WormMine: Gene WBGene00000935

• WormBase Gene ID: WBGene00000935
• Gene Name: daz-1
• Sequence Name: F56D1.7
• Brief Description: daz-1 encodes a protein containing an RNA recognition motif that is required for the progression of meiosis during oogenesis; DAZ-1 is expressed in the germline, and expression levels peak in the proximal pachytene region; cpb-3(bt17);daz-1(tj3) hermaphrodites have a synthetic phenotype of total sterility and masculinization; DAZ-1 colocalizes with CPB-3 invivo, coimmunoprecipitates with CPB-3, and binds CPB-3 in two-hybrid assays.
• Organism: Caenorhabditis elegans
• Automated Description: Predicted to enable mRNA 3'-UTR binding activity and translation activator activity. Predicted to be involved in 3'-UTR-mediated mRNA stabilization and positive regulation of translational initiation. Located in cytoplasm. Expressed in germ line; gonad; and in male. Is an ortholog of several human genes including DAZ1 (deleted in azoospermia 1); DAZ2 (deleted in azoospermia 2); and DAZ3 (deleted in azoospermia 3).
• Biotype: SO:0001217
• Genetic Position: II :-1.40837 ±0.030556
• Length (nt): 2305

1 Organism

• Name: Caenorhabditis elegans
• Taxon Id: 6239

1 Synonyms

• Value: WBGene00000935

Genomics

1 Transcripts

WormMine ID	Sequence Name	Length (nt)	Chromosome Location
Transcript:F56D1.7.1	F56D1.7.1	1991	II: 5456305-5458609

Other

1 CDSs

WormMine ID	Sequence Name	Length (nt)	Chromosome Location
CDS:F56D1.7	F56D1.7	1497	II: 5456334-5456561

4 RNAi Result

• WBRNAi00048685
• WBRNAi00048687
• WBRNAi00071139
• WBRNAi00008878

32 Allele

• gk963801
• gk963053
• gk963877
• otn11940
• WBVar00245171
• tj3
• tj7
• gk961136
• gk142980
• gk142979
• gk142981
• gk643212
• gk335866
• gk486968
• gk604017
• gk412942
• gk806955
• gk910544
• gk651631
• gk871348
• gk377988
• gk662602
• gk819214
• gk666437
• gk882437
• gk450533
• WBVar00172150
• gk142976
• WBVar02033257
• gk142978

1 Chromosome

• WormBase ID: II
• Organism: Caenorhabditis elegans
• Length (nt): 15279421

1 Chromosome Location

• Feature . Primary Identifier: WBGene00000935
• Start: 5456305
• End: 5458609
• Strand: 1

4 Data Sets

• WormBaseAcedbConverter
• GO Annotation data set
• C. elegans genomic annotations (GFF3 Gene)
• Panther orthologue and paralogue predictions

1 Downstream Intergenic Region

• WormBase ID: intergenic_region_chrII_5458610..5459264
• Length (nt): 655
• Chromosome Location: II: 5458610-5459264
• Organism: Caenorhabditis elegans

214 Expression Clusters

Regulated By Treatment	Description	Algorithm	Primary Identifier
	Genes with expression altered >= 3-fold in dpy-10(e128) mutants.	Data across the wild type series was analyzed using the Significance analysis of Microarrays (SAM) algorithm (to calculate the False Discovery Rate (FDR)).	WBPaper00035873:dpy-10_regulated
	Transcripts of coding genes that showed significantly decreased expression in muscle.	DESeq2 (version 1.24.0). Transcripts with a false-discovery rate adjusted p-value less than 0.05 were considered significantly differentially expressed.	WBPaper00062325:muscle_depleted_coding-RNA
	Transcripts expressed in neuronal cells, by analyzingfluorescence-activated cell sorted (FACS) neurons.	DESeq. False discovry rate (FDR) < 0.1.	WBPaper00048988:neuron_expressed
adult vs dauer larva	Transcripts that showed differential expression in adult vs dauer lava in N2 animals at 20C.	N.A.	WBPaper00050488:adult_vs_dauer_regulated_N2_20C
	mRNAs that showed decreased expression in 1 cell mebryo comparing to in oocyte, according to RNAseq analysis.	Gaussian error propagation. As cutoff for the up-regulated genes authors used log2 fold change > 1 and P < 0.05 and as cutoff for the down-regulated genes authors used log2 fold change < -1 and P < 0.05.	WBPaper00045420:fertilization_downregulated_transcript
	Genes that showed expression levels higher than the corresponding reference sample (embryonic 24hr reference).	A Mann-Whitney U test with an empirical background model and FDR correction for multiple testing was used to detect expressed transcripts (Benjamini and Hochberg 1995). Genes and TARs with an FDR <= 0.05 were reported as expressed above background. Authors detected differentially expressed transcripts using a method based on linear models. Genes and TARs were called differentially expressed if the FDR was <= 0.05 and the fold change (FC) >= 2.0. To more strictly correct for potential false-positives resulting from multiple sample comparisons, authors divided individual FDR estimates by the number of samplesor sample comparisons, respectively. This resulted in an adjusted FDR of 1.3 * 0.0001 for expression above background and of 7.4 * 0.0001 for differential expression. Authors called genes selectively enriched in a given tissue if they met the following requirements: (1) enriched expression in a given tissue (FDR <= 0.05 and FC >= 2.0), (2) fold change versus reference among the upper 40% of the positive FC range observed for this gene across all tissues, and (3) fold-change entropy among the lower 40% of the distribution observed for all genes.	WBPaper00037950:AVE-neuron_L1-larva_expressed
Osmotic stress	Transcripts that showed significantly altered expression with 500 mM salt (NaCl) vs 100 mM salt when food was present	DESeq(version 1.10.1), FDR < 0.05.	WBPaper00050726:OsmoticStress_regulated_Food
	Genes that showed expression levels higher than the corresponding reference sample (embryonic 24hr reference).	A Mann-Whitney U test with an empirical background model and FDR correction for multiple testing was used to detect expressed transcripts (Benjamini and Hochberg 1995). Genes and TARs with an FDR <= 0.05 were reported as expressed above background. Authors detected differentially expressed transcripts using a method based on linear models. Genes and TARs were called differentially expressed if the FDR was <= 0.05 and the fold change (FC) >= 2.0. To more strictly correct for potential false-positives resulting from multiple sample comparisons, authors divided individual FDR estimates by the number of samplesor sample comparisons, respectively. This resulted in an adjusted FDR of 1.3 * 0.0001 for expression above background and of 7.4 * 0.0001 for differential expression. Authors called genes selectively enriched in a given tissue if they met the following requirements: (1) enriched expression in a given tissue (FDR <= 0.05 and FC >= 2.0), (2) fold change versus reference among the upper 40% of the positive FC range observed for this gene across all tissues, and (3) fold-change entropy among the lower 40% of the distribution observed for all genes.	WBPaper00037950:bodywall-muscle_L1-larva_expressed
	Proteins interacting with NHR-49-GFP according to co-IP and LC-MS.	N.A.	WBPaper00064071:NHR-49_interacting
	Transcripts expressed in body muscle, according to PAT-Seq analysis using Pmyo-3-GFP-3XFLAG mRNA tagging.	Cufflinks FPKM value >=1.	WBPaper00050990:body-muscle_expressed
	Transcripts expressed in GABAergic neuron, according to PAT-Seq analysis using Punc-47-GFP-3XFLAG mRNA tagging.	Cufflinks FPKM value >=1.	WBPaper00050990:GABAergic-neuron_expressed
	Transcripts expressed in hypodermis, according to PAT-Seq analysis using Pdpy-7-GFP-3XFLAG mRNA tagging.	Cufflinks FPKM value >=1.	WBPaper00050990:hypodermis_expressed
	Transcripts expressed in intestine, according to PAT-Seq analysis using Pges-1-GFP-3XFLAG mRNA tagging.	Cufflinks FPKM value >=1.	WBPaper00050990:intestine_expressed
	Maternal class (M): genes that are called present in at least one of the three PC6 replicates.	A modified Welch F statistic was used for ANOVA. For each gene, regressed error estimates were substituted for observed error estimates. The substitution is justified by the lack of consistency among the most and least variable genes at each time point. Regressed error estimates were abundance-dependent pooled error estimates that represented a median error estimate from a window of genes of similar abundance to the gene of interest. A randomization test was used to compute the probability Pg of the observed F statistic for gene g under the null hypothesis that developmental time had no effect on expression. P-values were not corrected for multiple testing.	[cgc5767]:expression_class_M
	Transcripts expressed in NMDA neuron, according to PAT-Seq analysis using Pnmr-1-GFP-3XFLAG mRNA tagging.	Cufflinks FPKM value >=1.	WBPaper00050990:NMDA-neuron_expressed
	Transcripts expressed in pharynx, according to PAT-Seq analysis using Pmyo-2-GFP-3XFLAG mRNA tagging.	Cufflinks FPKM value >=1.	WBPaper00050990:pharynx_expressed
	Genes with expression level regulated by genotype (N2 vs CB4856) and age at L3 larva and Late reproduction stage (96 hours at 24 centigrade).	For model 2, authors used 100 permutations to estimate the FDR threshold. Per permutation, genotypes and ages were independently randomly distributed, keeping the among-gene structure intact. Then for each spot (23,232) on the array, model 2 was tested. The obtained P-values were used to estimate a threshold for each of the explanatory factors. Authors also used a genome-wide threshold of -log10 P-value = 2, which resembles an FDR of 0.072 and 0.060 for marker and the interaction age-marker for the developing worms and FDR of 0.050 and 0.065 for marker and age-marker for the aging worms. For the physiological age effect, authors used a log10 P-value = 8 in developing worms (0.012 FDR) and -log10 P-value = 6 (0.032 FDR).	WBPaper00040858:eQTL_age_regulated_developing
	Transcripts expressed in seam cells, according to PAT-Seq analysis using Pgrd-10-GFP-3XFLAG mRNA tagging.	Cufflinks FPKM value >=1.	WBPaper00050990:seam_expressed
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in day 1 adult hermaphrodite comparing to in L4 larva fem-3(q20) animals.	Fold change > 2, FDR < 0.05	WBPaper00064088:Day-1-adult_vs_L4_upregulated_fem-3(q20)
	Genes with expression level regulated by genotype (N2 vs CB4856) at Late reproduction stage (96 hours at 24 centigrade).	Authors permuted transcript values and used a genome-wide threshold of log10 P-value = 2, which resembles a false discovery rate (FDR) of 0.0118.	WBPaper00040858:eQTL_regulated_reproductive
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in day 3 adult hermaphrodite comparing to in L4 larva fem-3(q20) animals.	Fold change > 2, FDR < 0.05	WBPaper00064088:Day-3-adult_vs_L4_upregulated_fem-3(q20)
	Strictly maternal class (SM): genes that are the subset of maternal genes that are not also classified as embryonic.	A modified Welch F statistic was used for ANOVA. For each gene, regressed error estimates were substituted for observed error estimates. The substitution is justified by the lack of consistency among the most and least variable genes at each time point. Regressed error estimates were abundance-dependent pooled error estimates that represented a median error estimate from a window of genes of similar abundance to the gene of interest. A randomization test was used to compute the probability Pg of the observed F statistic for gene g under the null hypothesis that developmental time had no effect on expression. P-values were not corrected for multiple testing.	[cgc5767]:expression_class_SM
Bacteria diet: Sphingomonas aquatilis Yellow. Fed for 30 generations.	Transcripts that showed significantly decreased expression after fed by bacteria Sphingomonas aquatilis (Yellow) for 30 generations comparing to animals fed by E. coli OP50.	DESeq2 fold change > 2, p-value < 0.01.	WBPaper00061007:S.aquatilis_downregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly decreased expression in hsp-6(mg585) comparing to in N2 at L4 larva stage.	EdgeR, fold change > 2, FDR < 0.001.	WBPaper00056290:hsp-6(mg585)_downregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in animals exposed to 400uM tamoxifen from L1 to L4 larva stage.	DEseq2, fold change > 2	WBPaper00064505:tamoxifen_upregulated
Heat Shock: 35C 4 hours at L4 larva stage.	Transcripts that showed significantly decreased expression after L4 larva N2 animals were heat stressed at 35C for 4 hours	DESeq2	WBPaper00057154:HeatShock_downregulated_mRNA
	Transcripts that showed significantly altered expression after 24 hour exposure to stavudine (d4T) starting at L1 lava stage.	DESeq	WBPaper00053302:stavudine_24h_regulated
	Genes down regulated by mir-243(n4759).	RNAs that changed at least 2-fold with a probability of p > 0.05 in three biological replicates were considered differentially regulated between wild-type and mir-243.	WBPaper00036130:mir-243_down_regulated
25C vs. 20C	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in 1-day post L4 adult hermaphrodite N2 grown at 25C, comparing to in N2 animals grown at 20C.	CuffDiff, fold change > 2.	WBPaper00065096:25C_vs_20C_upregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in 10-days post L4 adult hermaphrodite N2 grown at 20C, comparing to in 1-day post L4 adult hermaphrodite N2 animals grown at 20C.	CuffDiff, fold change > 2.	WBPaper00065096:Day10_vs_Day1_upregulated

9 Expression Patterns

• Primary Identifier: Expr1030582
• Pattern: Tiling arrays expression graphs

• Primary Identifier: Expr7850
• Pattern: No details on the actual expression pattern. Authors only mentioned that expression in daz-1(tj3); btIs2 was identical with that of DAZ-1 in the wild-type strain and they referred to previous results of antibody staining (see Expr3154).

• Primary Identifier: Expr964
• Pattern: In hermaphrodites, the daz-1 mRNA was first detected in the germline of the L2 stage larva. Since germ cells enter the meiotic pathway at late L3, the onset of transcription of daz-1 appeared to precede the initiation of meiosis. The hybridization signal increased its intensity as the developmental stage progressed. During the larval stages, the daz-1 mRNA appeared more abundant at the distal region than the proximal region of the gonad. In young adult hermaphrodites, the daz-1 transcripts were detected at a very low level in the distal mitotic region of the gonad, began to accumulate in the meiotic transition zone, and reached the maximum level in the proximal pachytene region. The transcript level dropped sharply in mature oocytes. No hybridization signal was seen in the spermatheca. Compared to hermaphrodites, a much weaker signal was detected in the germline of adult males.

• Primary Identifier: Expr3154
• Pattern: In hermaphrodites, DAZ-1 was detected only in the germline of L2 through adulthood. This observation was consistent with the results of in situ hybridization against daz-1 mRNA carried out previously (see Expr964). With a closer look, however, the gradient of the abundance of DAZ-1 protein within adult gonads did not coincide with that of the mRNA. The mRNA was most abundant in the pachytene region (see Expr964), but DAZ-1 protein was most abundant in the mitotic region and also in the transition zone, where germ cells enter meiosis. Progression of pachytene stage was accompanied by a decrease of DAZ-1 protein, and staining of DAZ-1 faded out around the middle of that stage. No fluorescent signal was detected in the gonads of daz-1-deficient hermaphrodites, confirming that the observed staining was specific to DAZ-1. In males, daz-1 mRNA was barely detectable by in situ hybridization, and loss of daz-1 function did not affect their fertility (Expr964). Rather unexpectedly, however, DAZ-1 protein was detected in the male germline. As in hermaphrodites, DAZ-1 staining was detectable in the mitotic region and the transition zone of adult male gonads, and also in the germline of L3 and L4 larvae. Quantification by Western blotting using the anti-DAZ-1 antibodies indicated that the amount of DAZ-1 protein per gonad of males was approximately 20% of that of hermaphrodites.
• Subcellular Localization: An observation by confocal microscopy under high magnification revealed that DAZ-1 localized to the cytoplasm of syncytial germ cells and to the cytoplasmic core (rachis).

• Primary Identifier: Expr2818
• Pattern: In hermaphrodites, the daz-1 mRNA was first detected in the germline of the L2 stage larva. The hybridization signal increased its intensity as the developmental stage progressed. In young adult hermaphrodites, the daz-1 transcripts were detected at a very low level in the distal mitotic region of the gonad, began to accumulate in the meiotic transition zone, and reached the maximum level in the proximal pachytene region. Compared to hermaphrodites, a much weaker signal, if any, was detected in the germline of adult males. Thus, daz-1 transcription is virtually confined to the female germline, and is regulated according to the developmental stages of oogenesis.

• Primary Identifier: Expr2010796
• Pattern: Single cell embryonic expression. Only cell types with an expression fraction of greater 0.2 of the maximum expressed fraction are labeled (Full data can be downloaded from http://caltech.wormbase.org/pub/wormbase/datasets-published/packer2019/). The colors represent the broad cell class to which the cell type has been assigned. The size of the point is proportional to the log2 of the numbers of cells in the dataset of that cell type. Interactive visualizations are available as a web app (https://cello.shinyapps.io/celegans/) and can also be installed as an R package (https://github.com/qinzhu/VisCello.celegans).

• Primary Identifier: Expr1152445
• Pattern: Developmental gene expression time-course. Raw data can be downloaded from ftp://caltech.wormbase.org/pub/wormbase/datasets-published/hashimshony2015

• Primary Identifier: Expr2029033
• Pattern: Single cell embryonic expression. Only cell types with an expression fraction of greater 0.2 of the maximum expressed fraction are labeled (Full data can be downloaded from http://caltech.wormbase.org/pub/wormbase/datasets-published/packer2019/). The colors represent the broad cell class to which the cell type has been assigned. The size of the point is proportional to the log2 of the numbers of cells in the dataset of that cell type. Interactive visualizations are available as a web app (https://cello.shinyapps.io/celegans/) and can also be installed as an R package (https://github.com/qinzhu/VisCello.celegans).

• Primary Identifier: Expr1011853
• Pattern: Developmental gene expression time-course. Raw data can be downloaded from ftp://caltech.wormbase.org/pub/wormbase/datasets-published/levin2012

12 GO Annotation

12 Homologues

1 Locations

• Feature . Primary Identifier: WBGene00000935
• Start: 5456305
• End: 5458609
• Strand: 1

12 Ontology Annotations

0 Regulates Expr Cluster

1 Sequence

• Length: 2305

1 Sequence Ontology Term