1.	WBPaper00050990:GABAergic-neuron_expressed
	Transcripts expressed in hypodermis, according to PAT-Seq analysis using Pdpy-7-GFP-3XFLAG mRNA tagging.	Cufflinks FPKM value >=1.	WBPaper00050990:hypodermis_expressed
	Transcripts expressed in NMDA neuron, according to PAT-Seq analysis using Pnmr-1-GFP-3XFLAG mRNA tagging.	Cufflinks FPKM value >=1.	WBPaper00050990:NMDA-neuron_expressed
	Transcripts expressed in seam cells, according to PAT-Seq analysis using Pgrd-10-GFP-3XFLAG mRNA tagging.	Cufflinks FPKM value >=1.	WBPaper00050990:seam_expressed
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in day 1 adult hermaphrodite comparing to in L4 larva fem-3(q20) animals.	Fold change > 2, FDR < 0.05	WBPaper00064088:Day-1-adult_vs_L4_upregulated_fem-3(q20)
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in hda-1(RNAi) embryos comparing to control animals.	DESeq2, fold change > 2, FDR < 0.05.	WBPaper00067044:hda-1(RNAi)_upregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in day 3 adult hermaphrodite comparing to in L4 larva fem-3(q20) animals.	Fold change > 2, FDR < 0.05	WBPaper00064088:Day-3-adult_vs_L4_upregulated_fem-3(q20)
Bacteria diet: Sphingomonas aquatilis Yellow. Fed for 30 generations.	Transcripts that showed significantly decreased expression after fed by bacteria Sphingomonas aquatilis (Yellow) for 30 generations comparing to animals fed by E. coli OP50.	DESeq2 fold change > 2, p-value < 0.01.	WBPaper00061007:S.aquatilis_downregulated
	Transcripts detected in germline isolated from day-1 adult hermaphrodite animals.	All three experiments have CPM >= 1.	WBPaper00067147:germline_expressed
Bacteria infection: Bacillus thuringiensis	mRNAs that showed significantly decreased expression after pathogenic bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis infections comparing to non pathogenic BT (BT247(1 to 2 mix) vs BT407 12h), according to RNAseq.	Cuffdiff, ajusted p-value < 0.01.	WBPaper00046497:B.thuringiensis_0.5mix_downregulated_12h
	Transcripts that showed significantly decreased expression in hsp-6(mg585) comparing to in N2 at L4 larva stage.	EdgeR, fold change > 2, FDR < 0.001.	WBPaper00056290:hsp-6(mg585)_downregulated
starvation 12 hours	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in dissected intestines of N2 L1 larva that were starved for 12 hours, comparing to fed animals.	EdgeR, FDR < 0.05, fold change >= 2.	WBPaper00067259:starvation_upregulated_intestine
Bacteria infection: Staphylococcus aureus MW2. 4 hours of exposure.	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression after N2 animals had 4 hours of infection by Staphylococcus aureus (MW2).	DEseq 1.18.0, adjusted p-value < 0.05.	WBPaper00056471:S.aureus-4h_upregulated_N2
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in animals exposed to 400uM tamoxifen from L1 to L4 larva stage.	DEseq2, fold change > 2	WBPaper00064505:tamoxifen_upregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly decreased expression in daf-16(mgDf50) comparing to in N2 at L1 larva stage.	DESeq v1.20.0 was used to analyze differential gene expression. Transcripts with adjusted p-value < 0.05 were considered differentialled expressed.	WBPaper00048971:daf-16(mgDf50)_downregulated_L1
	Transcripts that showed significantly altered expression after 24 hour exposure to stavudine (d4T) starting at L1 lava stage.	DESeq	WBPaper00053302:stavudine_24h_regulated
	Genes down regulated by mir-243(n4759).	RNAs that changed at least 2-fold with a probability of p > 0.05 in three biological replicates were considered differentially regulated between wild-type and mir-243.	WBPaper00036130:mir-243_down_regulated
25C vs. 20C	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in 1-day post L4 adult hermaphrodite N2 grown at 25C, comparing to in N2 animals grown at 20C.	CuffDiff, fold change > 2.	WBPaper00065096:25C_vs_20C_upregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in 10-days post L4 adult hermaphrodite N2 grown at 20C, comparing to in 1-day post L4 adult hermaphrodite N2 animals grown at 20C.	CuffDiff, fold change > 2.	WBPaper00065096:Day10_vs_Day1_upregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in sftb-1(cer6) deletion homozygous comparing to to in N2 animals at L4 larva stage.	DESeq2, fold change > 2	WBPaper00058725:sftb-1(cer6)_downregulated
Temprature shift to 28C for 24 hours.	Transcripts that showed significantly decreased expression after animals were exposed to 28C temperature for 24 hours.	Differentially expressed genes wereidentified using DESeq (v.1.18.0) by normalizing readsbased on the negative binomial distribution method andcomparing each HS timepoint to the 0-h control.	WBPaper00061341:28C_24h_downregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly decreased expression in tetraploid N2 comparing to diploid N2 animals at L4 larva stage.	DESeq2 R package (1.20.0), fold change > 2, and FDR < 0.05.	WBPaper00066110:tetraploid_vs_diploid_downregulated

7 Expression Patterns

• Primary Identifier: Expr1030960
• Pattern: Tiling arrays expression graphs

• Primary Identifier: Expr1605
• Pattern: In adults, glh-1 and glh-2 RNAs are restricted to germ-line tissue. glh-1 RNA is present at all stages of germ-line development in the hermaphrodite gonad, from the distal region where germ cells divide mitotically through the proximal region where gametes mature. A similar pattern of strong glh-1 hybridization to all regions of the germ line is observed in males. The glh-2 message is at least 3-fold less abundant than glh-1 mRNA in the hermaphrodite germ line. The glh-2 signal is weakest in the distal mitotic region and most concentrated in the central meiotic region of the gonad. In addition, glh-2 RNA is barely detectable in males. Both glh-1 and glh-2 RNAs are detected in all cells of young embryos, with the level of hybridization much reduced after the 8- to 10-cell stage. Thus, while glh-1 and glh-2 RNA differ in their levels and their patterns of accumulation in hermaphrodite and male germ lines, both glh RNAs are found throughout the early embryo.

• Primary Identifier: Expr1606
• Subcellular Localization: Affinity-purified antibodies to either GLH-1 or GLH-2 proteins react with germ-line-specific P granules. P granules, as visualized by monoclonal antibodies directed against unidentified epitopes, are present in germ cells of all developmental stages with the exception of mature sperm. Anti-GLH-1 and anti-GLH-2 stain the same granules recognized by the anti-P-granule monoclonal antibodies; the granules are cytoplasmic in the oocyte and early embryo and perinuclear in later stage embryos. In adult worms, anti-GLH-1 brightly stains perinuclear P granules throughout the germ line of hermaphrodites and males. Anti-GLH-2 shows a more restricted pattern of staining that corresponds to the RNA distribution seen in situ; staining is less intense in the distal region than in the meiotic region of hermaphrodites and is barely detectable in the male germ line. P-granule staining is not detected with any preimmune sera or yolk.

• Primary Identifier: Expr2012093
• Pattern: Single cell embryonic expression. Only cell types with an expression fraction of greater 0.2 of the maximum expressed fraction are labeled (Full data can be downloaded from http://caltech.wormbase.org/pub/wormbase/datasets-published/packer2019/). The colors represent the broad cell class to which the cell type has been assigned. The size of the point is proportional to the log2 of the numbers of cells in the dataset of that cell type. Interactive visualizations are available as a web app (https://cello.shinyapps.io/celegans/) and can also be installed as an R package (https://github.com/qinzhu/VisCello.celegans).

• Primary Identifier: Expr1147203
• Pattern: Developmental gene expression time-course. Raw data can be downloaded from ftp://caltech.wormbase.org/pub/wormbase/datasets-published/hashimshony2015

• Primary Identifier: Expr1024143
• Pattern: Developmental gene expression time-course. Raw data can be downloaded from ftp://caltech.wormbase.org/pub/wormbase/datasets-published/levin2012

• Primary Identifier: Expr2030329
• Pattern: Single cell embryonic expression. Only cell types with an expression fraction of greater 0.2 of the maximum expressed fraction are labeled (Full data can be downloaded from http://caltech.wormbase.org/pub/wormbase/datasets-published/packer2019/). The colors represent the broad cell class to which the cell type has been assigned. The size of the point is proportional to the log2 of the numbers of cells in the dataset of that cell type. Interactive visualizations are available as a web app (https://cello.shinyapps.io/celegans/) and can also be installed as an R package (https://github.com/qinzhu/VisCello.celegans).

28 GO Annotation

7 Homologues

1 Locations

• Feature . Primary Identifier: WBGene00001599
• Start: 6513928
• End: 6517507
• Strand: 1

28 Ontology Annotations

0 Regulates Expr Cluster

1 Sequence

• Length: 3580

1 Sequence Ontology Term

• Name: gene

2 Strains

• WBStrain00023464
• WBStrain00063158

1 Upstream Intergenic Region

• WormBase ID: intergenic_region_chrI_6513831..6513927
• Length (nt): 97
• Chromosome Location: I: 6513831-6513927
• Organism: Caenorhabditis elegans