WormMine: Gene WBGene00000934

• WormBase Gene ID: WBGene00000934
• Gene Name: dat-1
• Sequence Name: T23G5.5
• Brief Description: dat-1 encodes a plasma membrane dopamine transporter; DAT-1 is predicted to regulate dopaminergic neurotransmission via reuptake of dopamine into presynaptic neurons; when expressed in HeLa cells, DAT-1 exhibits high affinity, saturable dopamine transport; further, in primary cultures of C. elegans dopaminergic neurons, DAT-1 also exhibits a channel mode of conduction that leads to membrane depolarization; in hermaphrodites, dat-1 is expressed in the eight dopaminergic neurons (4 CEPs, 2 ADEs, and 2 PDEs), while in males dat-1 is additionally expressed in the three pairs of tail dopaminergic neurons; dat-1 expression begins during embryogenesis with the exception of expression in the PDE neurons which are born postembryonically.
• Organism: Caenorhabditis elegans
• Automated Description: Enables amine transmembrane transporter activity; chloride channel activity; and dopamine:sodium symporter activity. Involved in several processes, including cellular response to amphetamine; dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission; and regulation of locomotion involved in locomotory behavior. Located in neuron projection membrane; neuronal cell body membrane; and presynaptic membrane. Expressed in dopaminergic neurons; tail; and in male. Used to study dopamine beta-hydroxylase deficiency. Human ortholog(s) of this gene implicated in several diseases, including alcohol dependence; attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; and classic dopamine transporter deficiency syndrome. Is an ortholog of human SLC6A2 (solute carrier family 6 member 2) and SLC6A3 (solute carrier family 6 member 3).
• Biotype: SO:0001217
• Genetic Position: III :0.361721 ±0.009764
• Length (nt): 3828

1 Organism

• Name: Caenorhabditis elegans
• Taxon Id: 6239

1 Synonyms

• Value: WBGene00000934

Genomics

1 Transcripts

WormMine ID	Sequence Name	Length (nt)	Chromosome Location
Transcript:T23G5.5.1	T23G5.5.1	2074	III: 9242975-9246802

Other

1 CDSs

WormMine ID	Sequence Name	Length (nt)	Chromosome Location
CDS:T23G5.5	T23G5.5	1848	III: 9242975-9242993

6 RNAi Result

• WBRNAi00053978
• WBRNAi00019106
• WBRNAi00076706
• WBRNAi00006239
• WBRNAi00027843
• WBRNAi00081643

50 Allele

• gk964518
• gk963887
• gk963932
• gk799245
• gk324437
• gk597393
• gk821154
• gk692444
• gk561833
• gk346750
• gk929191
• gk484353
• gk630209
• gk394378
• gk521727
• gk820573
• gk322641
• gk707087
• gk398276
• gk870317
• gk664974
• gk731537
• gk933745
• gk559174
• gk665621
• gk881393
• gk581300
• gk781749
• tm903
• gk181714

1 Chromosome

• WormBase ID: III
• Organism: Caenorhabditis elegans
• Length (nt): 13783801

1 Chromosome Location

• Feature . Primary Identifier: WBGene00000934
• Start: 9242975
• End: 9246802
• Strand: 1

4 Data Sets

• WormBaseAcedbConverter
• GO Annotation data set
• C. elegans genomic annotations (GFF3 Gene)
• Panther orthologue and paralogue predictions

1 Downstream Intergenic Region

• WormBase ID: intergenic_region_chrIII_9246803..9247524
• Length (nt): 722
• Chromosome Location: III: 9246803-9247524
• Organism: Caenorhabditis elegans

137 Expression Clusters

Regulated By Treatment	Description	Algorithm	Primary Identifier
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in L1 neural cells comparing to in adult neural cells.	DESeq2 (v1.18.1) fold change > 2, P-adj<0.05, using BenjaminiHochberg correction.	WBPaper00060811:L1_vs_adult_upregulated_neural
	Transcripts of coding genes that showed significantly decreased expression in muscle.	DESeq2 (version 1.24.0). Transcripts with a false-discovery rate adjusted p-value less than 0.05 were considered significantly differentially expressed.	WBPaper00062325:muscle_depleted_coding-RNA
	Transcripts expressed in neuronal cells, by analyzingfluorescence-activated cell sorted (FACS) neurons.	DESeq. False discovry rate (FDR) < 0.1.	WBPaper00048988:neuron_expressed
	Genes that showed expression levels higher than the corresponding reference sample (embryonic 24hr reference).	A Mann-Whitney U test with an empirical background model and FDR correction for multiple testing was used to detect expressed transcripts (Benjamini and Hochberg 1995). Genes and TARs with an FDR <= 0.05 were reported as expressed above background. Authors detected differentially expressed transcripts using a method based on linear models. Genes and TARs were called differentially expressed if the FDR was <= 0.05 and the fold change (FC) >= 2.0. To more strictly correct for potential false-positives resulting from multiple sample comparisons, authors divided individual FDR estimates by the number of samplesor sample comparisons, respectively. This resulted in an adjusted FDR of 1.3 * 0.0001 for expression above background and of 7.4 * 0.0001 for differential expression. Authors called genes selectively enriched in a given tissue if they met the following requirements: (1) enriched expression in a given tissue (FDR <= 0.05 and FC >= 2.0), (2) fold change versus reference among the upper 40% of the positive FC range observed for this gene across all tissues, and (3) fold-change entropy among the lower 40% of the distribution observed for all genes.	WBPaper00037950:all-neurons_L1-larva_expressed
adult vs dauer larva	Transcripts that showed differential expression in adult vs dauer lava in N2 animals at 20C.	N.A.	WBPaper00050488:adult_vs_dauer_regulated_N2_20C
	TGF- Dauer pathway adult transcriptional targets. Results obtained by comparing the microarray results of the dauer-constitutive mutants daf-7(e1372), daf-7(m62), and daf-1(m40) with dauer-defective mutants daf-3(mgDf90), daf-5(e1386), and daf-7(e1372);daf-3(mgDf90) double mutants at the permissive temperature, 20C, on the first day of adulthood.	SAM	WBPaper00031040:TGF-beta_adult_upregulated
Osmotic stress	Transcripts that showed significantly altered expression with 500 mM salt (NaCl) vs 100 mM salt when food was present	DESeq(version 1.10.1), FDR < 0.05.	WBPaper00050726:OsmoticStress_regulated_Food
	Neuronally enriched transcripts according to a comparison of neuronal nuclei IP samples to total nuclei using isolation of nuclei from tagged specific cell types (INTACT) technology.	DESEQ2, fold change > 2 and FDR < 0.01.	WBPaper00062103:neuron_enriched
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression glp-1(e2141); TU3401 animals comparing to in TU3401 animals.	Fold change > 2, FDR < 0.01.	WBPaper00065993:glp-1(e2141)_upregulated
	Genes with expression level regulated by genotype (N2 vs CB4856) at L3 larva and Late reproduction stage (96 hours at 24 centigrade).	For model 2, authors used 100 permutations to estimate the FDR threshold. Per permutation, genotypes and ages were independently randomly distributed, keeping the among-gene structure intact. Then for each spot (23,232) on the array, model 2 was tested. The obtained P-values were used to estimate a threshold for each of the explanatory factors. Authors also used a genome-wide threshold of -log10 P-value = 2, which resembles an FDR of 0.072 and 0.060 for marker and the interaction age-marker for the developing worms and FDR of 0.050 and 0.065 for marker and age-marker for the aging worms. For the physiological age effect, authors used a log10 P-value = 8 in developing worms (0.012 FDR) and -log10 P-value = 6 (0.032 FDR).	WBPaper00040858:eQTL_regulated_developing
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression after four-day-old young adult worms were placed on NGM plates seeded with OP50 in the presence 5% Agaro-oligosaccharides(AGO) for 24 h, comparing to animals grown in the absence of AGO.	Fold change > 2.	WBPaper00064306:Agaro-oligosaccharides_upregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in adr-1(tm668) and adr-1(gv6) comparing to in N2 at embryo stage.	DESeq FDR <= 0.05	WBPaper00056617:adr-1_upregulated_embryo_transcript
	Genes that showed significantly increased expression in daf-2(e1370);hel-1(gk148684) comparing to in hel-1(gk148684)	To identify DEGs, Students t test and the log2 median ratio test were performed to compute t values and median ratios for all the annotated genes. The adjusted P values from each test were computed using an empirical distribution of the null hypothesis, which was obtained from random permutations of the samples. Finally, the adjusted P values from the individual tests were combined to compute the overall P values using Stouffers method , and genes with overall P < 0.05 and fold change > 1.5 were selected as DEGs.	WBPaper00047131:daf-2(e1370)_upregulated_hel-1(gk148684)-background
	Genes that showed significantly increased expression in daf-2(e1370) comparing to in N2.	To identify DEGs, Students t test and the log2 median ratio test were performed to compute t values and median ratios for all the annotated genes. The adjusted P values from each test were computed using an empirical distribution of the null hypothesis, which was obtained from random permutations of the samples. Finally, the adjusted P values from the individual tests were combined to compute the overall P values using Stouffers method , and genes with overall P < 0.05 and fold change > 1.5 were selected as DEGs.	WBPaper00047131:daf-2(e1370)_upregulated_N2-background
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in animal with pgph-2 overepxreesion [pgph-2p-pgph-2; myo-2p-mcherry] in glucose excess condition.	Genes with anadjusted P-value <= 0.05 found by DESeq2 were assigned as differentially expressed.	WBPaper00065926:pgph-2(overepxreesion)_upregulated_glucose
	Genes with increased RNA expression after 24 hours rotenone treatment	EdgeR provides statistical routines for determining differential expression in digital gene expression data using a model based on the negative binomial distribution. The resulting p-values were adjusted using the Benjamini and Hochbergs approach for controlling the false discovery rate (FDR). Transcripts with an adjusted p-value smaller 0.05 were assigned as differentially expressed.	WBPaper00044426:rotenone_24h_upregulated
	Genes that showed expression levels higher than the corresponding reference sample (L2 all cell reference).	A Mann-Whitney U test with an empirical background model and FDR correction for multiple testing was used to detect expressed transcripts (Benjamini and Hochberg 1995). Genes and TARs with an FDR <= 0.05 were reported as expressed above background. Authors detected differentially expressed transcripts using a method based on linear models. Genes and TARs were called differentially expressed if the FDR was <= 0.05 and the fold change (FC) >= 2.0. To more strictly correct for potential false-positives resulting from multiple sample comparisons, authors divided individual FDR estimates by the number of samplesor sample comparisons, respectively. This resulted in an adjusted FDR of 1.3 * 0.0001 for expression above background and of 7.4 * 0.0001 for differential expression. Authors called genes selectively enriched in a given tissue if they met the following requirements: (1) enriched expression in a given tissue (FDR <= 0.05 and FC >= 2.0), (2) fold change versus reference among the upper 40% of the positive FC range observed for this gene across all tissues, and (3) fold-change entropy among the lower 40% of the distribution observed for all genes.	WBPaper00037950:A-class-motor-neurons_L2-larva_expressed
	Genes that showed expression levels higher than the corresponding reference sample (L2 all cell reference).	A Mann-Whitney U test with an empirical background model and FDR correction for multiple testing was used to detect expressed transcripts (Benjamini and Hochberg 1995). Genes and TARs with an FDR <= 0.05 were reported as expressed above background. Authors detected differentially expressed transcripts using a method based on linear models. Genes and TARs were called differentially expressed if the FDR was <= 0.05 and the fold change (FC) >= 2.0. To more strictly correct for potential false-positives resulting from multiple sample comparisons, authors divided individual FDR estimates by the number of samplesor sample comparisons, respectively. This resulted in an adjusted FDR of 1.3 * 0.0001 for expression above background and of 7.4 * 0.0001 for differential expression. Authors called genes selectively enriched in a given tissue if they met the following requirements: (1) enriched expression in a given tissue (FDR <= 0.05 and FC >= 2.0), (2) fold change versus reference among the upper 40% of the positive FC range observed for this gene across all tissues, and (3) fold-change entropy among the lower 40% of the distribution observed for all genes.	WBPaper00037950:all-neurons_L2-larva_expressed
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in daf-2(e1370) comparing to in N2.	Differential gene expression analysis was performed using the quasi-likeli-hood framework in edgeR package v. 3.20.1 in R v. 3.4.1.	WBPaper00053810:daf-2(e1370)_upregulated
	Genes that showed expression levels higher than the corresponding reference sample (L3/L4 all cell reference).	A Mann-Whitney U test with an empirical background model and FDR correction for multiple testing was used to detect expressed transcripts (Benjamini and Hochberg 1995). Genes and TARs with an FDR <= 0.05 were reported as expressed above background. Authors detected differentially expressed transcripts using a method based on linear models. Genes and TARs were called differentially expressed if the FDR was <= 0.05 and the fold change (FC) >= 2.0. To more strictly correct for potential false-positives resulting from multiple sample comparisons, authors divided individual FDR estimates by the number of samplesor sample comparisons, respectively. This resulted in an adjusted FDR of 1.3 * 0.0001 for expression above background and of 7.4 * 0.0001 for differential expression. Authors called genes selectively enriched in a given tissue if they met the following requirements: (1) enriched expression in a given tissue (FDR <= 0.05 and FC >= 2.0), (2) fold change versus reference among the upper 40% of the positive FC range observed for this gene across all tissues, and (3) fold-change entropy among the lower 40% of the distribution observed for all genes.	WBPaper00037950:dopaminergic-neurons_L3-L4-larva_expressed
	Transcripts that showed significantly decreased expression in rbr-2(tm3141) comparing to in N2 animals.	Mapped reads were analyzed for transcript assembly and differential expression using Cufflinks 2.1.1 with a filter of twofold difference and FDR correction (P < 0.05).	WBPaper00050080:rbr-2(tm3141)_downregulated
	Genes that showed expression levels higher than the corresponding reference sample (L3/L4 all cell reference).	A Mann-Whitney U test with an empirical background model and FDR correction for multiple testing was used to detect expressed transcripts (Benjamini and Hochberg 1995). Genes and TARs with an FDR <= 0.05 were reported as expressed above background. Authors detected differentially expressed transcripts using a method based on linear models. Genes and TARs were called differentially expressed if the FDR was <= 0.05 and the fold change (FC) >= 2.0. To more strictly correct for potential false-positives resulting from multiple sample comparisons, authors divided individual FDR estimates by the number of samplesor sample comparisons, respectively. This resulted in an adjusted FDR of 1.3 * 0.0001 for expression above background and of 7.4 * 0.0001 for differential expression. Authors called genes selectively enriched in a given tissue if they met the following requirements: (1) enriched expression in a given tissue (FDR <= 0.05 and FC >= 2.0), (2) fold change versus reference among the upper 40% of the positive FC range observed for this gene across all tissues, and (3) fold-change entropy among the lower 40% of the distribution observed for all genes.	WBPaper00037950:PVD-OLL-neurons_L3-L4-larva_expressed
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in wdr-23(mac32) embryos from parents fed with E. coliHB101, comparing to N2 embryos parents fed with E. coli HB101.	DESeq2, Fold Change > 2 or < 0.5.	WBPaper00059566:wdr-23(mac32)_upregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in hda-2(ok1479) comparing to in N2 animals.	DESeq2 (version 1.28.1), FDR < 0.01, fold change > 2.	WBPaper00062159:hda-2(ok1479)_upregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in npr-15(tm12539) comparing to in N2 at L4 larva stage.	Fold change > 2, FDR < 0.05.	WBPaper00066608:npr-15(tm12539)_upregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly decreased expression after animals were treated with 100uM Psora and 250uM Allantoin from day 1 to day 3 adult hermaphradite.	DESeq2(v1.14.1), fold change > 2, p-value < 0.05	WBPaper00055354:Psora-Allantoin_downregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly decreased expression after animals were treated with 100uM Rapamycin and 50uM Rifampicin from day 1 to day 3 adult hermaphradite.	DESeq2(v1.14.1), fold change > 2, p-value < 0.05	WBPaper00055354:Rapamycin-Rifampicin_downregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly decreased expression after animals were treated with 50uM Rifampicin and 250uM Allantoin from day 1 to day 3 adult hermaphradite.	DESeq2(v1.14.1), fold change > 2, p-value < 0.05	WBPaper00055354:Rifampicin-Allantoin_downregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in daf-2(e1370) comparing to in N2.	Student's t-test, fold change > 2, p-value < 0.05.	WBPaper00055386:daf-2(e1370)_upregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly decreased expression in set-2(tm1630) animals at embryo stage, comparing to in N2 animals.	DESeq2 (v2.1.8.3) was used to determine DE genes and to generate principal component and scatter plots. DE genes with FDR < 0.05 were analysed using g:Profiler with Bonferroni correction.	WBPaper00060014:set-2(tm1630)_downregulated

15 Expression Patterns

• Primary Identifier: Marker31
• Remark: Picture: Figure 2B. Reporter gene fusion type not specified.
• Pattern: Expressed in CEP neurons.

• Primary Identifier: Expr8327
• Remark: Picture: Fig. 3C.
• Subcellular Localization: A majority of wild-type animals displayed immunofluorescent labeling within the soma and processes of all DA head neurons, including the four cephalic (CEPs) neurons and the two anterior dierdic neurons (ADEs). Significant immunofluorescence emanated from the ADE and CEP cell bodies, whereas the most intense labeling was localized to compartments typical of synaptic terminals innervating the nerve ring. Immunofluorescence was much reduced along dendritic projections arising from the CEP cell bodies. Labeling of the two DA posterior dierdic neurons (PDEs) was rarely observed. Staining was most evident in L2 to L3 and young adult animals and became progressively more difficult to detect as animals aged.

• Primary Identifier: Expr15332

• Primary Identifier: Expr1643
• Pattern: Intense expression of GFP in all eight neurons that are ADEL/R, PDEL/R, CEPVL/R,DL/R.

• Primary Identifier: Expr13930
• Pattern: dat-1::mCherry signals were detected in the four pairs of dopaminergic cells (PDE, ADE, CEPD and CEPV).

• Primary Identifier: Expr3689
• Remark: The GFP:DAT-1 fusion is functional in vivo since it fully restores 6-OHDA sensitivity to a (BY329 dat-1(ok157); vtIs6; vtIs7).
• Pattern: Animals produced expressing the wild-type DAT-1 translational fusion (BY312 vtIs6 [Pdat-1::GFP:DAT-1; rol-6]), displayed a readily detectable level of expression in all dopaminergic head neurons (CEP, ADE). This expression pattern is consistent with the DA neuron-specific expression of a dat-1 transcriptional fusion (BY200), described previously (see Paper cgc5147).
• Subcellular Localization: Expression of GFP:DAT-1 was observed along the plasma membrane of the CEP and ADE cell somas, out along dendrites, and in axons terminating in synapses localized to the nerve ring.

• Primary Identifier: Expr10650
• Pattern: Confocal analysis of wild-type GFP:DAT-1 expression in CEP neurons revealed moderate levels of transporter expression in DA cell bodies, low levels in dendrites and axons, and high expression in presynaptic terminals.

• Primary Identifier: Expr2010795
• Pattern: Single cell embryonic expression. Only cell types with an expression fraction of greater 0.2 of the maximum expressed fraction are labeled (Full data can be downloaded from http://caltech.wormbase.org/pub/wormbase/datasets-published/packer2019/). The colors represent the broad cell class to which the cell type has been assigned. The size of the point is proportional to the log2 of the numbers of cells in the dataset of that cell type. Interactive visualizations are available as a web app (https://cello.shinyapps.io/celegans/) and can also be installed as an R package (https://github.com/qinzhu/VisCello.celegans).

• Primary Identifier: Marker1
• Remark: Picture: Fig 1a and d; Movie S1.
• Pattern: Intense GFP expression was observed in all three classes of dopamine neurons in the hermaphrodite without any apparent expression in other cell types ). GFP expression was first evident in embryos, whereas expression within the posterior neurons was observed only postembryonically. In addition, the three pairs of tail dopamine neurons can be visualized in males derived from this Pdat-1::GFP line, supporting a restricted expression of the DAT-1 promoter to dopaminergic neurons.

• Primary Identifier: Expr2029032
• Pattern: Single cell embryonic expression. Only cell types with an expression fraction of greater 0.2 of the maximum expressed fraction are labeled (Full data can be downloaded from http://caltech.wormbase.org/pub/wormbase/datasets-published/packer2019/). The colors represent the broad cell class to which the cell type has been assigned. The size of the point is proportional to the log2 of the numbers of cells in the dataset of that cell type. Interactive visualizations are available as a web app (https://cello.shinyapps.io/celegans/) and can also be installed as an R package (https://github.com/qinzhu/VisCello.celegans).

• Primary Identifier: Expr3390
• Pattern: When embryonic cells was dissociated from Pdat-1::GFP, transgenic nematodes that express GFP in all DA neurons, the number of GFP-positive cells counted by fluorescence-activated cell sorting was found to be proportional to that expected in the mature embryo ($(A!V(B0.5% of the total number of cells).

• Primary Identifier: Expr16074
• Pattern: The authors confirmed the dopaminergic-specific expression of pcat-2 and pdat-1 using a reporter gene.

• Primary Identifier: Expr14709
• Subcellular Localization: As previously described, quantitation of the distribution of GFP:DAT-1 in N2 head dopaminergic neurons demonstrates that expression of GFP::DAT-1 is highest in synapses, followed by the cell soma and then in dendrites.

• Primary Identifier: Expr1157524
• Pattern: Developmental gene expression time-course. Raw data can be downloaded from ftp://caltech.wormbase.org/pub/wormbase/datasets-published/hashimshony2015

• Primary Identifier: Expr1017393
• Pattern: Developmental gene expression time-course. Raw data can be downloaded from ftp://caltech.wormbase.org/pub/wormbase/datasets-published/levin2012

33 GO Annotation

9 Homologues

1 Locations

• Feature . Primary Identifier: WBGene00000934
• Start: 9242975
• End: 9246802
• Strand: 1

33 Ontology Annotations

0 Regulates Expr Cluster

1 Sequence

• Length: 3828

1 Sequence Ontology Term

• Name: gene

10 Strains

• WBStrain00033394
• WBStrain00034689
• WBStrain00035179
• WBStrain00040349
• WBStrain00040348
• WBStrain00051814
• WBStrain00004027
• WBStrain00004031
• WBStrain00004026
• WBStrain00004039

1 Upstream Intergenic Region

• WormBase ID: intergenic_region_chrIII_9242727..9242974
• Length (nt): 248
• Chromosome Location: III: 9242727-9242974
• Organism: Caenorhabditis elegans