WormMine: Gene WBGene00001745

• WormBase Gene ID: WBGene00001745
• Gene Name: gsa-1
• Sequence Name: R06A10.2
• Brief Description: The gsa-1 gene encodes a Gs alpha subunit of heterotrimeric G proteins which affects L1 larval stage viability, movement, and egg laying; it is genetically upstream of sgs-1 with respect to neuronal degeneration, as defined by gain-of-function analysis, and is expressed in excitable cells.
• Organism: Caenorhabditis elegans
• Automated Description: Predicted to enable G protein-coupled receptor binding activity; G-protein beta/gamma-subunit complex binding activity; and GTPase activity. Involved in several processes, including negative regulation of protein kinase C signaling; nematode pharyngeal pumping; and positive regulation of oocyte maturation. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm. Predicted to be part of heterotrimeric G-protein complex. Expressed in several structures, including excretory cell; intestine; neurons; non-striated muscle; and somatic nervous system. Human ortholog(s) of this gene implicated in several diseases, including ACTH-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia 1; Alzheimer's disease; dystonia 25; and pseudohypoparathyroidism (multiple). Is an ortholog of human GNAL (G protein subunit alpha L).
• Biotype: SO:0001217
• Genetic Position: I :-16.9676 ±0.036154
• Length (nt): 5860

1 Organism

• Name: Caenorhabditis elegans
• Taxon Id: 6239

1 Synonyms

• Value: WBGene00001745

Genomics

2 Transcripts

WormMine ID	Sequence Name	Length (nt)	Chromosome Location
Transcript:R06A10.2a.1	R06A10.2a.1	1640	I: 1068484-1074343
Transcript:R06A10.2b.1	R06A10.2b.1	858	I: 1070383-1074343

Other

2 CDSs

WormMine ID	Sequence Name	Length (nt)	Chromosome Location
CDS:R06A10.2a	R06A10.2a	1137	I: 1068987-1069088
CDS:R06A10.2b	R06A10.2b	858	I: 1070383-1070487

45 RNAi Result

• WBRNAi00051351
• WBRNAi00028224
• WBRNAi00026035
• WBRNAi00026036
• WBRNAi00099819
• WBRNAi00100455
• WBRNAi00004054
• WBRNAi00071682
• WBRNAi00100829
• WBRNAi00070953
• WBRNAi00099213
• WBRNAi00099617
• WBRNAi00099415
• WBRNAi00060492
• WBRNAi00060493
• WBRNAi00117171
• WBRNAi00060490
• WBRNAi00060491
• WBRNAi00117765
• WBRNAi00100081
• WBRNAi00083455
• WBRNAi00083454
• WBRNAi00083459
• WBRNAi00083461
• WBRNAi00083460
• WBRNAi00083465
• WBRNAi00083464
• WBRNAi00083467
• WBRNAi00083469
• WBRNAi00083394

153 Allele

• gk963902
• gk963630
• gk963701
• WBVar02066125
• WBVar01430050
• WBVar01430052
• WBVar01276752
• WBVar01276756
• WBVar01276755
• WBVar00533070
• WBVar01276753
• WBVar02086940
• WBVar01276760
• WBVar01276759
• WBVar01276758
• WBVar01276757
• WBVar01530090
• WBVar01530089
• WBVar01410884
• WBVar01530088
• WBVar01410883
• WBVar01410886
• WBVar00235550
• WBVar01410885
• WBVar01410887
• WBVar02006081
• WBVar00235552
• cxTi10122
• WBVar02039099
• WBVar02052663

1 Chromosome

• WormBase ID: I
• Organism: Caenorhabditis elegans
• Length (nt): 15072434

1 Chromosome Location

• Feature . Primary Identifier: WBGene00001745
• Start: 1068484
• End: 1074343
• Strand: 1

4 Data Sets

• WormBaseAcedbConverter
• GO Annotation data set
• C. elegans genomic annotations (GFF3 Gene)
• Panther orthologue and paralogue predictions

1 Downstream Intergenic Region

• WormBase ID: intergenic_region_chrI_1074344..1077424
• Length (nt): 3081
• Chromosome Location: I: 1074344-1077424
• Organism: Caenorhabditis elegans

150 Expression Clusters

Regulated By Treatment	Description	Algorithm	Primary Identifier
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in L1 neural cells comparing to in adult neural cells.	DESeq2 (v1.18.1) fold change > 2, P-adj<0.05, using BenjaminiHochberg correction.	WBPaper00060811:L1_vs_adult_upregulated_neural
	Transcripts expressed in neuronal cells, by analyzingfluorescence-activated cell sorted (FACS) neurons.	DESeq. False discovry rate (FDR) < 0.1.	WBPaper00048988:neuron_expressed
	Genes that showed expression levels higher than the corresponding reference sample (embryonic 24hr reference).	A Mann-Whitney U test with an empirical background model and FDR correction for multiple testing was used to detect expressed transcripts (Benjamini and Hochberg 1995). Genes and TARs with an FDR <= 0.05 were reported as expressed above background. Authors detected differentially expressed transcripts using a method based on linear models. Genes and TARs were called differentially expressed if the FDR was <= 0.05 and the fold change (FC) >= 2.0. To more strictly correct for potential false-positives resulting from multiple sample comparisons, authors divided individual FDR estimates by the number of samplesor sample comparisons, respectively. This resulted in an adjusted FDR of 1.3 * 0.0001 for expression above background and of 7.4 * 0.0001 for differential expression. Authors called genes selectively enriched in a given tissue if they met the following requirements: (1) enriched expression in a given tissue (FDR <= 0.05 and FC >= 2.0), (2) fold change versus reference among the upper 40% of the positive FC range observed for this gene across all tissues, and (3) fold-change entropy among the lower 40% of the distribution observed for all genes.	WBPaper00037950:all-neurons_L1-larva_expressed
adult vs dauer larva	Transcripts that showed differential expression in adult vs dauer lava in N2 animals at 20C.	N.A.	WBPaper00050488:adult_vs_dauer_regulated_N2_20C
	Neuronally enriched transcripts according to a comparison of neuronal nuclei IP samples to total nuclei using isolation of nuclei from tagged specific cell types (INTACT) technology.	DESEQ2, fold change > 2 and FDR < 0.01.	WBPaper00062103:neuron_enriched
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression glp-1(e2141); TU3401 animals comparing to in TU3401 animals.	Fold change > 2, FDR < 0.01.	WBPaper00065993:glp-1(e2141)_upregulated
	Proteins interacting with NHR-49-GFP according to co-IP and LC-MS.	N.A.	WBPaper00064071:NHR-49_interacting
	Transcripts expressed in the epithelial tissues surrounding the pharynx that includes the arcade and intestinal valve (AIV) cells, according to PAT-Seq analysis using Pbath-15-GFP-3XFLAG mRNA tagging.	Cufflinks FPKM value >=1.	WBPaper00050990:arcade_intestinal-valve_expressed
	Transcripts expressed in body muscle, according to PAT-Seq analysis using Pmyo-3-GFP-3XFLAG mRNA tagging.	Cufflinks FPKM value >=1.	WBPaper00050990:body-muscle_expressed
	Transcripts expressed in GABAergic neuron, according to PAT-Seq analysis using Punc-47-GFP-3XFLAG mRNA tagging.	Cufflinks FPKM value >=1.	WBPaper00050990:GABAergic-neuron_expressed
	Transcripts expressed in hypodermis, according to PAT-Seq analysis using Pdpy-7-GFP-3XFLAG mRNA tagging.	Cufflinks FPKM value >=1.	WBPaper00050990:hypodermis_expressed
	Transcripts that showed significantly decreased expression in atfs-1(cmh15) (null allele) animals comparing to in N2 animals at L4 larva stage.	edgeR, fold change > 2, FDR < 0.05	WBPaper00060909:atfs-1(cmh15)_downregulated
	Transcripts expressed in intestine, according to PAT-Seq analysis using Pges-1-GFP-3XFLAG mRNA tagging.	Cufflinks FPKM value >=1.	WBPaper00050990:intestine_expressed
	Transcripts expressed in NMDA neuron, according to PAT-Seq analysis using Pnmr-1-GFP-3XFLAG mRNA tagging.	Cufflinks FPKM value >=1.	WBPaper00050990:NMDA-neuron_expressed
	Transcripts expressed in pharynx, according to PAT-Seq analysis using Pmyo-2-GFP-3XFLAG mRNA tagging.	Cufflinks FPKM value >=1.	WBPaper00050990:pharynx_expressed
	Genes with expression level regulated by genotype (N2 vs CB4856) and age at L3 larva and Late reproduction stage (96 hours at 24 centigrade).	For model 2, authors used 100 permutations to estimate the FDR threshold. Per permutation, genotypes and ages were independently randomly distributed, keeping the among-gene structure intact. Then for each spot (23,232) on the array, model 2 was tested. The obtained P-values were used to estimate a threshold for each of the explanatory factors. Authors also used a genome-wide threshold of -log10 P-value = 2, which resembles an FDR of 0.072 and 0.060 for marker and the interaction age-marker for the developing worms and FDR of 0.050 and 0.065 for marker and age-marker for the aging worms. For the physiological age effect, authors used a log10 P-value = 8 in developing worms (0.012 FDR) and -log10 P-value = 6 (0.032 FDR).	WBPaper00040858:eQTL_age_regulated_developing
	Genes with expression level regulated by genotype (N2 vs CB4856) at L3 larva and Late reproduction stage (96 hours at 24 centigrade).	For model 2, authors used 100 permutations to estimate the FDR threshold. Per permutation, genotypes and ages were independently randomly distributed, keeping the among-gene structure intact. Then for each spot (23,232) on the array, model 2 was tested. The obtained P-values were used to estimate a threshold for each of the explanatory factors. Authors also used a genome-wide threshold of -log10 P-value = 2, which resembles an FDR of 0.072 and 0.060 for marker and the interaction age-marker for the developing worms and FDR of 0.050 and 0.065 for marker and age-marker for the aging worms. For the physiological age effect, authors used a log10 P-value = 8 in developing worms (0.012 FDR) and -log10 P-value = 6 (0.032 FDR).	WBPaper00040858:eQTL_regulated_developing
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression after four-day-old young adult worms were placed on NGM plates seeded with OP50 in the presence 5% Agaro-oligosaccharides(AGO) for 24 h, comparing to animals grown in the absence of AGO.	Fold change > 2.	WBPaper00064306:Agaro-oligosaccharides_upregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in sin-3(tm1276) comparing to in N2.	DESeq2, fold change > 2, p-value < 0.01.	WBPaper00061203:sin-3(tm1276)_upregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in aak-1(tm1944);aak-2(ok524) animals comparing to in N2.	DEseq 1.18.0, adjusted p-value < 0.05.	WBPaper00056471:aak-1(tm1944);aak-2(ok524)_upregulated
Bacteria infection: Staphylococcus aureus MW2. 4 hours of exposure.	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression after N2 animals had 4 hours of infection by Staphylococcus aureus (MW2).	DEseq 1.18.0, adjusted p-value < 0.05.	WBPaper00056471:S.aureus-4h_upregulated_N2
	Transcripts that showed significantly decreased expression in N2 animals exposed to 0.1mM Paraquat from hatching to reaching adult stage.	DESeq2 version 1.22.2, p < 0.05	WBPaper00064716:paraquat_downregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly decreased expression in sin-3(tm1276) comparing to in N2 at early embryo when there were only 3 -5 eggs in the adult.	DESeq2, fold change > 2, adjusted p-value < 0.01	WBPaper00058598:sin-3(tm1276)_downregulated
	Transcripts depleted in purified oocyte P bodies comparing to in whole oocytes.	DESeq2, FDR < 0.05, fold change > 2.	WBPaper00065975:P-body_vs_oocyte_depleted
	Transcripts depleted in purified oocyte P bodies comparing to in the whole animal.	DESeq2, FDR < 0.05, fold change > 2.	WBPaper00065975:P-body_vs_WholeAnimal_depleted
	Transcripts detected in body muscle nuclei according to a nuclear FACS-based strategy.	Cufflinks	WBPaper00065120:body-muscle-transcriptome
Gamma irradiation 100 mGY per hour for 72 hours since L1 larva.	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression after exposure to 100mGy per hour gamma irradiation from L1 to day 1 adult hermaphrodite stage.	DESeq2, FDR <= 0.05, log2 fold change >= 0.3 or <= -0.3.	WBPaper00058958:100mGy-irradiation-72h_upregulated
	Genes that showed expression levels higher than the corresponding reference sample (L2 all cell reference).	A Mann-Whitney U test with an empirical background model and FDR correction for multiple testing was used to detect expressed transcripts (Benjamini and Hochberg 1995). Genes and TARs with an FDR <= 0.05 were reported as expressed above background. Authors detected differentially expressed transcripts using a method based on linear models. Genes and TARs were called differentially expressed if the FDR was <= 0.05 and the fold change (FC) >= 2.0. To more strictly correct for potential false-positives resulting from multiple sample comparisons, authors divided individual FDR estimates by the number of samplesor sample comparisons, respectively. This resulted in an adjusted FDR of 1.3 * 0.0001 for expression above background and of 7.4 * 0.0001 for differential expression. Authors called genes selectively enriched in a given tissue if they met the following requirements: (1) enriched expression in a given tissue (FDR <= 0.05 and FC >= 2.0), (2) fold change versus reference among the upper 40% of the positive FC range observed for this gene across all tissues, and (3) fold-change entropy among the lower 40% of the distribution observed for all genes.	WBPaper00037950:A-class-motor-neurons_L2-larva_expressed
	Genes that showed expression levels higher than the corresponding reference sample (L2 all cell reference).	A Mann-Whitney U test with an empirical background model and FDR correction for multiple testing was used to detect expressed transcripts (Benjamini and Hochberg 1995). Genes and TARs with an FDR <= 0.05 were reported as expressed above background. Authors detected differentially expressed transcripts using a method based on linear models. Genes and TARs were called differentially expressed if the FDR was <= 0.05 and the fold change (FC) >= 2.0. To more strictly correct for potential false-positives resulting from multiple sample comparisons, authors divided individual FDR estimates by the number of samplesor sample comparisons, respectively. This resulted in an adjusted FDR of 1.3 * 0.0001 for expression above background and of 7.4 * 0.0001 for differential expression. Authors called genes selectively enriched in a given tissue if they met the following requirements: (1) enriched expression in a given tissue (FDR <= 0.05 and FC >= 2.0), (2) fold change versus reference among the upper 40% of the positive FC range observed for this gene across all tissues, and (3) fold-change entropy among the lower 40% of the distribution observed for all genes.	WBPaper00037950:all-neurons_L2-larva_expressed
	Proteins that showed significantly decreased expression after 1-day-old wild type adults were exposed to cisplatin (300ug per mL) for 6 hours.	The differential expression analysis was performed in R. Differentially expressed proteins were identified by using a two-sided t-test on log-transformed data.	WBPaper00065373:Cisplatin_downregulated_WT

8 Expression Patterns

• Primary Identifier: Expr1031038
• Pattern: Tiling arrays expression graphs

• Primary Identifier: Expr686
• Remark: This information was extracted from published material (Archana Sharma-Oates, Andrew Mounsey and Ian A. Hope).
• Pattern: Extensive expression observed in embryos. Larval stages and adults expression restricted to neural and muscle cells, virtually all neurons stain (head ganglia, ventral nerve cord and tail ganglia). Also hermaphrodite-specific neurons (HSNs) and canal-associated neurons (CANs) show expression. Most muscle cells show expression. Body wall muscle cells shows a punctate expression pattern of the translational gsa-1::gfp fusion, which may represent localization in dense bodies. Other muscle cells showing expression include those of the pharynx and uterine and vulva muscle cells. Transcriptional gsa-1::gfp fusion was expressed in the bilateral processes of the excretory cell and at low levels in the intestine.
• Subcellular Localization: Punctate expression pattern in body wall muscle cells, which may represent localization in dense bodies.

• Primary Identifier: Expr1489
• Pattern: Expression patterns of a translational lacZ fusion including most of the gene (PGSAL) was similar to those of the promoter fusion (LF-1). In adult and larval hermaphrodites, many neurons and muscle cells show expression of the reporter. These include neurons in the nerve ring, the ventral nerve cord, and the tail ganglia. Muscles expressing reporters include body wall muscles, the specialized muscles of the pharynx, and the vulva. In the male, male-specific neurons and muscle cells in the tail show the expression. Many epithelial cells in the pharynx and some vulva cells also express the reporter. No expression was observed in hypodermal cells or intestinal cells. Transgenes show similar expression pattern throughout larval development and in adult. The reporter is expressed in embryos at the comma stage and later stages.

• Primary Identifier: Expr1013408
• Pattern: Developmental gene expression time-course. Raw data can be downloaded from ftp://caltech.wormbase.org/pub/wormbase/datasets-published/levin2012

• Primary Identifier: Expr2030518
• Pattern: Single cell embryonic expression. Only cell types with an expression fraction of greater 0.2 of the maximum expressed fraction are labeled (Full data can be downloaded from http://caltech.wormbase.org/pub/wormbase/datasets-published/packer2019/). The colors represent the broad cell class to which the cell type has been assigned. The size of the point is proportional to the log2 of the numbers of cells in the dataset of that cell type. Interactive visualizations are available as a web app (https://cello.shinyapps.io/celegans/) and can also be installed as an R package (https://github.com/qinzhu/VisCello.celegans).

• Primary Identifier: Expr2012282
• Pattern: Single cell embryonic expression. Only cell types with an expression fraction of greater 0.2 of the maximum expressed fraction are labeled (Full data can be downloaded from http://caltech.wormbase.org/pub/wormbase/datasets-published/packer2019/). The colors represent the broad cell class to which the cell type has been assigned. The size of the point is proportional to the log2 of the numbers of cells in the dataset of that cell type. Interactive visualizations are available as a web app (https://cello.shinyapps.io/celegans/) and can also be installed as an R package (https://github.com/qinzhu/VisCello.celegans).

• Primary Identifier: Expr3593
• Subcellular Localization: Diffuse in nerve cords.

• Primary Identifier: Expr1155044
• Pattern: Developmental gene expression time-course. Raw data can be downloaded from ftp://caltech.wormbase.org/pub/wormbase/datasets-published/hashimshony2015

32 GO Annotation

10 Homologues

1 Locations

• Feature . Primary Identifier: WBGene00001745
• Start: 1068484
• End: 1074343
• Strand: 1

32 Ontology Annotations

0 Regulates Expr Cluster

1 Sequence

• Length: 5860

1 Sequence Ontology Term