WormMine: Gene WBGene00000240

• WormBase Gene ID: WBGene00000240
• Gene Name: pah-1
• Sequence Name: K08F8.4
• Brief Description: pah-1 encodes a biochemically active phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase orthologous to human PAH; recombinant PAH-1 has hydroxylase activity on phenylalanine and tryptophan substrates in vitro; pah-1 is expressed in seam cells, tail hypodermal cells, and ventral hypodermis, with stronger posterior than anterior expression; PAH-1 might help provide tyrosine for cross-linking in the cuticle, and is partially required for the tyrosinemic phenotype of K10C2.4(RNAi) animals; pah-1 is also required for melanin biosynthesis, the loss of which is associated with increased superoxide dismutase activity; animals doubly mutant for pah-1 and bli-3 exhibit severe cuticle defects.
• Organism: Caenorhabditis elegans
• Automated Description: Enables phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase activity and tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activity. Involved in several processes, including aromatic amino acid metabolic process; determination of adult lifespan; and melanin biosynthetic process. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm. Expressed in hypodermis; seam cell; and tail. Used to study phenylketonuria. Human ortholog(s) of this gene implicated in intellectual disability and phenylketonuria. Is an ortholog of human PAH (phenylalanine hydroxylase).
• Biotype: SO:0001217
• Genetic Position: II :0.883822 ±0.001623
• Length (nt): 4376

1 Organism

• Name: Caenorhabditis elegans
• Taxon Id: 6239

1 Synonyms

• Value: WBGene00000240

Genomics

2 Transcripts

WormMine ID	Sequence Name	Length (nt)	Chromosome Location
Transcript:K08F8.4a.1	K08F8.4a.1	1609	II: 8762622-8765211
Transcript:K08F8.4b.1	K08F8.4b.1	1479	II: 8762675-8766997

Other

2 CDSs

WormMine ID	Sequence Name	Length (nt)	Chromosome Location
CDS:K08F8.4a	K08F8.4a	1374	II: 8762717-8762891
CDS:K08F8.4b	K08F8.4b	1362	II: 8762717-8762891

2 RNAi Result

• WBRNAi00050330
• WBRNAi00027881

59 Allele

• gk963801
• gk963053
• gk962682
• gk963446
• gk964068
• WBVar01695984
• WBVar01695983
• WBVar01695986
• WBVar01695985
• WBVar01604365
• WBVar01604366
• tm520
• WBVar01438886
• WBVar01376612
• WBVar02033444
• WBVar01405395
• WBVar00226441
• WBVar01935128
• WBVar02103053
• tm987
• gk934619
• gk937208
• gk613670
• gk769836
• gk677290
• gk547023
• gk959369
• gk909625
• gk811483
• WBVar01252217

1 Chromosome

• WormBase ID: II
• Organism: Caenorhabditis elegans
• Length (nt): 15279421

1 Chromosome Location

• Feature . Primary Identifier: WBGene00000240
• Start: 8762622
• End: 8766997
• Strand: -1

4 Data Sets

• WormBaseAcedbConverter
• GO Annotation data set
• C. elegans genomic annotations (GFF3 Gene)
• Panther orthologue and paralogue predictions

1 Downstream Intergenic Region

• WormBase ID: intergenic_region_chrII_8759594..8762621
• Length (nt): 3028
• Chromosome Location: II: 8759594-8762621
• Organism: Caenorhabditis elegans

192 Expression Clusters

Regulated By Treatment	Description	Algorithm	Primary Identifier
	Genes with expression altered >= 3-fold in dpy-10(e128) mutants.	Data across the wild type series was analyzed using the Significance analysis of Microarrays (SAM) algorithm (to calculate the False Discovery Rate (FDR)).	WBPaper00035873:dpy-10_regulated
	Transcripts of coding genes that showed significantly decreased expression in muscle.	DESeq2 (version 1.24.0). Transcripts with a false-discovery rate adjusted p-value less than 0.05 were considered significantly differentially expressed.	WBPaper00062325:muscle_depleted_coding-RNA
	Transcripts expressed in neuronal cells, by analyzingfluorescence-activated cell sorted (FACS) neurons.	DESeq. False discovry rate (FDR) < 0.1.	WBPaper00048988:neuron_expressed
adult vs dauer larva	Transcripts that showed differential expression in adult vs dauer lava in N2 animals at 20C.	N.A.	WBPaper00050488:adult_vs_dauer_regulated_N2_20C
	TGF- Dauer pathway adult transcriptional targets. Results obtained by comparing the microarray results of the dauer-constitutive mutants daf-7(e1372), daf-7(m62), and daf-1(m40) with dauer-defective mutants daf-3(mgDf90), daf-5(e1386), and daf-7(e1372);daf-3(mgDf90) double mutants at the permissive temperature, 20C, on the first day of adulthood.	SAM	WBPaper00031040:TGF-beta_adult_upregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression glp-1(e2141); TU3401 animals comparing to in TU3401 animals.	Fold change > 2, FDR < 0.01.	WBPaper00065993:glp-1(e2141)_upregulated
Bacteria infection: Enterococcus faecalis OG1RF. Exposure for 16 hours.	Transcripts that showed significantly decreased expression in N2 after animals were exposed to E. faecalis OG1RF for 16 hours comparing to exposure to E. Coli OP50.	Cuffcompare and Cuffdiff	WBPaper00056090:E.faecalis_downregulated_N2
	Proteins interacting with NHR-49-GFP according to co-IP and LC-MS.	N.A.	WBPaper00064071:NHR-49_interacting
	Genes that are significantly up regulated in tdp-1(ok803) poly(A) RNA-seq verses in N2.	DESeq v1.14, with cut-off p-value < 0.05 and FDR < 0.1.	WBPaper00046012:tdp-1(ok803)_upregulated
	Transcripts expressed in hypodermis, according to PAT-Seq analysis using Pdpy-7-GFP-3XFLAG mRNA tagging.	Cufflinks FPKM value >=1.	WBPaper00050990:hypodermis_expressed
	Transcripts that showed significantly decreased expression in atfs-1(cmh15) (null allele) animals comparing to in N2 animals at L4 larva stage.	edgeR, fold change > 2, FDR < 0.05	WBPaper00060909:atfs-1(cmh15)_downregulated
	Transcripts expressed in intestine, according to PAT-Seq analysis using Pges-1-GFP-3XFLAG mRNA tagging.	Cufflinks FPKM value >=1.	WBPaper00050990:intestine_expressed
	Genes with expression level regulated by genotype (N2 vs CB4856) and age at old adults stage (214 hours at 24 centigrade).	For model 2, authors used 100 permutations to estimate the FDR threshold. Per permutation, genotypes and ages were independently randomly distributed, keeping the among-gene structure intact. Then for each spot (23,232) on the array, model 2 was tested. The obtained P-values were used to estimate a threshold for each of the explanatory factors. Authors also used a genome-wide threshold of -log10 P-value = 2, which resembles an FDR of 0.072 and 0.060 for marker and the interaction age-marker for the developing worms and FDR of 0.050 and 0.065 for marker and age-marker for the aging worms. For the physiological age effect, authors used a log10 P-value = 8 in developing worms (0.012 FDR) and -log10 P-value = 6 (0.032 FDR).	WBPaper00040858:eQTL_age_regulated_aging
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in rrf-3(pk1426) comparing to in N2 at embryo stage.	DESeq2v 1.18.1, fold change > 1.5, adjusted p-value < 0.01.	WBPaper00056169:rrf-3(pk1426)_upregulated_embryo
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in Y56A3A.22(cck200) and Y56A3A.22(cck201) animals comparing to wild type animals.	N.A.	WBPaper00061045:Y56A3A.22(cck200)_upregulated
Bacteria infection: Bacillus thuringiensis	mRNAs that showed significantly decreased expression after pathogenic bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis infections comparing to non pathogenic BT (BT247(1 to 10 mix) vs BT407 6h), according to RNAseq.	Cuffdiff, ajusted p-value < 0.01.	WBPaper00046497:B.thuringiensis_0.1mix_downregulated_6h
Bacteria infection: Bacillus thuringiensis	mRNAs that showed significantly decreased expression after pathogenic bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis infections comparing to non pathogenic BT (BT247(1 to 10 mix) vs BT407 12h), according to RNAseq.	Cuffdiff, ajusted p-value < 0.01.	WBPaper00046497:B.thuringiensis_0.1mix_downregulated_12h
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression after four-day-old young adult worms were placed on NGM plates seeded with OP50 in the presence 5% Agaro-oligosaccharides(AGO) for 24 h, comparing to animals grown in the absence of AGO.	Fold change > 2.	WBPaper00064306:Agaro-oligosaccharides_upregulated
Bacteria infection: Bacillus thuringiensis	mRNAs that showed significantly decreased expression after pathogenic bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis infections comparing to non pathogenic BT (BT247(1 to 2 mix) vs BT407 6h), according to RNAseq.	Cuffdiff, ajusted p-value < 0.01.	WBPaper00046497:B.thuringiensis_0.5mix_downregulated_6h
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in sin-3(tm1276) comparing to in N2.	DESeq2, fold change > 2, p-value < 0.01.	WBPaper00061203:sin-3(tm1276)_upregulated
Bacteria infection: Bacillus thuringiensis	mRNAs that showed significantly decreased expression after pathogenic bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis infections comparing to non pathogenic BT (BT247(1 to 2 mix) vs BT407 12h), according to RNAseq.	Cuffdiff, ajusted p-value < 0.01.	WBPaper00046497:B.thuringiensis_0.5mix_downregulated_12h
Dietary restriction	Transcripts that showed significantly decreased expression after N2 animals were under dietary restriction (DR, OP50 OD = 0.1) from 3-day post L4 till 6-day post L4 adult hermaphrodite stage, comparing to under ad libtum (AL, OP50 OD = 3) condition.	Bioconductor package edgeR, p < 0.05.	WBPaper00056443:DietaryRestriction_downregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in hrde-1(tm1200) animals, comparing to in N2, after growing at 25C for five generations (late generation).	CuffDiff2	WBPaper00051265:F4_hrde-1(tm1200)_upregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in aak-1(tm1944);aak-2(ok524) animals comparing to in N2.	DEseq 1.18.0, adjusted p-value < 0.05.	WBPaper00056471:aak-1(tm1944);aak-2(ok524)_upregulated
	Genes that showed significantly increased expression in daf-2(e1370);hel-1(gk148684) comparing to in hel-1(gk148684)	To identify DEGs, Students t test and the log2 median ratio test were performed to compute t values and median ratios for all the annotated genes. The adjusted P values from each test were computed using an empirical distribution of the null hypothesis, which was obtained from random permutations of the samples. Finally, the adjusted P values from the individual tests were combined to compute the overall P values using Stouffers method , and genes with overall P < 0.05 and fold change > 1.5 were selected as DEGs.	WBPaper00047131:daf-2(e1370)_upregulated_hel-1(gk148684)-background
	Genes that showed significantly increased expression in daf-2(e1370) comparing to in N2.	To identify DEGs, Students t test and the log2 median ratio test were performed to compute t values and median ratios for all the annotated genes. The adjusted P values from each test were computed using an empirical distribution of the null hypothesis, which was obtained from random permutations of the samples. Finally, the adjusted P values from the individual tests were combined to compute the overall P values using Stouffers method , and genes with overall P < 0.05 and fold change > 1.5 were selected as DEGs.	WBPaper00047131:daf-2(e1370)_upregulated_N2-background
	Transcripts that showed significantly decreased expression in N2 animals exposed to 0.1mM Paraquat from hatching to reaching adult stage.	DESeq2 version 1.22.2, p < 0.05	WBPaper00064716:paraquat_downregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in daf-2(e1370) comparing to in control animals.	NOIseq(v2.34.0), fold change > = 1.5, Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were defined as having a probability of differentialexpression > 95%.	WBPaper00064727:daf-2(e1370)_upregulated
	Significantly upregulated genes from clk-1(qm30) microarrays using SAM algorithm with an FDR < 0.1 from adult-only chips.	SAM algorithm with an FDR < 0.1.	WBPaper00033065:clk-1(qm30)_upregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly changed expression in 6-day post-L4 adult hermaphrodite comparing to in 1-day post L4 adult hermaphrodite animals.	Sleuth	WBPaper00051558:aging_regulated

7 Expression Patterns

• Primary Identifier: Expr1030154
• Pattern: Tiling arrays expression graphs

• Primary Identifier: Expr1235
• Remark: No staining was seen in animals prepared with second antibody alone. This antibody recognize both bas-2 and tph-1, see Expr1988. Worms were prepared differently in Expr1235 and Expr1988 to highlight either hypodermal or neuronal staining.
• Pattern: Frequently stained in the hypodermis and especially in the tail. Staining were apparent in seam cells (lateral hypodermis) or ventral hypodermis, apparently stronger in larger body hypodermal syncitium (hyp7). Often very strong in a small number of cells in the tail, especially in larvae. Some of these cells are associated with the anus and appear to be interfacial hypodermal cells of the rectum and anus. Tail cell staining also included hypodermal cells forming the tail spike. Staining in males was similar to hermaphrodites but more complex in the tail.
• Subcellular Localization: Clear cytoplasmic, nuclei were apparent as unstained spots within cells.

• Primary Identifier: Expr1234
• Remark: K08F8.4 = bas-2 --WS59. K08F8.4 is described as aromatic amino acid hydroxylase gene by the authors.
• Pattern: Predominantly expressed in hypodermal cells, especially in the posterior. Frequently, staining was seen only in a few cells in the tail, especially in larvae. Many animals showed a strong anterior-posterior gradient in staining, the tail being strongly stained, and the anterior being weakly stained or unstained. No staining in the ventral nerve cord, head or tail in either hermaphrodites or males. Apparent staining in ventral hypodermal cells derived from Pn.p cells associated with the ventral nerve cord. Staining occasionally seen also in the body wall muscle nuclei in adults.

• Primary Identifier: Expr2032918
• Pattern: Single cell embryonic expression. Only cell types with an expression fraction of greater 0.2 of the maximum expressed fraction are labeled (Full data can be downloaded from http://caltech.wormbase.org/pub/wormbase/datasets-published/packer2019/). The colors represent the broad cell class to which the cell type has been assigned. The size of the point is proportional to the log2 of the numbers of cells in the dataset of that cell type. Interactive visualizations are available as a web app (https://cello.shinyapps.io/celegans/) and can also be installed as an R package (https://github.com/qinzhu/VisCello.celegans).

• Primary Identifier: Expr1154032
• Pattern: Developmental gene expression time-course. Raw data can be downloaded from ftp://caltech.wormbase.org/pub/wormbase/datasets-published/hashimshony2015

• Primary Identifier: Expr2014685
• Pattern: Single cell embryonic expression. Only cell types with an expression fraction of greater 0.2 of the maximum expressed fraction are labeled (Full data can be downloaded from http://caltech.wormbase.org/pub/wormbase/datasets-published/packer2019/). The colors represent the broad cell class to which the cell type has been assigned. The size of the point is proportional to the log2 of the numbers of cells in the dataset of that cell type. Interactive visualizations are available as a web app (https://cello.shinyapps.io/celegans/) and can also be installed as an R package (https://github.com/qinzhu/VisCello.celegans).

• Primary Identifier: Expr1025851
• Pattern: Developmental gene expression time-course. Raw data can be downloaded from ftp://caltech.wormbase.org/pub/wormbase/datasets-published/levin2012

31 GO Annotation

5 Homologues

1 Locations

• Feature . Primary Identifier: WBGene00000240
• Start: 8762622
• End: 8766997
• Strand: -1

31 Ontology Annotations

0 Regulates Expr Cluster

1 Sequence

• Length: 4376

1 Sequence Ontology Term