WormMine: AnatomyTerm WBbt:0004086

• Definition: Neuron class of one neuron, posterior ventral microtuble cell, touch receptor.
• Name: PVM
• Primary Identifier: WBbt:0004086
• Synonym: lineage name: QL.paa

1 Children

Definition	Name	Synonym	Primary Identifier
nucleus of pedigree QL.paa	QL.paa nucleus		WBbt:0002627

5 Expression Clusters

Regulated By Treatment	Description	Algorithm	Primary Identifier
	Single-cell RNA-Seq cell group 20_1 expressed in neuron.	scVI 0.6.0	WBPaper00065841:20_1
	Single-cell RNA-Seq cell group 54_0 expressed in neuron.	scVI 0.6.0	WBPaper00065841:54_0
	Transcripts enriched in PVM according to single cell RNAseq.	Genes that pass the Bonferroni threshold for multiple comparisons (q < 0.05) are significantly enriched.	WBPaper00061651:PVM_enriched
	Single-cell RNA-Seq cell group 20_0 expressed in neuron.	scVI 0.6.0	WBPaper00065841:20_0
	Single-cell RNA-Seq cell group 75 expressed in: PVM; AVM.	CellRanger, DecontX, Monocle3, Louvain algorithm.	WBPaper00065623:75

114 Expression Patterns

• Primary Identifier: Expr4900
• Remark: Picture: Figure 4.
• Pattern: UNC-69::GFP expression was first detectable in embryos. In immature neurons, UNC-69::GFP expressed in the processes and growth cones of developing neurites. In older larvae and adults, UNC-69::GFP was expressed in neurons of the anterior, lateral, ventral and retro-vesicular ganglia in the head, and in neurons of the preanal, dorso-rectal and lumbar ganglia in the tail. The fusion protein was also present in the ventral nerve cord (VNC), in the dorsal nerve cord (DNC), in the dorsal and ventral sublateral nerve cords, and in commissural axons. The reporter was expressed in the neurons named CAN, HSN, ALM, PLM, AVM, PVM, BDU, and SDQR, as evidenced by its localization to the cell bodies of these neurons. Expression of unc-69 in these latter cells was confirmed using an unc-69::LacZ::NLS fusion.
• Subcellular Localization: In immature neurons, UNC-69::GFP expressed in the processes and growth cones of developing neurites. In older larvae and adults, UNC-69::GFP was expressed in the cell bodies of neurons.

• Primary Identifier: Expr15649

• Primary Identifier: Marker49
• Remark: Picture: N.A. Reporter gene fusion type not specified.
• Pattern: Expressed in anterior neurons, including AIY, AIZ, RID, M5, ASI, and labial sensory neurons, VNC motorneurons, midbody neurons HSN, CAN, and PVM, tail neurons DVB, DVC, and PDB, and the nonneuronal excretory cell, uterine muscles. -- according to pers. comm. from Oliver Hobert.

• Primary Identifier: Expr15558

• Primary Identifier: Expr15567

• Primary Identifier: Expr15571

• Primary Identifier: Expr15572

• Primary Identifier: Expr15573

• Primary Identifier: Expr15579

• Primary Identifier: Expr2937
• Pattern: Both ahr-1:GFP reporters are expressed during embryonic and larval development. Expression is first detected in two cells 260 min after the first cleavage. By midembryogenesis (pre-comma stage), 14 cells express the pJ360 ahr-1:GFP fusion gene. At the 2-fold stage of embryogenesis, two cells express ahr-1:GFP in the tail, and the remaining fluorescing cells are in the forming head. During the first larval stage. ahr-1:GFP is expressed in 28 neurons, several blast cells, and two phasmid socket cells. The neurons that express ahr-1:GFP include ALNR/ALNL, AQR/PQR, AVM/PVM, BDUR/BDUL, PLMR/PLML, PLNR/PLNL, PHCL/PHCR, PVWL/PVWR, RMEL/RMER, SDQR/SDQL, and URXR/URXL. The T.pa, T.ppa, and T.ppp blast cells in the tail express ahr-1:GFP, as do all of their descendents, including the PHso1 and PHso2 phasmid socket cells. ahr-1:GFP is also expressed in the MI and I3 neurons in the pharynx and the G2 and W blast cells. Four additional cells in the head express ahr-1:GFP, tentatively identified as the ASK and RIP neurons.
• Subcellular Localization: The pJ360 construct includes the entire ahr-1 genomic sequence, and transgenic animals express this fusion protein in a subset of neuronal nuclei. The pHT102 transgene lacks most of the ahr-1 coding sequence and labels axons as well as nuclei.

• Primary Identifier: Expr15586

• Primary Identifier: Expr15651

• Primary Identifier: Expr15652

• Primary Identifier: Expr15589

• Primary Identifier: Expr15591

• Primary Identifier: Expr15598

• Primary Identifier: Expr15604

• Primary Identifier: Expr14590
• Pattern: Embryonic expression of exc-7 was first observed at the bean stage. By reverse lineaging with use of SIMI-Biocell software, we confirm the identity of one of the expressing cells at this stage as the excretory canal cell. In L1 animals, broad expression in the head, ventral nerve cord (VNC), and tail was observed. In young adults, expression is notably observed in vulva cells. In the nervous system specifically, expression is observed in many neurons throughout the body, but unlike Drosophila Elav, exc-7::gfp it is not panneuronally expressed. We confirmed previously reported expression in cholinergic VNC MNs, but absence of GABAergic VNC MNs, consistent with previous reports (Fujita et al., 1999; Loria et al., 2003) and consistent with exc-7 functioning in cholinergic, but not GABAergic neurons to control alternative splicing (Norris et al., 2014). exc-7::gfp is also expressed in some non-neuronal cell types, including muscle and hypodermis, but not in the gut. A previous report showed that exc-7 is only transiently and weakly expressed in the excretory cell, which, based on exc-7's excretory mutant phenotype, has puzzled researchers (Fujita et al., 2003). We find that the gfp tagged exc-7 locus is strongly and continuously expressed in the excretory canal cell.

• Primary Identifier: Expr15608

• Primary Identifier: Expr15611

• Primary Identifier: Expr720
• Remark: This information was extracted from published material (Archana Sharma-Oates, Andrew Mounsey and Ian A. Hope).
• Pattern: Prominent staining of the entire nervous system, specially the axonal processes emanating from neuronal cell bodies is observed at all developmental stages. Neuronal processes including axonal and dendrites consistently stains brighter than the cell bodies. Staining is detected in the central neurophil (nerve ring) in the head, the ventral cord consisting of motor neurons along the body length, lateral nerve cords, lumbar commissures and neuronal cell bodies in the tail ganglia. Staining is observed in the six sets of touch receptor neurons ALML, ALMR, PLML, PLMR, AVM and PVM. In the head region, neurons and their axonal and dendritic processes in the anterior ganglia, lateral ganglia, ventral ganglion, retro-vesicular ganglion and the nerve ring consisting of axonal fibres from neurons located in the head and tail ganglia are brightly labeled. Neurons and their axonal processes are stained in the tail, which has a pair of bilaterally symmetric lumbar ganglia, a small dorso-rectal ganglion and the pre-anal ganglion at the posterior end of the ventral cord. Besides the major axonal bundle of the ventral nerve cord, the dorsal nerve cord and a set of lateral cords along the body length are also stained. Muscle cells, intestine and hypodermal cells stain weakly. Staining of the mitotic spindles in C. elegans are clearly visible in embryos and meiotic spindles in the germline cells in the gonad of adult hermaphrodites. Spindles are stained more strongly and non-spindle structures.
• Subcellular Localization: Stained in neuronal processes and cell bodies. Spindles are stained more strongly.

• Primary Identifier: Expr15997
• Reporter Gene: We used CRISPR/ Cas9 engineering to insert a tagRFP fluorescent protein at the N-terminus of CATP-8.
• Pattern: We found these animals to show widespread, if not ubiquitous expression of CATP-8, including in the epidermis, muscle, pharynx, intestine, and the major neuronal ganglia. Of note, we detected expression in both neurons that were phenotypically affected in catp-8 mutants as well as neurons that were not visibly affected. For example, clear expression of the endogenous tagRFP::CATP-8 reporter was seen in HSN, PVM, and PVD neurons, but also in ALM neurons and others. We found similar expression patterns in transgenic animals expressing GFP under control of the catp-8 5' region immediately upstream of the ATG start codon, where we also saw widespread expression from embryonic stages onwards, including in muscle, intestine, pharynx and other tissues. Collectively, our studies show that catp-8 is widely, if not ubiquitously, expressed albeit at different levels.

• Primary Identifier: Expr589
• Remark: Reporter gene fusion type not specified. This information was extracted from published material (Archana Sharma-Oates, Andrew Mounsey and Ian A. Hope). tba-1 is referred as a-tubulin in the article.
• Pattern: Strong expression is observed during embryogenesis. Staining is observed in the ventral nerve cord motor neurons, both neuronal cell bodies and their axonal processes along the entire ventral cord in adult animals. Expression is also detected in 6 touch receptors sensory neurons (ALML/R, PLML/R, AVM and PVM), a set 38-39 motor neurons in the ventral nerve cord along the anterior posterior body length of the animal, and a few neurons in the head and tail ganglia.

• Primary Identifier: Expr733
• Remark: This information was extracted from published material (Archana Sharma-Oates, Andrew Mounsey and Ian A. Hope).
• Pattern: Staining is seen in a set of 47 nuclei in fixed newly hatched first larval stage (L1). All stained cells are neurons. Hermaphrodite express in cells. RIH, RIR, PVR, IL2L/R, URYVL/R, RIPL/R, AIZL/R, FLPL/R, ADAL/R, RMGL/R, BPUL/R, PLML/R, ALML/R, ALNL/R, HSNL/R, URBL/R, NSML/R, URADL/R, IL2DL/R, I2L/R, IL2VL/R, URAVL/R, URXL/R, AIML/R, URYDL/R, PQR, PVM, SDQL/R, PVDL/R, PHCL/R, PLNL/R. Male cells express as in hermaphrodite except for HSNL/R which die, and show expression in CEMDL/R, CEMVL/R which die in hermaphrodites. Expression pattern is first determined in the Q lineage. Once expression has been initiated in a cell, it is maintained by that cell and all of its descendants in all cases except for SDQ.

• Primary Identifier: Expr734
• Remark: This information was extracted from published material (Archana Sharma-Oates, Andrew Mounsey and Ian A. Hope).
• Pattern: First detected in embryos at mid embryogenesis ~300 min. Larvae - adult: Expression observed in muscles and neurons, strong in body wall muscle and vulval muscle cells. Weak expression observed in anal sphincter muscle. In the nervous system expression is observed in six mechanosensory receptor neurons ALML/R, PLML/R, AVM and PVM.

• Primary Identifier: Expr11704
• Pattern: Expression of the transcriptional fusion Ptop-1::gfp was not detected in early embryonic cells due to maternal germline silencing of the multi-copy transgenic gene. The GFP expression, however, was observed in most cells at the late embryonic stage and decreased with larval development. In the larval stages, GFP expression was predominantly present in the neuronal system, including sensory neurons (ILso, URX, RIC, IL1/IL2, AIY/AIM and RIG/RIF), motor neurons (VC4, VC5, HSN, PVD and PVM) of hermaphrodites and tail neurons (SPD and SPV/SPC) of males. The expression of the transcriptional fusion Ptop-1::gfp was strong in DTCs during the L3-L4 stage when gonad migration proceeds.

• Primary Identifier: Expr9956
• Pattern: Expression of DDL-2::GFP is found in several neurons located throughout the body. The neurons that express ddl-2 might include six touch receptor neurons (AVM, ALM, PVM, PLM), motor neuron HSN, interneuron AVH, and ALA. Occasional expression of DDL-2 in one adult intestinal cell. It is estimated that about 15%-20% of transgenic animals show expression in one or two intestinal cells.

• Primary Identifier: Expr9974
• Pattern: GFP fluorescence appeared exclusively neuronal during development from about the 1.5 fold stage of embryogenesis through to the adult. No obvious RHGF-2s::GFP fluorescence was visible in the earlier stages of embryogenesis. Many, but not all, of the 302 C. elegans hermaphrodite neurons expressed GFP in the transgenic animals examined. Several cell bodies in head and tail ganglia and many neuronal processes in the nerve ring and ventral cord were visible, with the GFP fluorescence for most cells distributed diffusely throughout the cell, although there were instances of more punctate fluorescence within some cell bodies and processes, particularly in the ventral cord. Neurons that were positively identified in late larval/adult animals based on their position and morphology were the ALM, AVM, PLM and PVM mechanosensory neurons and the BDUs. Expression from the ciliated sensory neurons, most ventral cord motor neurons and neurons with cell bodies in the mid-body of the animal such as the CANs, PDEs and SDQs, for example, was notably absent from transgenic animals observed at late larval and adult stages.

• Primary Identifier: Expr10058
• Pattern: lin-14 was broadly expressed in C. elegans neurons, with strong expression in neurons starting in the late embryonic stage. Analysis of the expression patterns of lin-14 and lin-4 revealed overlapping expression of the two genes in several neurons, including AVM, ALM, PVM, PLM, DD, VD, DA, DB, SDQR, HSN, and PQR.

• Primary Identifier: Expr12599
• Pattern: Broad expression of the frpr-4::gfp translational reporter was observed during both larval development and adulthood; expression was in body wall muscles, pharyngeal muscles, and multiple neurons, including the RIA neurons, the DVA neuron, and the PVM neuron. Membrane localization of the green fluorescence was observed, as would be expected for a GPCR.

0 Life Stages

3 Parents

Definition	Name	Synonym	Primary Identifier
neurons that sense body touch, have specialized microtubules in processes.	touch receptor neuron	microtubule cell	WBbt:0005237
post-embryonic cell of pedigree QL.pa	QL.pa		WBbt:0007277
posterior lateral ganglion, left side.	posterior lateral left ganglion		WBbt:0005464