WormMine: AnatomyTerm WBbt:0005176

• Definition: set of six cells that form a thin cylindrical sheet between pharynx and ring neuropile; no chemical synapses, but gap junctions with muscle arms and RME motor neurons, might be glial cells
• Name: GLR
• Primary Identifier: WBbt:0005176
• Synonym: anomalous_pharynx_cells (TreeNode)

6 Children

Definition	Name	Synonym	Primary Identifier
Set of six cells that form a thin cylindrical sheet between pharynx and ring neuropile; no chemical synapses, but gap junctions with muscle arms and RME motor neurons	GLRL	lineage name: MSapaaaad	WBbt:0004784
Set of six cells that form a thin cylindrical sheet between pharynx and ring neuropile; no chemical synapses, but gap junctions with muscle arms and RME motor neurons	GLRR	lineage name: MSppaaaad	WBbt:0004783
Set of six cells that form a thin cylindrical sheet between pharynx and ring neuropile; no chemical synapses, but gap junctions with muscle arms and RME motor neurons	GLRVR	lineage name: MSppaaaav	WBbt:0004781
Set of six cells that form a thin cylindrical sheet between pharynx and ring neuropile; no chemical synapses, but gap junctions with muscle arms and RME motor neurons	GLRDR	lineage name: MSaaaaaar	WBbt:0004785
Set of six cells that form a thin cylindrical sheet between pharynx and ring neuropile; no chemical synapses, but gap junctions with muscle arms and RME motor neurons	GLRVL	lineage name: MSapaaaav	WBbt:0004782
Set of six cells that form a thin cylindrical sheet between pharynx and ring neuropile; no chemical synapses, but gap junctions with muscle arms and RME motor neurons	GLRDL	lineage name: MSaaaaaal	WBbt:0004786

3 Expression Clusters

Regulated By Treatment	Description	Algorithm	Primary Identifier
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in GLR comparing to control (all cells apart from GLR glia).	DESeq2, fold change > 2, FDR < 0.05.	WBPaper00066510:GLR_enriched
	Single-cell RNA-Seq cell group 119_0 expressed in mesoderm.	scVI 0.6.0	WBPaper00065841:119_0
	Single-cell RNA-Seq cell group 72 expressed in: GLR.	CellRanger, DecontX, Monocle3, Louvain algorithm.	WBPaper00065623:72

7 Expression Patterns

• Primary Identifier: Expr13508
• Pattern: Embryonic (bean and on) GLR cells, ALA?, muscle?

• Primary Identifier: Expr859
• Pattern: cle-1AGFP expression was first detected in comma stage ( 390min) embryos in cephalic neurons. Expression in interneurons and rectal epithelial cells is seen by the 2-fold stage, 60 min later, and continues through larval and adult stages. cle-1BGFP expression was first observed at the 3-fold stage ( 520 min) of embryogenesis in four neurons of the lateral ganglia and in the DD dorsal motorneurons. The postembryonic VD dorsal motorneurons also express cle-1BGFP starting in the second larval stage, and this pattern persists through larval and adult stages. cle-1CGFP expression is first seen in comma stage embryos in pharynx and body wall muscles and later appears in the canal-associated neurons (CAN), head mesodermal cell, accessory muscles, and intestine. During larval development, expression is restricted to the ventral GLR glia like cells, the canal-associated neurons, and the head mesodermal cell. Beginning in the late fourth larval stage and continuing through adult, cle-1CGFP expression appears in somatic sheath cells of the gonad and reappears in body wall muscles.

• Primary Identifier: Expr56
• Remark: 90 cell embryo(author) = 88-cell embryo(curator). CeMyoD :Basic Helix-loop-helix transcription factor. Related to the vertebrate MyoD family that is involved in the regulation of striated muscle cell fate.Vertebrate Homologs: Mammalian factors MyoD, MRF-4, Myf-5, myogenin.Invertebrate Homologs: Drosophila protein "Nautilus", sea urchin "SUM-1". Legacy Data: Author "Seydoux GC" "Krause MW". Date 1995-08. Function: Putative null mutation (cc450) of L. Chen and A.Fire suggests important role for CeMyoD in body wall muscle cell function and morphogenesis. CeMyoD is not required for bwm cell fate determination but is for proper bwm cell differentiation
• Pattern: Antibody staining: Transient nuclear staining in early MS lineage identical to lacZ pattern. Stable nuclear expression begins in the 2 daughters of D at the ~90 cell stage, then C and MS lineages that give rise to body wall muscle cells (bwm). The lone AB bwm appears positive after born. At pretzel stage, nuclear staining in the 6 GLR cells. Staining persists throughout postembryonic development in bwm cells, including post-embryonically born bwm. lacZ reporter gene expression: Multiple constructs with multiple lines. Transient expression in 2 MS daughters and the 4 MS granddaughters. Stable expression begins at ~90 cell stage in two daughters of D. Then on in C, MS lineages that give rise to body wall muscle precursors. At pretzel stage, hlh-1 is also expressed in the 6 GLR cells. positive hybridisation to RNA (in _situ) same as lacZ pattern except RNA appears to go away at bean stage and reappear later in embryogenesis

• Primary Identifier: Expr3994
• Pattern: All reporters show qualitatively similar expression patterns. In transgenic embryos, gfp expression is detected in the developing gut by the comma stage and up to the 2-fold stage. By the late 3-fold stage of embryogenesis, dig-1 reporter constructs become strongly expressed in mesodermal cells. In larvae of all stages and adults, dig-1 reporter genes remain strongly expressed in mesodermal cells, including body wall, head, vulval, uterine, pharyngeal muscles, and in enteric and anal depressor muscles. Additional mesodermal cells expressing the dig-1 reporter construct include support cells in the head (GLR cells), the head mesodermal cell, coelomocytes and sex myoblasts. Expression could also be observed in the hypodermis. No expression could be observed in the nervous system.

• Primary Identifier: Expr12631
• Pattern: In Pgbas-1::GFP transgenic animals GFP signals were observed in some neurons (head and tail neurons, HSN and VC), a subset of glial cells (GLR), distal tip cells (DTC) and intestine.

• Primary Identifier: Expr11379
• Remark: Feature : WBsf047534. Enhancer region 'enh-4' for hlh-1.
• Pattern: enh-4 was active in C, D and MS muscle lineages in the embryo and in body wall musculature in the adult. Expression was detected also in GLR.

• Primary Identifier: Expr1065
• Pattern: Expression of let-268::GFP begins at the 1.5-fold stage and continues throughout development. let-268::GFP is detected in the body wall muscle cells and in the glial like cells (GLR cells). However, let-268::GFP was not observed in the distal tip cells of the gonad, the spermatheca, or the vulva muscles.
• Subcellular Localization: GFP signal produced from the let-268::GFP fusion protein appears to localize to a subcellular organelle that surrounds the nucleus in the body wall muscle cells and the GLR cells.

0 Life Stages

2 Parents

Definition	Name	Synonym	Primary Identifier
cells that support sensory neurons, similar to glial cells in vertebrates. A category which collectively refers to socket cells, sheath cells, and structural cells, or their processes. All of these cells extend long processes which serve a supporting role, rather like glia, to form a protective environment around sensory neuron endings. In addition, some of these cells extend broad thin processes from their somata which wrap around neuronal ganglia, again in a glia-like fashion	accessory cell	support cell	WBbt:0005762
the organ system that allows the animal move, includes all muscles.	muscular system		WBbt:0005737