WormMine: AnatomyTerm WBbt:0005830

• Definition: The left and right lumbar ganglia lie behind the pre-anal ganglion in the tail, in lateral positions. Each contains 12 neuron cell bodies that send most of their neuronal processes into the ventral nerve cord via lumbar commissures and the pre-anal ganglion. There is no local neuropil in these ganglia in the hermaphrodite, instead they form most synapses in the pre-anal ganglion. Most lumbar neurons have sensory functions. In the adult male tail, these two ganglia gain many additional neurons and have some local neuropil. The lumbar neurons lie in close association with the lateral hypodermis, and most are posterior to the anus.
• Name: lumbar ganglion
• Primary Identifier: WBbt:0005830
• Synonym: lumbar lateral ganglia

3 Children

Definition	Name	Synonym	Primary Identifier
neuron in lumbar ganglion.	lumbar neuron	lumbar ganglion neuron	WBbt:0006802
lumbar ganglion, right side.	lumbar ganglion right		WBbt:0005601
lumbar ganglion, left side.	lumbar ganglion left		WBbt:0005098

1 Expression Clusters

Regulated By Treatment	Description	Algorithm	Primary Identifier
	Single-cell RNA-Seq cell group 29_0 expressed in neuron.	scVI 0.6.0	WBPaper00065841:29_0

31 Expression Patterns

• Primary Identifier: Expr4900
• Remark: Picture: Figure 4.
• Pattern: UNC-69::GFP expression was first detectable in embryos. In immature neurons, UNC-69::GFP expressed in the processes and growth cones of developing neurites. In older larvae and adults, UNC-69::GFP was expressed in neurons of the anterior, lateral, ventral and retro-vesicular ganglia in the head, and in neurons of the preanal, dorso-rectal and lumbar ganglia in the tail. The fusion protein was also present in the ventral nerve cord (VNC), in the dorsal nerve cord (DNC), in the dorsal and ventral sublateral nerve cords, and in commissural axons. The reporter was expressed in the neurons named CAN, HSN, ALM, PLM, AVM, PVM, BDU, and SDQR, as evidenced by its localization to the cell bodies of these neurons. Expression of unc-69 in these latter cells was confirmed using an unc-69::LacZ::NLS fusion.
• Subcellular Localization: In immature neurons, UNC-69::GFP expressed in the processes and growth cones of developing neurites. In older larvae and adults, UNC-69::GFP was expressed in the cell bodies of neurons.

• Primary Identifier: Expr4440
• Pattern: Expressed in socket cells of IL or OLQ. Expressed in neurons of the lumbar ganglion, but the specific neurons were not identified.

• Primary Identifier: Expr12829
• Reporter Gene: fosmid fUL#SB98
• Pattern: Fluorescence of the mCherry driven from the recombineered sir-2.1 fusion gene was observed in nerve cells of the head, the ventral nerve cord and the tail, and in the hypodermis, as described previously for a conventional reporter gene fusion (Wang and Tissenbaum, 2006). On top of this, however, mCherry fluorescence was also observed in muscle and intestinal cells, and potentially other additional cell types.
• Subcellular Localization: In all cell types the mCherry fluorescence was throughout the cytoplasm, but also nuclear-enriched.

• Primary Identifier: Expr3720
• Pattern: In C. elegans males, nph-4::GFP expression in the head was seen in the amphid neurons, the outer labial neurons, and a cell group that could be compatible with the male-specific CEM neurons. In the male tail, nph-4::GFP expression was seen in the lumbar and cloacal ganglia. nph-4 expression in hermaphrodites was found in ciliated amphid neurons, the outer labial neurons, and the phasmid neurons in the tail. Developmental regulation of expression for nph-4::GFP was found to be similar to nph-1, appearing at the 1.5-fold stage and lasting through adulthood.

• Primary Identifier: Expr1167
• Pattern: Neurons in anterior, lateral, lumbar ganglia; pharyngeal motorneurons and interneurons; pharynx.

• Primary Identifier: Expr1170
• Pattern: Neurons in anterior, lateral, lumbar ganglia; pharyngeal motorneurons and interneurons; pharynx; intestine.

• Primary Identifier: Expr652
• Remark: This information was extracted from published material (Archana Sharma-Oates, Andrew Mounsey and Ian A. Hope).
• Pattern: beta-gal detected from late embryogenesis to adulthood. L1 expression restricted to gut cells (intestinal cells). L2-adult staining in gut, muscle, hypodermis, other epithelial cells, vulval cell and the nervous system (ganglia in the head and tail region and ventral nerve cord)

• Primary Identifier: Expr11508
• Pattern: the sta-1 promoter::NLS::GFP reporter gene was widely expressed in a variety of cells and tissues, during most life stages. Specifically, it was expressed at higher levels in pharynx compared to expression levels in other tissues. GFP was also apparent in the entire intestine, marking all nuclei. Fluorescence intensities of GFP appeared weaker in the anterior intestine than in the posterior intestine, but this effect was due largely to the anterior part of the intestine being obscured by the gonad, where no reporter gene expression was observed. GFP expression was also observed in body muscles as well as in most of the nervous system. Among neuronal cells, GFP expression was readily observed in head ganglia, particularly in the posterior ganglia, including the small dorsal ganglion, two lateral ganglia, and ventral ganglion. Similarly, the sta-1 promoter was functional in the two lumbar ganglia, the dorsorectal ganglion of the tail, and the ventral nerve cord. Developmentally, reporter gene expression was first observed in enclosure stage embryos in a variety of cells, and expression persisted throughout embryogenesis, the four larval stages, and the entire adult life span. Neither cell- nor tissue-specific expression pattern changes were observed during development, nor was there any evident modulation of expression level, as judged by fluorescence intensity. Furthermore, GFP expression persisted throughout the dauer larval stage, although GFP expression level decreased significantly, particularly in the pharynx. Similar conclusions concerning expression pattern were suported by analysis of protein distribution by immunofluorescence.

• Primary Identifier: Expr12103
• Pattern: Eggs already showed the corresponding GFP fluorescence, with more and more tissues following during development (L1 larval stage: pharynx, excretory cell, some sensory neurons; L2-L4 larval stages: intestine, rectal sensory neurons; adult worms: longitudinal muscles, gonads). The rare males showed GFP expression in their spermathecae. Within the anterior part of the nervous system, GFP expression was detected in the pharyngeal nerve ring and in some sensory neurons. Within its posterior part, lumbar ganglia and the dorso-rectal ganglion showed GFP expression.

• Primary Identifier: Expr122
• Remark: Other strain-- UL403 late embryo(author) = elongating embryo + fully-elongated embryo(curator).
• Pattern: Expression begins in precomma stage embryos. It is quite strong, with extensive diffuse cytoplasmic staining as well as nuclear localised staining. Expression is strongest in young larvae, with staining observed in the ventral nerve cord, the circumpharyngeal nerve ring, the head ganglion, the tail ganglion, the retrovesicular ganglion, and in the developing vulva. In older larvae and in adults the strong pharyngeal expression seen in young larvae is less intense and some neuronal processes in the head become apparent (e.g. the motorneuron M1). There is also staining in the pharyngo-intestinal valve and in the seam cells, though expression appears to exclude the nuclei and is generally intermittent along the seam. The defecation muscle group stain as does its axon, DVB. The dorsal cord also stains but is very faint. Two commissures stain (these are also faint), one is located anterior to the vulva, and the other is posterior to the vulva.

• Primary Identifier: Expr7838
• Remark: Picture: Figure 4.
• Pattern: UNC-69::GFP expression was first detectable in embryos. In older larvae and adults, UNC-69::GFP was expressed in neurons of the anterior, lateral, ventral and retro-vesicular ganglia in the head, and in neurons of the preanal, dorso-rectal and lumbar ganglia in the tail. The fusion protein was also present in the ventral nerve cord (VNC), in the dorsal nerve cord (DNC), in the dorsal and ventral sublateral nerve cords, and in commissural axons. The reporter was expressed in the neurons named CAN, HSN, ALM, PLM, AVM, PVM, BDU, and SDQR, as evidenced by its localization to the cell bodies of these neurons. Expression of unc-69 in these latter cells was confirmed using an unc-69::LacZ::NLS fusion. Taken together, these results indicate that unc-69 is expressed widely, perhaps ubiquitously, in the C. elegans nervous system.
• Subcellular Localization: In immature neurons, UNC-69::GFP expressed in the processes and growth cones of developing neurites.

• Primary Identifier: Expr12869
• Pattern: qui-1::GFP was visible in the processes of the nerve ring and in several neurons of the lateral and ventral ganglia, including the avoidance sensory neurons ASH and ADL. GFP expression was not detected in ASK sensory neurons. Four additional neurons in the retrovesicular ganglion and two neurons in the lumbar ganglion, PVQ and the sensory neuron PHB, also express GFP. This expression pattern partially overlaps but is not completely coincident with that obtained with a much shorter construct in which GFP was fused to the second exon, and the construct was thus missing part of exon 2 and the last 17 introns and exons of the gene (not shown). Expression from this shorter construct included neither ASH nor PHB, indicating that important regulatory elements are present within the coding region of qui-1.
• Subcellular Localization: In the ASH sensory neurons, the reporter protein uniformly stained the cell body, nucleus, dendrite and axon. The staining was too faint to unambiguously determine whether QUI-1::GFP localized also in the cilia. In most of the other neurons, expression of GFP was lower in all cellular compartments and apparently absent from the nucleus.

• Primary Identifier: Expr16049
• Pattern: nmgp-1 expresses mostly in sensory neurons and in the egg-laying apparatus of adult hermaphrodites. GFP expression driven by the putative nmgp-1 promoter was detected in several cells, primarily neurons. Within the head, we saw GFP expression in pharyngeal neurons, as many somas and processes within the metacorpus and the posterior bulb ventral ganglia were observed. In addition, some of the processes next to the bulb might correspond to CEP sheath glial cells. In the midbody, we saw labeling of cells within the egg-laying apparatus. Posteriorly, we observed cells in the tail ganglia and possibly phasmid neurons. Neuronal processes along dorsal and ventral cords were also labeled. In addition, to identify specific neurons, we used the NeuroPAL strain (OH15500) developed by Hobert's Lab (Yemini et al., 2021). This strain has a stereotyped fluorescent color map to identify all neurons. We injected it with the same plasmid for GFP expression under the nmgp-1 promoter. The following neurons were identified as expressing GFP: ALA, CEPD, IL1 (head neurons from the nerve ring), the sensory amphid neurons ASK, neurons from the anterior ventral nerve cord (VA6, VB7, DB5, AS5, VD6, DD3, DA4) and posterior ventral cord (VA11, VD11, AS10, DA7, DB7, CB11, VA11), neurons from the preanal ganglion (PVP, PVT, DD6, AS11, VA12, DA8, DA9) dorso-rectal ganglion (DVB, DVA, DVC) and lumbar ganglion (PVQ, PHC). The neurons identified include sensory neurons (amphid and mechanosensory), motor neurons and interneurons.

• Primary Identifier: Expr1918
• Pattern: In the pAB::GFP fusion, expression was seen in some pioneering neurones of the nerve ring, beginning at the early comma stage. At the two-fold stage, expression was detected in some 10 neurones in the head that extend axons into the nerve ring, and in two neurones in the tail that extend processes anteriorly. This expression pattern was confirmed by immunohistochemistry with MAb 16-48-2. At the three-fold stage, expression was seen in all DA motoneurones and persisted while they pioneered the dorsal nerve chord. It was also seen in four to six neurones in each of the four head ganglia, including ALA and RID in the dorsal ganglion, and four of the six neurones of the terminal bulb, including M5. In the tail, two neurones in the pre-anal ganglion and six in the lumbar ganglion, including PVQL and PVQR, showed pAB::GFP expression. Additionally, a transient expression was seen in the four rows of bodywall muscle cells in the embryo. After hatching, in L1 larvae, the expression domain extended to amphid and phasmid socket cells, and subsequently in L2 larvae to all the newly born AS motoneurones. In hermaphrodite L3 larvae, expression was seen in the sex myoblasts subsequent to their anterior migration towards the position of the presumptive vulva, and in adult worms at a high level in the vulval muscles vm1 and vm2. In males, expression was seen in the diagonal and spicule retractor muscles.

• Primary Identifier: Expr9931
• Pattern: dgn-1 is expressed in lumbar ganglion neurons by the comma stage of embryogenesis, just before the beginning of lumbar axogenesis. Embryonic expression of dgn-1 in lumbar neurons is transient, although residual expression can be seen in some lumbar neurons in earlylarvae, by which time embryonic stage axon extension has concluded.

• Primary Identifier: Expr3279
• Pattern: In the embryo, the downstream promoter (ten-1b) is most active in the descendants of the ABp cell and in the hypodermis. The dorsal hypodermal cells and the ventral leader cells were most prominently labeled. During postembryonic development, GFP fluorescence was visible in specialized epithelial cells including the arcade cells of the anterior end and the excretory duct. Ten-1b is also active in a subset of neurons including CAN and HSN neurons as well as neurons of the lumbar and retro-vesicular ganglion and some nerve ring interneurons. In males, GFP fluorescence is also visible in R8 and R9 ray neurons.

• Primary Identifier: Expr8324
• Remark: Picture: Figure S3.
• Pattern: GFP expression is observed in a subset of neurons in the pharyngeal nervous (PN) system, in numerous unidentified nerve ring (NR) interneurons, and in a subset of motor neurons of the ventral nerve cord (VNC). Expression is also observed in a few cell bodies of the dorsorectal and lumbar ganglia.

• Primary Identifier: Expr3158
• Pattern: The mau-2 transcript is abundant in the embryonic and young adulthood stages, whereas it is present in low amounts throughout the larval stages.

• Primary Identifier: Expr877
• Remark: A C-terminal GFP fusion (EGL-44::GFP) fluoresced in pharyngeal muscle cells and some intestinal nuclei. Because this reporter did not rescue the Egl phenotype, it may not reflect accurately the egl-44 expression pattern. A free C terminus may be important for function, because an N-terminal protein fusion (GFP::EGL-44) partially rescued the Egl phenotype, and authors believe the pattern of fluorescence is more likely to represent the true expression pattern of the gene.
• Pattern: GFP was detected in various nuclei starting from before gastrulation through adulthood. Newly hatched larvae expressed GFP in nuclei of the hypodermis (hyp3, hyp4, hyp6, and hyp7), intestine, pharyngeal muscle cells, and neurons (in the head and in the ventral, retrovesicular, preanal, and lumbar ganglia). In the second larval stage (L2), more hypodermal nuclei fluoresced in the body and the tail. In adults, GFP fluorescence was much fainter in the hypodermal cells and no longer delectable in some neurons in the head and tail. Other neuronal expression and the intestinal expression remained. GFP::EGL-44 was expressed in two cell types, the FLP and HSN cells, whose cell fate is altered in egl-44 mutants. The fluorescence in the FLP cells was maintained from the L1 larval stage through adulthood. In contrast to the FLP cells, which expressed the fusion postembryonically, the HSN neurons fluoresced only embryonically, at the 1.5-fold stage. Authors confirmed the identity of these embryonic HSN cells by noting the absence of this fluorescence in egl-1(n487) mutants, animals in which the HSN neurons die at this time. GFP::EGL-44 expression was not seen in the touch cells.
• Subcellular Localization: nuclei.

• Primary Identifier: Expr2246
• Pattern: In general, the expression patterns found for the translational fusion constructs were similar to those reported above for the transcriptional fusions. Cells were labeled in the anterior, lateral and ventral, and retrovesicular ganglion near the pharynx, in the ventral nerve cord, and in the pre-anal, dorso-rectal, and lumbar ganglion near the tail. Animals demonstrated labeling of the lumbar ganglion in an adult animal. HSN (hermaphrodite-specific neuron) was also labeled as were the vulC cells of the vulva and the excretory cell.
• Subcellular Localization: NHX-5 appeared to be associated with intracellular membranes. NHX-5::GFP expression occurred primarily in neuronal cell bodies. Labeling was granular in the cytoplasm and extended weakly through the neuronal cell processes.

• Primary Identifier: Expr649
• Remark: This information was extracted from published material (Archana Sharma-Oates, Andrew Mounsey and Ian A. Hope).
• Pattern: beta-gal expression was seen throughout all developmental stages and in many tissues: intestine, muscle (probably body wall muscle), hypodermis, other epithelial cells, head and tail ganglia.

• Primary Identifier: Expr15546
• Pattern: GFP::EXC-9 localized predominantly at the apical membrane of the excretory canal. Expression was also seen at lower levels within the uterine seam cell, both distal tip cells, and the lumbar ganglion. Within the canals, expression was largely coincident with the intermediate filament protein marker mKate2::IFA-4, which labels the terminal web surrounding the canal lumen (Al- Hashimi et al., 2018), though some EXC-9 was also found within the cell cytoplasm.

• Primary Identifier: Expr9866
• Pattern: The pattern for T16A9.4 has a strong neuronal component. Nuclear lacZ expression was found in the anterior ganglion, ventral nerve cord, lumbar ganglion and neuronal support cells of an adult and larval C. elegans.

• Primary Identifier: Expr1122
• Pattern: Ventral and dorsal nerve cords, neurons in the head and tail ganglia, nerve ring, and the pharyngeal-intestinal valve.

• Primary Identifier: Expr1224
• Remark: Essentially the same expression pattern was observed when lacZ was used as reporter gene for the elr-1 expression.
• Pattern: GFP first detected in developing embryos at the two-fold or three-fold stages, although could not identify the GFP-positive cells. In both larvae and adults, GFP was observed in the ring ganglia near the nerve ring (NR), the ventral nerve cord (VNC) and the pre-anal and lumbar ganglia. GFP-positive cells in the VNC clearly increase in number as development proceeds from the L1 to L4 larval stages.
• Subcellular Localization: GFP was observed only within nuclei, despite the absence of a nuclear localization signal sequence in the reporter protein.

• Primary Identifier: Expr592
• Remark: Reporter gene fusion type not specified. This information was extracted from published material (Archana Sharma-Oates, Andrew Mounsey and Ian A. Hope). acy-1 = sgs-1 --WS59.
• Pattern: Expression is generally neuronal in the head ganglia (less extensive in anterior of the head ganglia), ventral nerve cord, tail ganglia, muscle cells of vulva and in adults expression is observed at low levels in the body wall muscle cells. Expression is faint or absent in the CAN cells and less extensive in anterior head ganglion.

• Primary Identifier: Expr730
• Remark: Difference in expression between male and hermaphrodite is observed near the tail. Expression is observed in the lumbar ganglial cells where particular neurons develop to innervate the tail rays in males. In the hermaphrodite tail, expression is observed that strongly resembles the position of neuronal cell bodies in the pre-anal and lumbar ganglia. This information was extracted from published material (Archana Sharma-Oates, Andrew Mounsey and Ian A. Hope).
• Pattern: Expression also observed in lumbar ganglion and preanal ganglion. Expression is first observed in embryos of 60 cells (nuclear localized), at the comma stage (400 min after fertilization) expression is localized mainly to the anterior portion of the embryo. After hatching and through the larval stages into developed adults expression is observed in both dorsal and ventral nerve cords, the nerve ring and also the nerve bodies that innervate the vulva. Expression also observed outside the nervous system, beta-gal staining observed anterior of the anterior pharyngeal bulb, where there are no neuronal cell bodies found.

• Primary Identifier: Expr1571
• Remark: Reporter gene fusion type not specified.
• Pattern: The transgene activity is seen very early in the embryo and continues through adulthood. Staining is restricted mainly to the nervous system. Staining was clearly seen in the ventral nerve cord, the preanal and lumbar ganglia, and the nerve ring.

• Primary Identifier: Expr2812
• Remark: Reporter gene fusion type not specified.
• Pattern: The CeRhoGEF expression was observed primarily in neurons, including several neurons in the head and the bilaterally symmetrical lumbar ganglia in the tail. Identity of the subset of chemosensory neurons was further confirmed by double labeling with DiI staining of amphid and phasmid neurons. Overlaying the GFP and DiI images of the head and tail revealed their colocalization among the set of amphid and phasmid neurons. CeRhoGEF expression was also observed in several additional neurons in the head and tail. Expression was also found in PLML and PLMR touch neurons. CeRhoGEF expression was also observed in the motor neurons of the ventral nerve cord.

• Primary Identifier: Expr3394
• Remark: Reporter gene fusion type not specified.
• Pattern: In transgenic animals expressing the UNC-63::GFP fusion protein fluorescence was observed in all body wall muscles and in vulval muscles. Expression was also detected in many cells of the nervous system, including motor neurons in the ventral nerve cord (AS, DA, DB, which innervate dorsal muscles; VB, VD and DB, which innervate ventral muscles; VC which innervates vulval and ventral muscles) and neurons in the head, posterior lateral, pre-anal, and lumbar ganglia. No expression is observed either in the sphincter muscle cell or in the anal depressor muscle.

0 Life Stages

1 Parents

Definition	Name	Synonym	Primary Identifier
ganglion in the tail region (posterior to rectum).	tail ganglion		WBbt:0006977