WormMine: Gene WBGene00011936

• WormBase Gene ID: WBGene00011936
• Gene Name: pgrn-1
• Sequence Name: T22H2.6
• Brief Description: pgrn-1 encodes an ortholog of human progranulin with three predicted granulin domains; pgrn-1 regulates the clearance of apoptotic cells, as loss of pgrn-1 results in an increased rate of apoptotic cell clearance; genetic studies indicate that the pgrn-1 activity requires the normal functioning of existing cell engulfment pathways; pgrn-1 is a secreted protein found in intestinal organelles, in the pseudocoelomic cavity and in scavenging coelomocytes.
• Organism: Caenorhabditis elegans
• Automated Description: Predicted to be located in extracellular region. Expressed in coelomocyte; neurons; and pseudocoelom. Used to study frontotemporal dementia. Human ortholog(s) of this gene implicated in several diseases, including Alzheimer's disease; Grn-related frontotemporal lobar degeneration with Tdp43 inclusions; and multiple sclerosis (multiple). Is an ortholog of human GRN (granulin precursor).
• Biotype: SO:0001217
• Genetic Position: I :9.58847 ±0.003227
• Length (nt): 1847

1 Organism

• Name: Caenorhabditis elegans
• Taxon Id: 6239

1 Synonyms

• Value: WBGene00011936

Genomics

2 Transcripts

WormMine ID	Sequence Name	Length (nt)	Chromosome Location
Transcript:T22H2.6a.1	T22H2.6a.1	961	I: 11701852-11703698
Transcript:T22H2.6b.1	T22H2.6b.1	952	I: 11701865-11703691

Other

2 CDSs

WormMine ID	Sequence Name	Length (nt)	Chromosome Location
CDS:T22H2.6a	T22H2.6a	843	I: 11701865-11701909
CDS:T22H2.6b	T22H2.6b	804	I: 11701865-11701909

3 RNAi Result

• WBRNAi00053867
• WBRNAi00004272
• WBRNAi00116983

39 Allele

• gk962858
• gk962706
• gk963849
• gk879512
• gk588602
• gk342774
• gk732065
• gk466498
• gk593719
• gk357682
• gk617680
• gk779006
• gk932911
• gk525672
• gk690275
• gk746190
• h5671
• gk963906
• gk962869
• gk962870
• WBVar01713388
• WBVar01713387
• tm985
• WBVar00539745
• WBVar00539744
• WBVar01663673
• WBVar01663674
• WBVar00157631
• WBVar00157632
• WBVar01532287

1 Chromosome

• WormBase ID: I
• Organism: Caenorhabditis elegans
• Length (nt): 15072434

1 Chromosome Location

• Feature . Primary Identifier: WBGene00011936
• Start: 11701852
• End: 11703698
• Strand: 1

3 Data Sets

• WormBaseAcedbConverter
• GO Annotation data set
• C. elegans genomic annotations (GFF3 Gene)

1 Downstream Intergenic Region

• WormBase ID: intergenic_region_chrI_11703699..11703717
• Length (nt): 19
• Chromosome Location: I: 11703699-11703717
• Organism: Caenorhabditis elegans

161 Expression Clusters

Regulated By Treatment	Description	Algorithm	Primary Identifier
	Genes with expression altered >= 3-fold in dpy-10(e128) mutants.	Data across the wild type series was analyzed using the Significance analysis of Microarrays (SAM) algorithm (to calculate the False Discovery Rate (FDR)).	WBPaper00035873:dpy-10_regulated
	Transcripts of coding genes that showed significantly decreased expression in muscle.	DESeq2 (version 1.24.0). Transcripts with a false-discovery rate adjusted p-value less than 0.05 were considered significantly differentially expressed.	WBPaper00062325:muscle_depleted_coding-RNA
	Transcripts expressed in neuronal cells, by analyzingfluorescence-activated cell sorted (FACS) neurons.	DESeq. False discovry rate (FDR) < 0.1.	WBPaper00048988:neuron_expressed
adult vs dauer larva	Transcripts that showed differential expression in adult vs dauer lava in N2 animals at 20C.	N.A.	WBPaper00050488:adult_vs_dauer_regulated_N2_20C
	TGF- Dauer pathway adult transcriptional targets. Results obtained by comparing the microarray results of the dauer-constitutive mutants daf-7(e1372), daf-7(m62), and daf-1(m40) with dauer-defective mutants daf-3(mgDf90), daf-5(e1386), and daf-7(e1372);daf-3(mgDf90) double mutants at the permissive temperature, 20C, on the first day of adulthood.	SAM	WBPaper00031040:TGF-beta_adult_upregulated
Osmotic stress	Transcripts that showed significantly altered expression with 500 mM salt (NaCl) vs 100 mM salt when food was present	DESeq(version 1.10.1), FDR < 0.05.	WBPaper00050726:OsmoticStress_regulated_Food
Osmotic stress	Transcripts that showed significantly altered expression with 500 mM salt (NaCl) vs 100 mM salt when no food was present	DESeq(version 1.10.1), FDR < 0.05.	WBPaper00050726:OsmoticStress_regulated_NoFood
	Genes that showed expression levels higher than the corresponding reference sample (embryonic 24hr reference).	A Mann-Whitney U test with an empirical background model and FDR correction for multiple testing was used to detect expressed transcripts (Benjamini and Hochberg 1995). Genes and TARs with an FDR <= 0.05 were reported as expressed above background. Authors detected differentially expressed transcripts using a method based on linear models. Genes and TARs were called differentially expressed if the FDR was <= 0.05 and the fold change (FC) >= 2.0. To more strictly correct for potential false-positives resulting from multiple sample comparisons, authors divided individual FDR estimates by the number of samplesor sample comparisons, respectively. This resulted in an adjusted FDR of 1.3 * 0.0001 for expression above background and of 7.4 * 0.0001 for differential expression. Authors called genes selectively enriched in a given tissue if they met the following requirements: (1) enriched expression in a given tissue (FDR <= 0.05 and FC >= 2.0), (2) fold change versus reference among the upper 40% of the positive FC range observed for this gene across all tissues, and (3) fold-change entropy among the lower 40% of the distribution observed for all genes.	WBPaper00037950:bodywall-muscle_L1-larva_expressed
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression glp-1(e2141); TU3401 animals comparing to in TU3401 animals.	Fold change > 2, FDR < 0.01.	WBPaper00065993:glp-1(e2141)_upregulated
	Transcripts expressed in the epithelial tissues surrounding the pharynx that includes the arcade and intestinal valve (AIV) cells, according to PAT-Seq analysis using Pbath-15-GFP-3XFLAG mRNA tagging.	Cufflinks FPKM value >=1.	WBPaper00050990:arcade_intestinal-valve_expressed
	Transcripts that showed significantly decreased expression at 11-days-post L4 adult N2 hermaphrodites comparing to 1-day-post L4 adult N2 hermaphrodites.	DESeq2, fold change > 2, FDR < 0.05	WBPaper00065835:Day11_vs_Day1_downregulated
	Transcripts expressed in hypodermis, according to PAT-Seq analysis using Pdpy-7-GFP-3XFLAG mRNA tagging.	Cufflinks FPKM value >=1.	WBPaper00050990:hypodermis_expressed
	Transcripts that showed significantly decreased expression in atfs-1(cmh15) (null allele) animals comparing to in N2 animals at L4 larva stage.	edgeR, fold change > 2, FDR < 0.05	WBPaper00060909:atfs-1(cmh15)_downregulated
	Transcripts expressed in intestine, according to PAT-Seq analysis using Pges-1-GFP-3XFLAG mRNA tagging.	Cufflinks FPKM value >=1.	WBPaper00050990:intestine_expressed
	Genes up regulated in alg-1(gk214) comparing to in N2.	Differential expression was assessed using an empirical Bayes statistics using the eBayes function.	WBPaper00040823:alg-1(gk214)_upregulated
	Genes with expression level regulated by genotype (N2 vs CB4856) and age at old adults stage (214 hours at 24 centigrade).	For model 2, authors used 100 permutations to estimate the FDR threshold. Per permutation, genotypes and ages were independently randomly distributed, keeping the among-gene structure intact. Then for each spot (23,232) on the array, model 2 was tested. The obtained P-values were used to estimate a threshold for each of the explanatory factors. Authors also used a genome-wide threshold of -log10 P-value = 2, which resembles an FDR of 0.072 and 0.060 for marker and the interaction age-marker for the developing worms and FDR of 0.050 and 0.065 for marker and age-marker for the aging worms. For the physiological age effect, authors used a log10 P-value = 8 in developing worms (0.012 FDR) and -log10 P-value = 6 (0.032 FDR).	WBPaper00040858:eQTL_age_regulated_aging
	Genes with expression level regulated by genotype (N2 vs CB4856) and age at L3 larva and Late reproduction stage (96 hours at 24 centigrade).	For model 2, authors used 100 permutations to estimate the FDR threshold. Per permutation, genotypes and ages were independently randomly distributed, keeping the among-gene structure intact. Then for each spot (23,232) on the array, model 2 was tested. The obtained P-values were used to estimate a threshold for each of the explanatory factors. Authors also used a genome-wide threshold of -log10 P-value = 2, which resembles an FDR of 0.072 and 0.060 for marker and the interaction age-marker for the developing worms and FDR of 0.050 and 0.065 for marker and age-marker for the aging worms. For the physiological age effect, authors used a log10 P-value = 8 in developing worms (0.012 FDR) and -log10 P-value = 6 (0.032 FDR).	WBPaper00040858:eQTL_age_regulated_developing
	Genes with expression level regulated by genotype (N2 vs CB4856) at old adults stage (214 hours at 24 centigrade).	For model 2, authors used 100 permutations to estimate the FDR threshold. Per permutation, genotypes and ages were independently randomly distributed, keeping the among-gene structure intact. Then for each spot (23,232) on the array, model 2 was tested. The obtained P-values were used to estimate a threshold for each of the explanatory factors. Authors also used a genome-wide threshold of -log10 P-value = 2, which resembles an FDR of 0.072 and 0.060 for marker and the interaction age-marker for the developing worms and FDR of 0.050 and 0.065 for marker and age-marker for the aging worms. For the physiological age effect, authors used a log10 P-value = 8 in developing worms (0.012 FDR) and -log10 P-value = 6 (0.032 FDR).	WBPaper00040858:eQTL_regulated_aging
	Genes with expression level regulated by genotype (N2 vs CB4856) at L3 larva and Late reproduction stage (96 hours at 24 centigrade).	For model 2, authors used 100 permutations to estimate the FDR threshold. Per permutation, genotypes and ages were independently randomly distributed, keeping the among-gene structure intact. Then for each spot (23,232) on the array, model 2 was tested. The obtained P-values were used to estimate a threshold for each of the explanatory factors. Authors also used a genome-wide threshold of -log10 P-value = 2, which resembles an FDR of 0.072 and 0.060 for marker and the interaction age-marker for the developing worms and FDR of 0.050 and 0.065 for marker and age-marker for the aging worms. For the physiological age effect, authors used a log10 P-value = 8 in developing worms (0.012 FDR) and -log10 P-value = 6 (0.032 FDR).	WBPaper00040858:eQTL_regulated_developing
Bacteria infection: Bacillus thuringiensis	mRNAs that showed significantly decreased expression after pathogenic bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis infections comparing to non pathogenic BT (BT247(1 to 10 mix) vs BT407 6h), according to RNAseq.	Cuffdiff, ajusted p-value < 0.01.	WBPaper00046497:B.thuringiensis_0.1mix_downregulated_6h
Bacteria infection: Bacillus thuringiensis	mRNAs that showed significantly decreased expression after pathogenic bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis infections comparing to non pathogenic BT (BT247(1 to 10 mix) vs BT407 12h), according to RNAseq.	Cuffdiff, ajusted p-value < 0.01.	WBPaper00046497:B.thuringiensis_0.1mix_downregulated_12h
Bacteria infection: Bacillus thuringiensis	mRNAs that showed significantly decreased expression after pathogenic bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis infections comparing to non pathogenic BT (BT247(1 to 2 mix) vs BT407 6h), according to RNAseq.	Cuffdiff, ajusted p-value < 0.01.	WBPaper00046497:B.thuringiensis_0.5mix_downregulated_6h
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in sin-3(tm1276) comparing to in N2.	DESeq2, fold change > 2, p-value < 0.01.	WBPaper00061203:sin-3(tm1276)_upregulated
Bacteria infection: Bacillus thuringiensis	mRNAs that showed significantly decreased expression after pathogenic bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis infections comparing to non pathogenic BT (BT247(1 to 2 mix) vs BT407 12h), according to RNAseq.	Cuffdiff, ajusted p-value < 0.01.	WBPaper00046497:B.thuringiensis_0.5mix_downregulated_12h
	Transcripts that showed significantly decreased expression in N2 animals exposed to 0.1mM Paraquat from hatching to reaching adult stage.	DESeq2 version 1.22.2, p < 0.05	WBPaper00064716:paraquat_downregulated
	Significantly upregulated genes from clk-1(qm30) microarrays using SAM algorithm with an FDR < 0.1 from adult-only chips.	SAM algorithm with an FDR < 0.1.	WBPaper00033065:clk-1(qm30)_upregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly changed expression in 6-day post-L4 adult hermaphrodite comparing to in 1-day post L4 adult hermaphrodite animals.	Sleuth	WBPaper00051558:aging_regulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly decreased expression in sin-3(tm1276) comparing to in N2 at early embryo when there were only 3 -5 eggs in the adult.	DESeq2, fold change > 2, adjusted p-value < 0.01	WBPaper00058598:sin-3(tm1276)_downregulated
	Transcripts that showed differential expression between 24 and 26 hours post hatching L2d and dauer committed larvae of daf-9(dh6), triggered by the dafachronic acid (DA) growth hormone. Cluster 3 genes increased expression transiently at 26 hour post hatching.	Benjamini Hochberg corrected q-value < 0.01.	WBPaper00053388:dauer_regulated_Cluster3
	Transcripts depleted in purified oocyte P bodies comparing to in the whole animal.	DESeq2, FDR < 0.05, fold change > 2.	WBPaper00065975:P-body_vs_WholeAnimal_depleted

7 Expression Patterns

• Primary Identifier: Expr11070
• Pattern: In developing C. elegans larvae, mCherry protein was present in intestinal cells and select neurons and was excluded from muscle cells in a pattern reminiscent of human progranulin expression.The mCherry transcriptional reporter was first visible in the embryonic intestinal precursor cells at midgastrulation stage approximately 180 min after the first em- bryonic cleavage. Neuronal mCherry expression was observed in L1 larvae, and neuronal and intestinal mCherry expression persisted throughout larval development and into adulthood.

• Primary Identifier: Expr11071
• Subcellular Localization: PGRN-1::RFP fusion protein was not found in discrete tissues. Instead, it was visible in what appeared to be intestinal organelles, in the pseudocoelomic cavity, and in scavenging coelomocytes, suggesting that, as in mammals, progranulin is secreted.

• Primary Identifier: Expr1035268
• Pattern: Tiling arrays expression graphs

• Primary Identifier: Expr1157416
• Pattern: Developmental gene expression time-course. Raw data can be downloaded from ftp://caltech.wormbase.org/pub/wormbase/datasets-published/hashimshony2015

• Primary Identifier: Expr1010580
• Pattern: Developmental gene expression time-course. Raw data can be downloaded from ftp://caltech.wormbase.org/pub/wormbase/datasets-published/levin2012

• Primary Identifier: Expr2033112
• Pattern: Single cell embryonic expression. Only cell types with an expression fraction of greater 0.2 of the maximum expressed fraction are labeled (Full data can be downloaded from http://caltech.wormbase.org/pub/wormbase/datasets-published/packer2019/). The colors represent the broad cell class to which the cell type has been assigned. The size of the point is proportional to the log2 of the numbers of cells in the dataset of that cell type. Interactive visualizations are available as a web app (https://cello.shinyapps.io/celegans/) and can also be installed as an R package (https://github.com/qinzhu/VisCello.celegans).

• Primary Identifier: Expr2014877
• Pattern: Single cell embryonic expression. Only cell types with an expression fraction of greater 0.2 of the maximum expressed fraction are labeled (Full data can be downloaded from http://caltech.wormbase.org/pub/wormbase/datasets-published/packer2019/). The colors represent the broad cell class to which the cell type has been assigned. The size of the point is proportional to the log2 of the numbers of cells in the dataset of that cell type. Interactive visualizations are available as a web app (https://cello.shinyapps.io/celegans/) and can also be installed as an R package (https://github.com/qinzhu/VisCello.celegans).

3 GO Annotation

0 Homologues

1 Locations

• Feature . Primary Identifier: WBGene00011936
• Start: 11701852
• End: 11703698
• Strand: 1

3 Ontology Annotations

8 Regulates Expr Cluster

Regulated By Treatment	Description	Algorithm	Primary Identifier
	Genes differentially expressed in pgrn-1(tm985), ced-3(n717) and ced-1(e1735) as compared to N2E.	Differential expression analysis was performed using the EdgeR Bioconductor package (19910308), and differentially expressed genes were selected based on False Discovery Rate (FDR Benjamini Hochberg adjusted p-values) estimated at <=5%.	WBPaper00044246:pgrn-1_ced-3_ced-1_downregulated
	Genes differentially expressed in pgrn-1(tm985), ced-3(n717) and ced-1(e1735) as compared to N2E.	Differential expression analysis was performed using the EdgeR Bioconductor package (19910308), and differentially expressed genes were selected based on False Discovery Rate (FDR Benjamini Hochberg adjusted p-values) estimated at <=5%.	WBPaper00044246:pgrn-1_ced-3_ced-1_upregulated
	Genes differentially expressed in pgrn-1(tm985) and ced-1(e1735) but not in ced-3(n717) as compared to N2E.	Differential expression analysis was performed using the EdgeR Bioconductor package (19910308), and differentially expressed genes were selected based on False Discovery Rate (FDR Benjamini Hochberg adjusted p-values) estimated at <=5%.	WBPaper00044246:pgrn-1_ced-1_downregulated
	Genes differentially expressed in pgrn-1(tm985) and ced-3(n717) but not in ced-1(e1735) as compared to N2E.	Differential expression analysis was performed using the EdgeR Bioconductor package (19910308), and differentially expressed genes were selected based on False Discovery Rate (FDR Benjamini Hochberg adjusted p-values) estimated at <=5%.	WBPaper00044246:pgrn-1_ced-3_upregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly decreased expression in CF3050 [prgn-1(tm985)] comparing to in N2 control.	edgeR, fold change > 2, FDR < 0.05	WBPaper00057149:prgn-1(tm985)_downregulated
	Genes differentially expressed in pgrn-1(tm985) and ced-3(n717) but not in ced-1(e1735) as compared to N2E.	Differential expression analysis was performed using the EdgeR Bioconductor package (19910308), and differentially expressed genes were selected based on False Discovery Rate (FDR Benjamini Hochberg adjusted p-values) estimated at <=5%.	WBPaper00044246:pgrn-1_ced-3_downregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in CF3050 [prgn-1(tm985)] comparing to in N2 control.	edgeR, fold change > 2, FDR < 0.05	WBPaper00057149:prgn-1(tm985)_upregulated
	Genes differentially expressed in pgrn-1(tm985) and ced-1(e1735) but not in ced-3(n717) as compared to N2E.	Differential expression analysis was performed using the EdgeR Bioconductor package (19910308), and differentially expressed genes were selected based on False Discovery Rate (FDR Benjamini Hochberg adjusted p-values) estimated at <=5%.	WBPaper00044246:pgrn-1_ced-1_upregulated

1 Sequence

• Length: 1847

1 Sequence Ontology Term

• Name: gene

0 Strains

1 Upstream Intergenic Region

• WormBase ID: intergenic_region_chrI_11701179..11701851
• Length (nt): 673
• Chromosome Location: I: 11701179-11701851
• Organism: Caenorhabditis elegans