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In addition to its widespread neuronal expression, EFN-4::GFP is also expressed in anterior and posterior epidermal cells, including the lateral epidermal cells H0 and QV5, the leading ventral epidermal cells of the anterior, and the posterior three pairs of ventral epidermal cells (P7 - 12). |
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Expr4682
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In early embryos EFN-4::GFP is widely expressed in ventral neuroblasts prior to epidermal enclosure (see Expr2300). In contrast, PLX-2 reporters were expressed in a much smaller number of ventral neuroblasts. Following epidermal enclosure PLX-2::GFP reporters were expressed in neurons and in a subset of posterior lateral and ventral epidermal cells; these were identified as the lateral cell QV5 and the ventral epidermal cells P9-12. |
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Expr4344
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qua-1pro::GFP was found to be expressed in the hypodermal cells covering the whole body from the tip of the nose to the tip of the tail spike, but not in the lateral hypodermal cells, i.e., the seam cells. Furthermore, expression was seen in the excretory duct and pore cells from threefold stage embryos to adults. However, in adults the GFP intensity appears weaker than in larvae. In L1 larvae, qua-1 is expressed in two, sometimes four, cells of the anterior as well as the posterior of the intestine and a rectal epithelial cell. In addition, transient expression was observed in the P cells in L1 in the ventral side of the animal and in a few sensilla support cells in the head. In adults, qua-1pro::GFP is transiently expressed in a few cells in the head that remain to be identified. |
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Expr4287
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psa-3 was expressed in the T cell, head neurons, posterior gut cells, hypodermal cells (hyp7, hyp9, and hyp10), and P blast cells. Of the seam cells, only the T cell expressed psa-3. During mitosis of the T cell, the PSA-3 protein was uniformly distributed in the T cell. Soon after the T cell division (before V6 cell division, which occurs about 30 min after T cell division), the psa-3 expression in the two daughter cells was almost the same. In the later stage, after V6 cell division, the psa-3 expression in T.a had decreased and that in T.p increased. After the next round of divisions, the psa-3 expression had greatly increased in the posterior (T.pa and T.pp), but not the anterior, granddaughters. |
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Expr4264
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Expressed in body wall muscle cells, pharyngeal muscles, rectal gland cells, vulval and uterine muscles, and a subset of neurons in the head and ventral nerve cord. The expression was first detected in the embryo at the 1.5-fold stage and continued to be expressed until adulthood. In this stage, cells with position corresponding to P cells showed also GFP expression. In order to determine if the expression of GFP was in epidermal lineages, including P cells and their descendants, authors prepared double transgenic lines expressing GFP from promoter 1 of nhr-40 on the background of SU93 line that expresses an AJM::GFP membrane marker. This confirmed the expression of nhr-40::gfp in epidermal precursors P cells and their neuronal progeny within the ventral neuronal cord. However, the GFP was not observed in ventral epidermal cells that originated from P cells. The nhr-40::gfp was not observed in seam cells that are also marked by an AJM::GFP. The muscle pattern of expression was partially lost with truncations of this promoter fragments (-1013 and -682 bp); however, other aspects of expression were retained. |
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New Anatomy_term: male hook precursors (L1-L4). Picture: Figure S3A. |
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Marker87
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Marker for VPC daughters and granddaughters. Expressed in P cells (L1), QL and QR cells (L1-L2), somatic gonadal precursor (L1), V cells (L1), B cell (L1), T cell (L1), ventral cord neurons (L1-L4), Pn.ps (L1-late L2), Pn.pxx (mid L3), male hook precursors (L1-L4), DTCs (L2-L3), vulval cells (L3-L4), uterine cells (L4), vulval muscle (adult), many unidentified cells in head (all), many unidentified cells in tail (all) |
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The general distribution pattern of Venus::UNC-6 in the wild-type genetic background was similar to that of 3xHA-tagged UNC-6, reported previously (Wadsworth et al. 1996), except for an additional observation of Venus::UNC-6 expression in P6.p descendants, ventral muscle, dorsal muscle in the tail, and in the ray of the male tail. These differences were probably due to the different fixation methods used. |
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Expr9253
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Venus::UNC-6 was mainly detected in ventral cells, including epidermoblasts, glia, neurons, muscle cells, and vulval precursor cells. Venus::UNC-6 was detected in dorsal muscle cells in the tail. In male worms, Venus::UNC-6 was expressed in the ray. |
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All of the reporter constructs produced the same cell-specific expression pattern as transgenes. |
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Expr1438
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The reporter transgenes express ubiquitously in the early embryo starting at about the 100 cell stage during gastrulation. In late embryogenesis and posthatching, expression is more limited. Strongest expression is observed in migrating cells and growing neurons as these cells undergo movements on the epidermis. At hatching, the reporters express in many neurons throughout the animal, in several cells of the pharynx including some pharyngeal neurons, in the elongated processes of the excretory cells, in the amphid and phasmid sheath and socket cells, in the tail hypodermis, and at later stages in intestine, muscles, vulva, and somatic gonad including the gonad sheath and hermaphrodite distal tip cells. The neurons expressing unc-73 include the PLM, ALM, PDE, HSN, CAN, PHC, and PVN neurons and the ventral cord motorneurons. Expression in the HSNs is absent in early larval stages, but begins late in the second larval stage (L2), precisely when axon outgrowth is initiated from the HSN cell bodies. The Q neuroblasts, Pn neuroectoblasts, sex myoblasts (SMs), and canal associated neurons (CANs) express unc-73 reporters. The left and right Q cells begin to express the GFP reporter as they initiate their migrations along the longitudinal axis of the epidermis during the early first larval (L1) stage, and expression in these cells continues beyond the completion of their first division. The unc-73 reporters express in the Pn cells just before this second phase of movemen. The distal tip cells also express the unc-73/reporters during their migration. |
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Picture: Fig 9. |
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Expr8961
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This transcriptional mig-15::gfp transgene was expressed in hypodermis, muscle, pharynx, and neurons as previously described. Additionally, mig-15 promoter::gfp expression was observed in both Q neuroblasts as well as in the lateral seam cells and P cells neighboring the Q cells. |
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Expr3776
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In contrast, D1 and D2 were very strongly expressed in the muscles of the pharynx and vulva and in both the cell bodies and axons of a very restricted set of neurons. These included the hermaphrodite-specific neurons (HSNs), about four unidentified neurons with cell bodies in either the ventral or retrovesicular ganglion near the terminal bulb of the pharynx, and about six neurons with cell bodies in the lumbar ganglion in the tail, including PVQL and PVQR, as distinguished by their axonal patterning. A small number of axons were present in the nerve ring and the ventral cord. The lateral processes of ALNL and ALNR were also visible. D1 and D2 also exhibited sporadic and weak fluorescence in body wall and intestinal muscles. Isoform E was strongly expressed in the nervous system and was detected in the cell bodies and axons of most, if not all neurons, including those in the pharynx, and at least some of the neuron-associated sheath and/or socket cells. Isoform E was also observed in the excretory canals and the somatic gonad, including the spermatheca, gonadal sheath, and distal tip cells. Isoform B was expressed most strongly in the axons of neurons, particularly in the nerve ring and the ventral nerve cord. This pattern of expression was very similar to the staining pattern observed with UNC-73 B antibodies. UNC-73 B was also found more sporadically and at a lower level in anal depressor muscle, distal tip, P, seam, and developing vulva cells. Although C1 and C2/F were also expressed in axons, their expression was restricted to fewer neurons. Many process bundles within the body of the animal and neurons within the pharynx were positive for C1 and C2/F, but few axons were visible in the nerve ring. Along with the neuronal expression, C1 and C2/F were also expressed in neuron-associated socket and/or sheath cells and the neuroendocrine uv1 cells. A low level of expression was sporadically observed in body wall muscles. |
Expressed in axons and cell bodies. |
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Data observed from, atIs13, atEx32 and atEx35. |
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Expr970
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In comma to 1.5-fold stage embryos, the nhr-25::GFP are expressed in the V cells, P cells and hyp7. Expression also observed in the head and tail hypodermal cells of embryos. The earliest expression is at ~250-300 min post fertilization. atEx32 and atEx35 L1 animals exhibited consistent reporter expression in the hyp7 and P cell nuclei. The P cell expression was very strong at hatching. GFP expression in the P cell and hyp7 decreased during mid-L1, but frequently increased late L1. At hatching no expression in observed in the V cells. In mid L1 the V cells divided and the anterior daughters begin to express GFP as they join the syncytium. Strong expression is also seen in the head and tail hypodermal nuclei of L1 larva. Expression in the hypodermal nuclei of older larva stages is similar to that in the L1. GFP expression decreases markedly in adults. GFP is also observed in other ectodermal cells. In L1, expression is observed in the G2(excretory pore) cell and in a cell tentatively identified as the W neuroblast. In older larva, expression continues in G2 but disappears in the W lineage once the cells divides to generate neurons. Beginning in L2, GFP is expressed in the region around the rectum. Expression is also occasionally observed in the anterior pharynx, in the nuclei with positions consistent with those of the pharyngeal epithelial cells. |
nuclei |
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Expr1455
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Almost every transgenic animal shows strong DAF-3/GFP expression in many, but not all, head neurons, the ventral nerve cord (both cell bodies and processes), the intestinal cells, especially the membrane adjacent to the intestinal lumen, and tail hypodermal cells and neurons. Weak expression in the pharynx, hypodermal V blast cells, P blast cells and hyp7 hypodermal cells is observed in about half of the transgenic animals. Expression in the tail hypodermal cells hyp 9, hyp 10, and hyp 11 is clearly seen in nearly every animal. This apparent difference between tail hypodermal expression and main body expression may be a consequence of the anatomy of the animal. The main body hypodermis is underlain by bright GFP in the intestine and ventral nerve cord, so weak expression in the hypodermis is hard to see against this background. Expression is rarely detected in dorsal body wall muscle. DAF-3/GFP is expressed in the distal tip cells and in their precursors, Z1.a and Z4.p, throughout development. DAF-3/GFP is also expressed strongly in unidentified vulval cells in adults. In wild-type embryos of 200 to 400 cells, DAF-3/GFP is expressed uniformly thoughout the embryo. |
In wild type, DAF-3/GFP is primarily, although not exclusively, cytoplasmic. DAF-3/GFP subcellular distribution was examined in head neurons in the vicinity of ASI (the cell that produces the DAF-7 signal), as well as in intestinal cells. DAF-3/GFP was predominantly cytoplasmic in all animals. However, in all animals, dim GFP fluorescence was seen in the nucleus of some of the cells with bright cytoplasmic fluorescence, and in 25% of the animals, equivalent DAF-3/GFP levels in the nucleus and cytoplasm was observed in one or more cells. |
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The immunostaining patterns described here were not present in putative null unc-83 mutants and thus are specific for the UNC-83 protein. UNC-83 co-localized with two other proteins of the nuclear envelope, UNC-84 and lamin. UNC-83 has a more punctate staining pattern than Lamin. It also appears that UNC-83 is more punctate that UNC-84. This may simply be due to the fact that UNC-84 was detected as a GFP fusion protein that is likely to be overexpressed. unc-83(ku18) mutants, which have nuclear migration defects in the P cells and the intestinal cells but not in hyp7 precursors, showed immunostaining for UNC-83 in the hyp7 nuclei but not in the P cell nuclei or intestinal nuclei. |
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Expr1789
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UNC-83 was not detected at the nuclear envelope of migrating pronuclei. UNC-83 was first detected at the nuclear envelopes of migrating embryonic hyp7 nuclei. Later, at the bean stage of embryonic development, UNC-83 was localized to the nuclear envelopes of hyp7 cells, P cells and intestinal cells. By the comma stage, UNC-83 was detected in these cells as well as in several additional cells in the pharynx. In late stages of wild-type embryos, and in larvae and adults, UNC-83 was detected on nuclei in a wide variety of cells, including several cells around the pharynx and in the uterus. |
Antibodies against UNC-83 stained the nuclear envelopes of migratory nuclei and several additional nuclei. |
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Clone: pUL#JRH/AD10 |
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Expr7477
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Expression is observed in three types of cells: in P-cells from mid-embryo to L2; in vulval precursors at L2 only; in ventral nerve cord from late embryo to adult. |
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Lineage expression: V lineage. Transgenic ceh-20(mu290) animals bearing pLY11 were rescued for the QR.pax positioning phenotype, the Muv/Egl, and the Vn.a division phenotype, suggesting that ceh-20::gfp was expressed in cells that require its function for these processes. |
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Expr3231
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ceh-20::gfp expression was detected in QR and QL and their descendants throughout their migrations to the end of L1. V cells and their daughters also expressed ceh-20::gfp. Expression persisted in the descendants of the V cells through the adult stage. At hatching, all P cells expressed ceh-20::gfp. Before the anterior and posterior Pn.p cells fuse, they also expressed ceh-20. In L3 hermaphrodites, expression was maintained in P(3-8).p. ceh-20::gfp expression was identified in several other cell types. These included M, BDU, ALM, HSN, body wall muscle cells, I4, all L1 ventral cord neurons and a few unidentified neurons in the head behind the posterior bulb of the pharynx. |
In all cells expressing ceh-20, the expression was stronger in the nucleus than in the cytoplasm. ceh-20::gfp expression and nuclear localization did not change in the unc-62(mu232) background. |
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This information was extracted from published material (Archana Sharma-Oates, Andrew Mounsey and Ian A. Hope). |
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Expr660
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9h after fertilization: strong staining in intestinal and hypodermal nuclei; Weak neuronal staining. Early L1: staining in nuclei of most postembryonic blast cells. Strong staining in nuclei of hypodermic blast cells H1, H2, V1-V6, T and all intestinal (E) cells. Weak staining nuclei of neuroblasts Q1 and Q2, mesoblast M cells and P cells. 9h after fertilization: strong staining in intestinal and hypodermal nuclei; Weak neuronal staining. Early L1: staining in nuclei of most postembryonic blast cells. Strong staining in nuclei of hypodermic blast cells H1, H2, V1-V6, T and all intestinal (E) cells. weak staining nuclei of neuroblasts Q1 and Q2, mesoblast M cells and P cells. Adult: staining observed in the mature oocyte nuclei of hermaphrodites, at meiotic prophase I when the chromosomes are condensed. (Possible artifact, detected in lin-14 loss-of-function mutant strains n536n540, n355n726). In embryo, first observed in embryo at 7h after fertilization (half way through embryogenesis). Strong staining in intestinal and hypodermal nuclei. L3: Pn.p stains weakly before division (staining fades by L4). Occasional weak staining of hypodermal, intestinal and neuronal nuclei and cytoplasm at L2 and L3. Late L1: staining of all nuclei except for neuronal nuclei is weaker. More neuron of the nerve ring and posterior ganglion stain than in earlier stages. Intestinal and hypodermal cell lineages stain strongest at mid to late L1 (Fade entirely by L2) similarly with many of the neuronal cells. Mid L1: staining in nuclei of hypodermic blast cells H1, H2, V1-V6 and T. The nuclei of intestinal (E) cells also stain. Weak staining in nuclei of P cells (staining fades before migration into ventral cord). Strong staining in nuclei of embryo-derived nuclei in hypodermal syncytial cell hyp7, ABarpppapa, ABplaapppp, Cpaaaa, Cpaapa, Cpaapp, Cpapaa, terminally differentiated nuclei from embryonic body muscle also stain for lin-14. Staining observed in nuclei of neuronal cells BDU, ALM, and CAN. All embryonic generated ventral cord neurons and some neurons of the nerve ring and posterior ganglion stain for lin-14. |
lin-14 is localized to the nuclei. |
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Three methods, lacZ, gfp, antibody staining results all mixed together. Lots of unextracted cell objects buried in pattern text. |
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Expr841
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PAL-1 produced from zygotic transcripts is seen initially in C and D lineage cells that also expressed maternally derived PAL-1. As gastrulation begins, expression is seen in only Ca and Cp and then in their daughters, of which 2 are hypodermoblasts (Caa and Cpa) and 2 are myoblasts (Cap and Cpp). The GFP reporter is first detected at the late 2C-cell stage and then more strongly in the 4 daughters. At about 100 cells, expression is also detected in the 2 D-lineage myoblasts. Thereafter, PAL-1 continues to be detected in all C and D descendants until the end of gastrulation at about 350 cells. At about 180 cells (midgastrulation), the C hypodermal precursors, which express more strongly than the muscle precursors, form a characteristic double row on each side of the dorsal midline in the posterior. Thereafter, PAL-1 decreases in these cells and is no longer detectable with antibody after 350 500 cells. At about 250 cells, expression is detected in two AB cells that border the posterior left edge of the mesectodermal cell layer that is closing the ventral gastrulation cleft (ABplpappp and ABplppppp) and slightly later in the right homolog of one of them (ABprppppp). The daughters and granddaughters of these cells, generated after the cleft closes, continue to express strongly along the ventral midline until about the time of hatching. Beginning at about 360 cells, as morphogenesis begins, weak transient expression is detected in the posterior ectodermal P cells and occasionally in posterior V cells as both groups move ventrally. During this period the V cells become the lateral seam cells, and the P cells undergo their terminal embryonic divisions as they complete hypodermal enclosure of the embryo. Meanwhile, in the interior, pal-1 expression, detectable both with antibody and with reporter constructs, appears at about 350 cells in 2 Ea descendents near the middle of the gut primordium (the int5 pair) and in 2 anteriorly located MS descendants which migrate to the posterior and become the mesoblast M and the right intestinal muscle (mu intR). During early morphogenesis as the embryo develops through the comma stage and begins to elongate, all the pal-1-expressing cells (approximately 50) are located in the posterior ventral region, except for the 2 midgut cells which lie more dorsally. The descendants of ABpl/rppppp, as well as mu intR, move into the elongating tail and participate in formation of the rectal and associated intestinal muscles, as well as the ventral tail hypodermis. Expression diminishes during elongation and by hatching is detectable only in the 2 gut cells, M, mu intR, and 10 cells descended from ABpl/rppppp. |
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Picture: Figure 2A. |
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Expr8593
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ref-2::venus is detected in a substantial number of dividing cells in the embryo. At the end of gastrulation, the reporter is detected in some neuroblasts on the ventral side of the embryo. These neuroblasts include the left/right symmetric pair of ABpl/rpapaaa neuroblasts, which will give rise to AIY and its sister cell, the SMDD motor neuron, through an asymmetric cell division. During interphase, the REF-2::VENUS protein is detected in the nucleus of the SMDD/AIY mothers, then spreads into the cytoplasm just before cleavage. No expression is observed in AIY during larval and adult stages. Thus ref-2 appears to be expressed only transiently in the AIY lineage during embryogenesis. REF-2::VENUS is also expressed in the excretory system (G1, G2, excretory pore, and excretory gland) in the P cell lineage and in the Y and B cells. |
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Expr1921
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REF-2 was first detected weakly in all 12 P cells just before P-cell migration. REF-2 was present in all P cells as migration occurred and remained in both P cell daughters after division in the ventral cord. This is also the point at which anti-REF-2 staining was strongest. REF-2 then disappears in the Pn.a cell lineage. REF-2 also disappears from the Pn.p cells, although it does so at different rates in different Pn.p cells. REF-2 is present for the longest time in the six unfused Pn.p cells P(3-8).p. REF-2 is also present in P1.p and P2.p shortly after those cells fuse with hyp7, although REF-2 decreases to an undetectable level soon after. REF-2 disappears most rapidly in P(9-11).p, with REF-2 being detectable in only some worms around the time of Pn.p cell fusion. In summary, REF-2 protein levels decrease around the time of Pn.p cell fusion, although they do so less quickly in the cells that remain unfused. REF-2 protein was also detected in the nuclei of the B and Y cells in the tail region during L1. |
nuclei |
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Expr3020
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Expressed in ADL, ASI, ASH, ASE, FLP, URA, MC, M4, M2. Male specific expression in P6-9, SP. Faint or variable expression observed in DVF. |
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Expr1590
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Early Expression by Ventral Epidermoblasts: Ventral epidermoblasts P1/2-P11/12 are the first cells to express UNC-6::HA during embryogenesis. Netrin becomes detectable in the cytoplasm of these twelve cells soon after their births (circa 230 min) and before they form into regular rows. This staining gradually decreases in intensity as the cells spread ventrally, forming two symmetrical rows. At the completion of neurulation, soon after these rows have come together along the ventral midline, cytoplasmic staining is no longer detectable. Expression by Larval Ventral Cord Motorneurons: Postembryonic motorneurons VA2 to VA12 and VB3 to VB11 express UNC-6::HA in the ventral nerve cord. Netrin becomes detectable in these cells soon after their births at the end of the first larval stage. This expression continues through the adult stage. After hatching, the C. elegans larva increases about 5-fold in both length and circumference before becoming an adult. Six axons (AVAL, AVAR, AVBL, AVBR, AVG, and PVQR) in the right longitudinal tract and one axon (PVQL) in the left tract provide a continuous source of UNC-6 in the ventral nerve cord. Near the end of the first larval stage, the twenty postembryonic motorneurons (VA2VA12, VB3VB11) provide a further source of UNC-6 in the right tract. These motorneurons could maintain and sharpen the proposed gradient of netrin in the basement membrane of the epidermis and skew its peak farther to the right of the ventral midline. Expression by Lateral Ring and Lumbar Ganglia Neurons: Paired neurons AVA, AVB, and PVQ express UNC-6::HA in the lateral and lumbar ganglia, respectively. Born circa 300 min, netrin does not become detectable in these cells until about 3-fold elongation. Netrin expression then continues through the larval and adult stages. After axogenesis begins, PVQ itself expresses UNC-6. Expression by Midline and Asymmetric Neurons in the Developing Nerve Cord: Positioned at the anterior and posterior ends of the developing ventral nerve cord, respectively, the midline neurons AVG and PVT express UNC-6::HA. Netrin becomes detectable in the PVT neuron soon after its birth (circa 290 min). At this time, PVT is positioned on the ventral midline of the body wall just anterior to the developing rectum. Netrin expression is transient; UNC-6::HA is no longer detectable in this cell by 3-fold elongation. By then, PVT has shifted to its mature position as the most anterior cell in the preanal ganglion. Born circa 290 min, AVG does not express UNC-6::HA until about 3-fold elongation. AVG is positioned on the ventral midline in the retrovesicular ganglion at this time. Netrin expression then continues through the larval and adult stages. Besides AVG, a second neuron in the retrovesicular ganglion, RIFL (born circa 410 min), also expresses UNC-6::HA from about 3-fold elongation through adult. Interestingly, no UNC-6::HA expression is ever observed in the bilateral homolog RIFR. Expression by Sheaths in the Developing Head: All six inner labial and both ventral cephalic sheaths express UNC-6::HA in the early neurula. Netrin becomes detectable in these cells soon after their births (circa 310 min). At this time, the inner labial sheaths are clustered together just anterior to the developing pharynx. As the head depression forms around comma stage, the cell bodies move anteriorly toward the sensillar rudiments, revealing processes trailing back to the developing nerve ring. The endfeet form a more-or-less complete path around the pharynx that anticipates the anterior margin of the nerve ring. UNC-6::HA is detectable along the entire cell body and process at this time. As the embryo elongates, the cell bodies initially stay near the sensillar rudiments at the tip of the head. Presently, as judged by UNC-6::HA staining, the processes no longer reach the developing nerve ring. By inference, they fail to stretch apace with the rapid elongation of the head. As the pharynx elongates, the cell bodies assume their mature positions, typically just anterior or posterior to the metacorpus. Netrin expression is transient; only weak staining of UNC-6::HA is detectable in these cells beyond 3-fold elongation. The sheath processes appear to provide a scaffold of netrin-labeled pathways that support and guide labial axons to the nerve ring. Moreover, their endfeet could form a ring-shaped substratum for axons within the ring itself. The cephalic sheaths are positioned dorsally and ventrally just anterior to the developing nerve ring. In the early neurula, these cells extend sheetlike processes that apparently anticipate the outer surface of the ring neuropil. At this time, UNC-6::HA is detectable throughout the cell body and processes of the ventral cephalic sheaths. Netrin expression is transient; UNC-6::HA is no longer detectable in these cells by 3-fold elongation. Finally, no UNC-6::HA expression is ever observed in the dorsal cephalic sheaths. Expression by a Midline Neuron in the Developing Pharynx: The midline neuron I5 expresses UNC-6::HA in the developing pharynx. Netrin becomes detectable in this cell soon after its birth (circa 280 min). Positioned on the ventral midline, I5 is the most posterior neuron in the pharynx at this time. Netrin expression is transient; UNC-6::HA is no longer detectable in the cell body after about 3-fold elongation, but staining in the axons persists somewhat longer. |
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Picture: Figure 8. |
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Expr8580
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Consistent lpr-1::GFP expression initiates immediately after the comma stage of embryogenesis and continues throughout the remainder of embryonic and larval development. At the three-fold stage of embryogenesis, lpr-1::GFP is expressed within both the excretory duct cell and pore cell, and in G2, which adopts excretory pore cell function later in development. Authors observed no expression within the excretory canal cell. lpr-1::GFP is also expressed in hyp7, seam cells, and P cells, all of which are epidermal cell types that surround the excretory system. |
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Embryonic expression of hlh-3 is widespread and complex, essentially precluding unambiguous identification of cells. Thus, authors chose to focus on postembryonic expression. Picture: Figure 1. |
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Expr8169
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At hatching, hlh-3 is expressed in most of the neurons of the nerve ring ganglia. This expression is undetectable by the early L1 larval stage. The most conspicuous expression during L1 is within the P cell lineages. Specifically, hlh-3 is expressed in the ectodermal-like P cells, and expression persists in the primary and secondary neural precursors of the P cell lineages. In addition, it appears to be expressed in all 53 of the resulting postmitotic motor neurons. Expression in most of these neurons is undetectable by the L2 larval stage. It is worth noting here that these neurons represent 77% of all motor neurons mediating locomotion. hlh-3 is also expressed in the HSNs and ventral type C (VC) motor neurons throughout larval development. At hatching, expression in the HSNs is weak, but peaks at the L3 larval stage and persists until the late L4 larval stage. Expression in the VCs also peaks during L3. Overall, hlh-3 appears to be expressed in all neural precursors. Based on expression in the P cell lineages, expression generally persists through terminal cell division and disappears from postmitotic neurons shortly thereafter. However, hlh-3 is also expressed in non-neural cells such as the P cells, as well as postmitotic, differentiating neurons such as the HSNs and VCs. |
The translational GFP fusion is observed only in nuclei. |
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Reporter gene fusion type not specified. |
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Expr1359
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Strong expression of gfp in embryos starting from the midgastrula stage. About a dozen nuclei expressed vab-15::gfp in midgastrula. Before and at the comma stage, numerous nuclei in all cell layers expressed vab-15. Embryos approaching the 2-fold stage had strong GFP fluorescence in ectodermal cells, including hypodermal cells and neuroblasts. vab-15 was expressed strongly in the set of 12 P cells from before hatching and during the L1 stage. In L2 and early L3 animals vab-15 was also expressed in seam cells and ventral cord motor neurons. Five unidentified cells in the head and four cells in the tail (PHBL/R and PVCL/R) expressed vab-15 throughout larval development. These cells were the only ones expressing the fusion in L4 larvae and adults. The head was almost devoid of vab-15 expression. |
vab-15 expression was nuclear at all stages. |
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This information was extracted from published material (Archana Sharma-Oates, Andrew Mounsey and Ian A. Hope). let-70 = ubc-2 --WS59. |
[ubc-2::lacZ] translational fusion. To make constructs pZMI.1 and pZMII.1, the lacZ coding region, a 3.3 kb BamHI-ApaI fragment from pPD16.43, was inserted in-frame into the second exon (BamHI-ApaI sites) of the ubc-2 genomic clone. PZMII.1 contained the 1.4 kb HindIII-BglII upstream sequence and the 2.6 kb 3' non-coding sequence. In pZMI1, a 6 kb BglII fragment preceding the initiation methionine codon and 2.6 kb of sequences downstream of the TAG stop codon was included in the construct to provide regulatory elements for expression. |
Expr725
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UBC-beta-gal expression (from pZMI.1 and pZMII.1) was observed consistently in embryos, larvae and adults. Expression was detected in most cells in the embryos. In L1, L2, L3 and dauer larvae, most somatic tissues including neurons, pharynx, hypodermis and body muscle were intensely stained. In a small percentage of animals, intestinal staining were also stained. At the onset of L4, staining was restricted to neurons, pharynx and hypodermis. Staining was only seen in the nervous system in adults. An interesting feature of the expression patterns from pZMI.1 and II.1 is that, despite different tissue specificity in larval and adult stages, ubc-2-lacZ expression is seen constitutively in the nervous system at all post-embryonic stages. From L1 onwards, intense beta-gal staining was seen in ventral nerve cord, including P-cells and neurons, pharyngeal ganglia and retrovesicular ganglia. |
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Lineage expression: M lineage. The transgene rescued the Daf-d phenotype of rh61rh411 animals, suggesting that daf-12::GFP is functional. Several integrated transgenic lines were made and all gave a similar pattern of expression. |
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Expr1047
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DAF-12::GFP was expressed widely in most cells including tissues modified for dauer formation or by stage. It was expressed in phenotypically affected target tissues (e.g., epidermis, vulva, somatic gonad, intestine, pharynx, sex myoblasts), as well as other tissues with no known phenotype (e.g., nervous system, body wall muscle). Expression was seen from embryo to adult, but was most elevated and widespread during L2. Epidermis: In seam cells and hypodermis, DAF-12::GFP expression was first seen at the 3-fold stage of embryogenesis, increased by late L1, peaked during L2, diminished by late L3, and was low or off in L4 and young adults. Expression was also seen in the ventral epidermal L1 P ectoblasts, L2 vulval precursors, and their L3 descendants. Expression continued during L4 vulval morphogenesis and persisted occasionally in the mature adult vulva at reduced levels. Somatic Gonad: Faint expression was seen as early as L1 in Z1 and Z4 somatic gonadal precursors. By L2, their descendants, the somatic gonadoblasts, including the migratory distal-tip cell, strongly expressed DAF-12::GFP. Expression continued in somatic gonadoblast descendants and distal-tip cells in L3 and early L4. In the adult, expression was robust in the mature spermatheca and uterus. Intestine: Expression in intestinal nuclei was diffuse during the larval stages, but became somewhat stronger in the adult. Nervous System: Only a handful of head and tail neurons expressed GFP early in L1. By mid-L2, DAF-12::GFP was expressed strongly throughout the nervous system, including the ventral cord and peripheral neuroblasts. Expression continued in many neurons in the adult, albeit at reduced levels. Musculature: Expression in body wall muscles became visible by late L1 and L2. Expression continued at later larval stages and in the adult at reduced levels. Expression in pharyngeal muscle was strong by L2 and downregulated by adult. DAF-12::GFP was also expressed in the L1 M-mesoblast, and its derivatives, including post-embryonic body wall muscles, sex myoblasts and their descendants. Dauer formation: DAF-12::GFP was downregulated in dauer larvae in all tissues, but perdured in the somatic gonad and occasional neurons. Upon recovery from dauer diapause, DAF-12::GFP was expressed weakly in most tissues. |
DAF-12::GFP localized primarily to the nucleus, except during mitosis, when expression became diffuse. |
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Another transgenic line independently established with the same construct also showed the similar patterns of EGFP expression. |
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Expr1884
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EGFP expression was first observed at the lima bean stage in P and V epidermal cells and intestinal cells. In larvae, EGFP was expressed intensely in motoneurons in the ventral nerve cord and several neurons in the nerve ring and in the tail. The seam cells showed moderate EGFP expression throughout development. In hermaphrodites, vulval precursor cells and their descendants expressed EGFP intensely throughout development. In the male tail, R(n) cells and their descendants all expressed EGFP intensely. |
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Disruption of cul-2 expression by double-stranded RNA-mediated interference (RNAi) severely reduces the levels of both nuclear and cytoplasmic anti-CUL-2 staining. |
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Expr2556
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In adults, CUL-2 is observed in the germ line, with higher levels in meiotic cells. The highest CUL-2 levels are found in oocytes, where CUL-2 is mainly nuclear with some cytoplasmic staining. Similar to cul-2 mRNA, CUL-2 protein is provided to embryos as maternal product and the level decreases during embryogenesis. During larval development, CUL-2 is found in the following proliferating tissues: P cells during the L1 stage; seam cells when they divide at every molt; vulval and somatic gonad cells in late L3 and L4 stages; and intestinal cells throughout larval development. |
Mainly nuclear with some cytoplasmic staining. |
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Expr2347
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CYE-1 is present in adult animals and is restricted to the germline, which is the only proliferative tissue in adults. CYE-1 levels vary in the germline. Mitotic germ cells in the distal region of the gonad have easily detectable levels of nuclear CYE-1. Germ cells in the initial stages of meiosis (proximal to the mitotic germ cells) have lower CYE-1 levels. Finally, as oocytes cellularize in the loop region of the gonad, CYE-1 levels increase with mature oocytes having the highest levels of nuclear CYE-1. These results demonstrate that a significant portion of maternal cye-1 contribution to the embryo is CYE-1 protein. CYE-1 level was assayed postembryonically to determine whether CYE-1 could be detected and if levels of CYE-1 correlated with mitotic proliferation. CYE-1 protein is detectable in larval blast cells that give rise to all tissue types, including, germline, intestine, hypodermis, neurons, and muscle. During larval stages, the level of CYE-1 protein is much lower than that found in germ cells or in the early embryo. CYE-1 antibody staining is restricted to the developmental time when the blast cells are undergoing active proliferation. For example, in the L1 stage, proliferating P blast cells that produce ventral nerve cells have relatively high levels of nuclear CYE-1. In contrast, during the L2 larval stage, the nonproliferating neuronal descendents of the P blast cells have CYE-1 levels that are only barely detectable above background. Further, while a subset of the P cell descendents, the vulva precursor cells (VPCs), will proliferate in the L3 larval stage to produce the vulva, these cells do not have appreciable CYE-1 levels while they are quiescent in the L2 larval stage. Nuclear CYE-1 becomes detectable in the VPCs during the L3 larval stage when they begin proliferation. CYE-1 becomes undetectable in the VPC descendents after completion of cell divisions in L4 larval stage animals. Monoclonal anti-CYE-1 antibody was used to assay CYE-1 levels from fertilization to the end of embryogenesis. In the zygote, CYE-1 is observed in the maternal and paternal pronuclei as soon as they form. The specificity of antibody staining was confirmed by cye-1 RNAi treatment of adult hermaphrodites that abolishes both oocyte nuclei and embryonic anti-CYE-1 protein staining. In early embryos, CYE-1 is enriched in nuclei, and levels appear constant with no evidence of cell cycle fluctuations other than during mitosis. During mitosis, CYE-1 antibody staining appears diffuse once nuclear envelope breakdown occurs, but resumes nuclear localization upon reformation of the nuclear envelope in telophase. CYE-1 is present equally in all cells of the early embryo. The level of CYE-1 declines during embryogenesis and disappears from most cells in comma-stage embryos coincident with the completion of the majority of embryonic cell divisions. |
nuclear |
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No detailed description on expression patterns in other life stages. Reporter gene fusion type not specified. |
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Expr2425
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In adult hermaphrodites, F22A3.1 reporter expression was observed in the inner and outer labial socket cells of the head. F22A3.1 is expressed strongly in the seam cells within the hypodermal ridges, which extend bilaterally along the length of the exterior body wall. During the first larval stage, F22A3.1 also demonstrated expression in P-cells, the ventral hypodermal precursors, some of which form the vulva. In general, F22A3.1 seems to be quite specific to hypodermal tissues and is probably expressed in all hypodermal cells including glial-like cells. |
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Transgenic Marker: rol-6(su1006) |
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Expr516
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Hypodermal cells in embryo; ventral hypodermal cells, hyp5, hyp6, hyp7 in head, and hyp7, hyp10 in tail at L1. Low, mosaic expression in seam cells. Staining in hypodermal cells of the body, head and tail of the embryo from late comma stage onwards in each of the four larval stages and in adults. Staining observed in the cytoplasm. With nuclear localization signal, first detected at comma-stage in nuclei of hypodermal cells. L1 anti-lacZ antibodies hyp7 and P-cell nuclei, hyp5, hyp6 and hyp7 in the head and hyp7 and hyp10 nuclei in the tail with similar level of expression. High level of expression in hyp7, P-cells and particularly hypodermal cells of the head and tail but show much lower level of expression in hypodermal seam cells. Expression was seen in increasing number of nuclei at each developmental stage, including the adult, corresponding to the increase in hypodermal syncytial cell nuclei. Staining in other hypodermal cells of the head and tail but was mosaic, less intense and took longer time to develop. Minority of animals (20%) show staining in seam cells. This was very mosaic. GFP pattern entirely consistent with lacZ. |
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