WormMine: Gene WBGene00004257

• WormBase Gene ID: WBGene00004257
• Gene Name: pxn-2
• Sequence Name: K09C8.5
• Brief Description: pxn-2 encodes a member of the peroxidasin family of extracellular peroxidases containing several LLRs, two of four Ig domains and a heme peroxidase catalytic domain, PXN-2 is closely related to human PXDN and PXDNL (OMIM: 605158); PXN-2 function becomes critical soon after the twofold stage of epidermal elongation in embryos; pxn-2 mutants display defects in late stages of epidermal elongation, in muscle and epidermal muscle attachments, in vulval muscle attachment and in morphology of adult pharynx; PXN-2 supports a role in basement membrane function and in neuronal development, PXN-2 acts in selective axon guidance decisions but not essential for axon growth; PXN-2 inhibits adult axon regrowth after injury; PXN-1 acts antagonistically to PXN-2; PXN-2 expressed in differentiated epidermal cell throughout embryonic, larval and adult development, in vulval muscles and a few neurons, in longitudinal striations adjacent to the body wall muscle quadrant close to endogenous basement membrane components.
• Organism: Caenorhabditis elegans
• Automated Description: Predicted to enable peroxidase activity. Involved in several processes, including embryonic body morphogenesis; muscle attachment; and regulation of cellular component organization. Located in basement membrane. Expressed in PVQL; PVQR; hypodermis; and vulval muscle. Human ortholog(s) of this gene implicated in several diseases, including Alzheimer's disease 1; asthma (multiple); kidney failure (multiple); and lung disease (multiple). Is an ortholog of human PXDN (peroxidasin) and PXDNL (peroxidasin like).
• Biotype: SO:0001217
• Genetic Position: X :2.78523 ±0.005352
• Length (nt): 7123

1 Organism

• Name: Caenorhabditis elegans
• Taxon Id: 6239

1 Synonyms

• Value: WBGene00004257

Genomics

1 Transcripts

WormMine ID	Sequence Name	Length (nt)	Chromosome Location
Transcript:K09C8.5.1	K09C8.5.1	4116	X: 10972164-10979286

Other

1 CDSs

WormMine ID	Sequence Name	Length (nt)	Chromosome Location
CDS:K09C8.5	K09C8.5	3987	X: 10972272-10972322

21 RNAi Result

• WBRNAi00110194
• WBRNAi00114281
• WBRNAi00114046
• WBRNAi00114125
• WBRNAi00114204
• WBRNAi00050404
• WBRNAi00016895
• WBRNAi00034199
• WBRNAi00110193
• WBRNAi00114086
• WBRNAi00114165
• WBRNAi00114243
• WBRNAi00060866
• WBRNAi00060867
• WBRNAi00060868
• WBRNAi00060869
• WBRNAi00060871
• WBRNAi00060872
• WBRNAi00060870
• WBRNAi00060873
• WBRNAi00060874

91 Allele

• gk964260
• gk964029
• gk962707
• gk964028
• gk963810
• otn11699
• WBVar02121821
• WBVar01602168
• WBVar01602167
• WBVar01602166
• WBVar01602165
• ju403
• ju432
• ju358
• ju379
• ju436
• ju445
• ju328
• WBVar01620462
• WBVar01471020
• WBVar01471019
• WBVar01471017
• WBVar02076309
• WBVar02076308
• WBVar02079628
• WBVar01816809
• WBVar02086846
• h18129
• otn7959
• gk424107

1 Chromosome

• WormBase ID: X
• Organism: Caenorhabditis elegans
• Length (nt): 17718942

1 Chromosome Location

• Feature . Primary Identifier: WBGene00004257
• Start: 10972164
• End: 10979286
• Strand: -1

4 Data Sets

• WormBaseAcedbConverter
• GO Annotation data set
• C. elegans genomic annotations (GFF3 Gene)
• Panther orthologue and paralogue predictions

0 Downstream Intergenic Region

162 Expression Clusters

Regulated By Treatment	Description	Algorithm	Primary Identifier
	Transcripts of coding genes that showed significantly decreased expression in muscle.	DESeq2 (version 1.24.0). Transcripts with a false-discovery rate adjusted p-value less than 0.05 were considered significantly differentially expressed.	WBPaper00062325:muscle_depleted_coding-RNA
	Transcripts expressed in neuronal cells, by analyzingfluorescence-activated cell sorted (FACS) neurons.	DESeq. False discovry rate (FDR) < 0.1.	WBPaper00048988:neuron_expressed
adult vs dauer larva	Transcripts that showed differential expression in adult vs dauer lava in N2 animals at 20C.	N.A.	WBPaper00050488:adult_vs_dauer_regulated_N2_20C
	TGF- Dauer pathway adult transcriptional targets. Results obtained by comparing the microarray results of the dauer-constitutive mutants daf-7(e1372), daf-7(m62), and daf-1(m40) with dauer-defective mutants daf-3(mgDf90), daf-5(e1386), and daf-7(e1372);daf-3(mgDf90) double mutants at the permissive temperature, 20C, on the first day of adulthood.	SAM	WBPaper00031040:TGF-beta_adult_upregulated
	Genes that showed expression levels higher than the corresponding reference sample (embryonic 24hr reference).	A Mann-Whitney U test with an empirical background model and FDR correction for multiple testing was used to detect expressed transcripts (Benjamini and Hochberg 1995). Genes and TARs with an FDR <= 0.05 were reported as expressed above background. Authors detected differentially expressed transcripts using a method based on linear models. Genes and TARs were called differentially expressed if the FDR was <= 0.05 and the fold change (FC) >= 2.0. To more strictly correct for potential false-positives resulting from multiple sample comparisons, authors divided individual FDR estimates by the number of samplesor sample comparisons, respectively. This resulted in an adjusted FDR of 1.3 * 0.0001 for expression above background and of 7.4 * 0.0001 for differential expression. Authors called genes selectively enriched in a given tissue if they met the following requirements: (1) enriched expression in a given tissue (FDR <= 0.05 and FC >= 2.0), (2) fold change versus reference among the upper 40% of the positive FC range observed for this gene across all tissues, and (3) fold-change entropy among the lower 40% of the distribution observed for all genes.	WBPaper00037950:bodywall-muscle_L1-larva_expressed
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in ogt-1(ok1474) neuronal cells isolated by FACs comparing to in FACs isolated neuronal cells from wild type.	DESeq2, fold change > 2, FDR < 0.05.	WBPaper00066485:ogt-1(ok1474)_upregulated_neuron
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression after animals were treated with 50uM Rifampicin and 250uM Allantoin from day 1 to day 3 adult hermaphradite.	DESeq2(v1.14.1), fold change > 2, p-value < 0.05	WBPaper00055354:Rifampicin-Allantoin_upregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression after animals were treated with 50uM Rifampicin from day 1 to day 3 adult hermaphradite.	DESeq2(v1.14.1), fold change > 2, p-value < 0.05	WBPaper00055354:Rifampicin_upregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression after animals were treated with 100uM Rapamycin and 50mM Metformin from day 1 to day 3 adult hermaphradite.	DESeq2(v1.14.1), fold change > 2, p-value < 0.05	WBPaper00055354:Rapamycin-Metformin_upregulated
	Genes that showed significantly increased expression in wrn-1(gk99) comparing to in N2, according to RNAseq.	DESeq was used to calculate the fold changes, log fold changes, and significance of the changes for each comparison.	WBPaper00045934:wrn-1(gk99)_upregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly decreased expression at 5-days-post L4 adult N2 hermaphrodites comparing to 1-day-post L4 adult N2 hermaphrodites.	DESeq2, fold change > 2, FDR < 0.05	WBPaper00065835:Day5_vs_Day1_downregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly decreased expression at 11-days-post L4 adult N2 hermaphrodites comparing to 1-day-post L4 adult N2 hermaphrodites.	DESeq2, fold change > 2, FDR < 0.05	WBPaper00065835:Day11_vs_Day1_downregulated
	Transcripts expressed in hypodermis, according to PAT-Seq analysis using Pdpy-7-GFP-3XFLAG mRNA tagging.	Cufflinks FPKM value >=1.	WBPaper00050990:hypodermis_expressed
	Transcripts that showed significantly decreased expression in atfs-1(cmh15) (null allele) animals comparing to in N2 animals at L4 larva stage.	edgeR, fold change > 2, FDR < 0.05	WBPaper00060909:atfs-1(cmh15)_downregulated
	Genes with expression level regulated by genotype (N2 vs CB4856) and age at L3 larva and Late reproduction stage (96 hours at 24 centigrade).	For model 2, authors used 100 permutations to estimate the FDR threshold. Per permutation, genotypes and ages were independently randomly distributed, keeping the among-gene structure intact. Then for each spot (23,232) on the array, model 2 was tested. The obtained P-values were used to estimate a threshold for each of the explanatory factors. Authors also used a genome-wide threshold of -log10 P-value = 2, which resembles an FDR of 0.072 and 0.060 for marker and the interaction age-marker for the developing worms and FDR of 0.050 and 0.065 for marker and age-marker for the aging worms. For the physiological age effect, authors used a log10 P-value = 8 in developing worms (0.012 FDR) and -log10 P-value = 6 (0.032 FDR).	WBPaper00040858:eQTL_age_regulated_developing
	Genes with expression level regulated by genotype (N2 vs CB4856) at L3 larva and Late reproduction stage (96 hours at 24 centigrade).	For model 2, authors used 100 permutations to estimate the FDR threshold. Per permutation, genotypes and ages were independently randomly distributed, keeping the among-gene structure intact. Then for each spot (23,232) on the array, model 2 was tested. The obtained P-values were used to estimate a threshold for each of the explanatory factors. Authors also used a genome-wide threshold of -log10 P-value = 2, which resembles an FDR of 0.072 and 0.060 for marker and the interaction age-marker for the developing worms and FDR of 0.050 and 0.065 for marker and age-marker for the aging worms. For the physiological age effect, authors used a log10 P-value = 8 in developing worms (0.012 FDR) and -log10 P-value = 6 (0.032 FDR).	WBPaper00040858:eQTL_regulated_developing
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in day 1 adult hermaphrodite comparing to in L4 larva glp-1(e2141) animals.	Fold change > 2, FDR < 0.05	WBPaper00064088:Day-1-adult_vs_L4_upregulated_glp-1(e2141)
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in rrf-3(pk1426) comparing to in N2 at L3 larva stage.	DESeq2v 1.18.1, fold change > 1.5, adjusted p-value < 0.01.	WBPaper00056169:rrf-3(pk1426)_upregulated_L3
Bacteria infection: Bacillus thuringiensis	mRNAs that showed significantly decreased expression after pathogenic bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis infections comparing to non pathogenic BT (BT247(1 to 10 mix) vs BT407 6h), according to RNAseq.	Cuffdiff, ajusted p-value < 0.01.	WBPaper00046497:B.thuringiensis_0.1mix_downregulated_6h
Bacteria infection: Bacillus thuringiensis	mRNAs that showed significantly decreased expression after pathogenic bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis infections comparing to non pathogenic BT (BT247(1 to 10 mix) vs BT407 12h), according to RNAseq.	Cuffdiff, ajusted p-value < 0.01.	WBPaper00046497:B.thuringiensis_0.1mix_downregulated_12h
Bacteria infection: Bacillus thuringiensis	mRNAs that showed significantly decreased expression after pathogenic bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis infections comparing to non pathogenic BT (BT247(1 to 2 mix) vs BT407 6h), according to RNAseq.	Cuffdiff, ajusted p-value < 0.01.	WBPaper00046497:B.thuringiensis_0.5mix_downregulated_6h
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in sin-3(tm1276) comparing to in N2.	DESeq2, fold change > 2, p-value < 0.01.	WBPaper00061203:sin-3(tm1276)_upregulated
Bacteria infection: Bacillus thuringiensis	mRNAs that showed significantly decreased expression after pathogenic bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis infections comparing to non pathogenic BT (BT247(1 to 2 mix) vs BT407 12h), according to RNAseq.	Cuffdiff, ajusted p-value < 0.01.	WBPaper00046497:B.thuringiensis_0.5mix_downregulated_12h
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in aak-1(tm1944);aak-2(ok524) animals comparing to in N2.	DEseq 1.18.0, adjusted p-value < 0.05.	WBPaper00056471:aak-1(tm1944);aak-2(ok524)_upregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in alg-1(gk214), comparing to in N2.	DESeq2, Fold change > 1.5.	WBPaper00051404:alg-1(gk214)_upregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in adr-1(tm668) and adr-1(gv6) comparing to in N2 at L4 larva stage.	DESeq FDR <= 0.05	WBPaper00056617:adr-1_upregulated_L4_transcript
	Genes that showed significantly increased expression in daf-2(e1370);hel-1(gk148684) comparing to in hel-1(gk148684)	To identify DEGs, Students t test and the log2 median ratio test were performed to compute t values and median ratios for all the annotated genes. The adjusted P values from each test were computed using an empirical distribution of the null hypothesis, which was obtained from random permutations of the samples. Finally, the adjusted P values from the individual tests were combined to compute the overall P values using Stouffers method , and genes with overall P < 0.05 and fold change > 1.5 were selected as DEGs.	WBPaper00047131:daf-2(e1370)_upregulated_hel-1(gk148684)-background
	Genes that showed significantly increased expression in daf-2(e1370) comparing to in N2.	To identify DEGs, Students t test and the log2 median ratio test were performed to compute t values and median ratios for all the annotated genes. The adjusted P values from each test were computed using an empirical distribution of the null hypothesis, which was obtained from random permutations of the samples. Finally, the adjusted P values from the individual tests were combined to compute the overall P values using Stouffers method , and genes with overall P < 0.05 and fold change > 1.5 were selected as DEGs.	WBPaper00047131:daf-2(e1370)_upregulated_N2-background
	Transcripts that showed significantly changed expression in 6-day post-L4 adult hermaphrodite comparing to in 1-day post L4 adult hermaphrodite animals.	Sleuth	WBPaper00051558:aging_regulated
Heat Shock: 35C 4 hours at L4 larva stage.	Transcripts that showed significantly decreased expression after L4 larva N2 animals were heat stressed at 35C for 4 hours	DESeq2	WBPaper00057154:HeatShock_downregulated_mRNA

8 Expression Patterns

• Primary Identifier: Expr1032100
• Pattern: Tiling arrays expression graphs

• Primary Identifier: Expr9134
• Remark: Picture: Fig. 3.
• Pattern: pxn-2 transcriptional GFP reporters containing the 1.8 kb promoter sequence defined by rescue experiments were expressed in the embryonic epidermis. Expression was observed in epidermal precursors beginning in late gastrulation (~200 minutes after the first cleavage), which is ~4 hours before the elongation defects of pxn-2 mutants become apparent at 450 minutes. Ppxn-2-GFP was expressed by most differentiated epidermal cells throughout embryonic, larval and adult development. In adults, Ppxn-2-GFP was expressed in vulval muscles and in a small number of neurons, including PVQ.

• Primary Identifier: Expr9135
• Remark: Picture: Fig. 3.
• Subcellular Localization: YFP::PXN-2 was expressed in epidermal cells at all stages, in vulval muscles and in a few neurons. In early embryonic epidermal elongation, most YFP::PXN-2 appeared to be intracellular in epidermal cells, in the locations that likely correspond to compartments of the secretory pathway. By late elongation, YFP::PXN-2 was also found in longitudinal striations adjacent to body wall muscle quadrants. As such longitudinal structures are not found inside the epidermis these are likely to represent localization to the basement membrane between the epidermis and muscles. Consistent with this interpretation, YFP::PXN-2 localized close to endogenous basement membrane components such as perlecan. In larval and adult stages, YFP::PXN-2 was faintly visible throughout the epidermis, in vulval muscles and in PVQ neurons.

• Primary Identifier: Expr1154107
• Pattern: Developmental gene expression time-course. Raw data can be downloaded from ftp://caltech.wormbase.org/pub/wormbase/datasets-published/hashimshony2015

• Primary Identifier: Expr2015201
• Pattern: Single cell embryonic expression. Only cell types with an expression fraction of greater 0.2 of the maximum expressed fraction are labeled (Full data can be downloaded from http://caltech.wormbase.org/pub/wormbase/datasets-published/packer2019/). The colors represent the broad cell class to which the cell type has been assigned. The size of the point is proportional to the log2 of the numbers of cells in the dataset of that cell type. Interactive visualizations are available as a web app (https://cello.shinyapps.io/celegans/) and can also be installed as an R package (https://github.com/qinzhu/VisCello.celegans).

• Primary Identifier: Expr2033435
• Pattern: Single cell embryonic expression. Only cell types with an expression fraction of greater 0.2 of the maximum expressed fraction are labeled (Full data can be downloaded from http://caltech.wormbase.org/pub/wormbase/datasets-published/packer2019/). The colors represent the broad cell class to which the cell type has been assigned. The size of the point is proportional to the log2 of the numbers of cells in the dataset of that cell type. Interactive visualizations are available as a web app (https://cello.shinyapps.io/celegans/) and can also be installed as an R package (https://github.com/qinzhu/VisCello.celegans).

• Primary Identifier: Expr1015080
• Pattern: Developmental gene expression time-course. Raw data can be downloaded from ftp://caltech.wormbase.org/pub/wormbase/datasets-published/levin2012

• Primary Identifier: Expr3586
• Subcellular Localization: Diffuse in nerve cords.

21 GO Annotation

17 Homologues

1 Locations

• Feature . Primary Identifier: WBGene00004257
• Start: 10972164
• End: 10979286
• Strand: -1

21 Ontology Annotations

0 Regulates Expr Cluster

1 Sequence

• Length: 7123

1 Sequence Ontology Term

• Name: gene

2 Strains

• WBStrain00050789
• WBStrain00050779

1 Upstream Intergenic Region

• WormBase ID: intergenic_region_chrX_10979287..10982350
• Length (nt): 3064
• Chromosome Location: X: 10979287-10982350
• Organism: Caenorhabditis elegans