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Expr4201
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This construct expressed GFP ubiquitously in early embryos. The expression became progressively more restricted in older embryos and young larvae, and was not observed in adults. In larvae, expression was observed in dividing cells: ventral nerve cord neuroblasts, vulval precursors, dividing hypodermal seam cells, and the Q neuroblasts and their descendants. |
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Expr11222
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egl-46 was only expressed in a subset of the Q cell lineage. Initially, egl-46 was not expressed in the Q neuroblast, and in the Q.a lineage it started to be expressed in the Q.a cell, whereas in the Q.p lineage its expression was restricted to Q.paa and was absent from Q.pap. |
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LacZ expression in posterior of the worm-consistent with in situ pattern. This information was extracted from published material (Archana Sharma-Oates, Andrew Mounsey and Ian A. Hope). |
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Expr694
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Expression observed in cells of Q lineage, at first expression is specific for the left Q cell lineage; No expression in QR or its descendants. mab-5::lacZ is not expressed in QL during initial mab-5 independent phase of its migration but is switched on in QL during the course of its migration. beta-galactosidase expression is strongest after first division and persists throughout the migration of the QL descendants. QL moves into a region of the body where ectodermal, mesodermal and endodermal cells express mab-5-lacZ, QR migrates anteriorly into a region where only the juvenile neurons express mab-5-lacZ. After Q cell migration is complete expression observed in QL at low-level but not in QR. After Q cells have divided, QL descendants express high levels of the fusion. Staining persists in all QL descendants throughout migration and to end of L1. There is no expression in QR descendants. 0-2 hours after hatching No expression in Q cell. 2-3h expression observed in QL cells migrating up over V5. Expression observed in all posterior cells in which mab-5 function is predicted genetically, as well as the posterior intestine and juvenile neurons. |
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Reporter gene fusion type not specified. |
[cam-1::gfp]. A functional cam-1gfp transgene that rescues the defects of cam-1 mutants. |
Expr1146
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CAM-1GFP expression appears at the 200-cell stage in most cells of the embryo. Migrating ALM, BDU, CAN, HSN and ccM cells, which migrate embryonically and require cam-1 function for their migration, are likely to express CAM-1GFP, as most cells of the embryo express the transgene while these cells migrate. During the first larval stage, V cells often express CAM-1GFP at the time that they divide, and the Q-neuroblast descendents, which also require cam-1 function for their migration, express CAM-1GFP. During larval development, CAM-1GFP is highly expressed in the nervous system, as well as in intestinal, hypodermal and body-wall muscle cells and in parts of the pharynx. |
In non-neuronal cells, much of the protein appears to associate with the plasma membrane. In neurons, CAM-1GFP is detected predominantly in axons and dendrites. |
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Lineage expression: V lineage. Transgenic ceh-20(mu290) animals bearing pLY11 were rescued for the QR.pax positioning phenotype, the Muv/Egl, and the Vn.a division phenotype, suggesting that ceh-20::gfp was expressed in cells that require its function for these processes. |
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Expr3231
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ceh-20::gfp expression was detected in QR and QL and their descendants throughout their migrations to the end of L1. V cells and their daughters also expressed ceh-20::gfp. Expression persisted in the descendants of the V cells through the adult stage. At hatching, all P cells expressed ceh-20::gfp. Before the anterior and posterior Pn.p cells fuse, they also expressed ceh-20. In L3 hermaphrodites, expression was maintained in P(3-8).p. ceh-20::gfp expression was identified in several other cell types. These included M, BDU, ALM, HSN, body wall muscle cells, I4, all L1 ventral cord neurons and a few unidentified neurons in the head behind the posterior bulb of the pharynx. |
In all cells expressing ceh-20, the expression was stronger in the nucleus than in the cytoplasm. ceh-20::gfp expression and nuclear localization did not change in the unc-62(mu232) background. |
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Expr878
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Fluorescence was first seen in some embryonic cells after gastrulation. All expression was confined to nuclei. Several cells in the head and tail, most of which appeared to be neuronal, were fluorescent in larvae and adults. The expression in at least some of the cells varied with time. Authors observed strongest expression and most continuous expression (lasting into the adult) in the FLP cells. The two HSN cells were seen in comma-stage to 1.5-fold stage embryos. Sometimes saw egl-1(+)-dependent expression in cells in the normal HSN position in L1 and L2 larvae, but never in L3 or older animals. In addition to these cells, GFP fluorescence was also found in 11 pairs of ventral cord neurons in the late L1 stage but not later. As many as 10 cells also fluoresced in the heads of L1 larvae. One cell in the tail also fluoresced at hatching, and two additional cells fluoresced at the end of the L1 stage and the beginning of the L2 stage. All of these cells lost their fluorescence as the animals matured. Unexpectedly, the touch cells also expressed the gfp::egl-46 fusion. This expression was transient (mainly in L2 larvae) and much fainter than the expression in the FLP cells (the postembryonically derived AVM and PVM cells fluoresced strongest). Some PVM fluorescence was seen at the L3 stage. gfp::egl-46 was also expressed in the PVD neurons. egl-46 is expressed transiently in the Q lineages. |
All expression was confined to nuclei. |
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Expr12269
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GFP-tagged Anillin (GFP::ANI-1) accumulates at the cleavage furrow and in the midbody during cytokinesis. |
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Expr11647
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Time-lapse imaging analysis demonstrated that LIN-32::GFP is restricted in the nuclei during interphase and that LIN-32::GFP evenly distributed in the cytoplasm of dividing Q.a and Q.p cells. The dynamic distribution of LIN-32 during asymmetric cell division is consistent with the role of LIN-32 as a transcription factor. lin-32 starts its expression in Q neuroblasts and maintains the expression throughout Q neuroblast development. Interestingly, lin-32 shows distinct expression patterns between Q.a and Q.p lineages. After Q neuroblast division, Q.a and Q.p appear to have the similar level of LIN-32::GFP fluorescence. However, in the end of Q neuroblast development, Q.a progenies have approximately five or four folds higher expression of LIN-32::GFP than that of Q.p progenies in the right side or left side of the animals. |
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Expr11168
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COR-1::GFP is enriched at the leading edge of the Q cell. Quantitative fluorescence analysis showed that the COR-1::GFP intensity was 1.7-fold as strong in the leading edge of migrating Q cells as in the lagging edge. |
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Expr11869
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The toe-2 promoter (from -2 kb to the start codon). This promoter drove expression of GFP in the Q, Q.a and Q.p cells, in the daughters of Q.a and Q.p, and in the mature neurons A/PVM, SDQ and A/PQR. |
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Lineage expression: sex myoblasts and their descandents. |
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Expr1463
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Expression of mig-2::GFP was first detected in early embryos, prior to the onset of morphogenesis (~300 min after first cell cleavage). At this time, expression was seen in nearly every cell with the exception of the intestine. At hatching, many but not all cell types expressed the fusion protein. In particular, mig-2::GFP was expressed in cells that undergo long-range migration during embryogenesis, such as the neurons HSN, CAN, and ALM. Expression was quite strong in the Q cells and their descendants during their migrations in the first larval stage. Expression in these neurons persisted through development. Many mesodermal cells, such as the embryonic migratory cells Z1 and Z4, also expressed mig-2::GFP, although one migratory mesodermal cell, M, did not. Weaker mig-2::GFP expression was also seen in many nonmigratory neurons and epidermal cells; however, no expression was detected in the intestine or germ line. In older larvae and adult hermaphrodites, expression was seen in the vulva, distal tip cells of the gonad, and the sex myoblasts and their descendants. Similar patterns of expression were seen in two additional independently isolated transgenic lines. |
Throughout development, the fusion protein was clearly localized to the cell periphery (plasma membrane) in most cell types, and no asymmetric subcellular localization was reliably detected. Interestingly, some mig-2::GFP-expressing cells exhibited cytoplasmic as well as membrane-localized staining. These were the HSN neuron, the distal tip cells, the gonadal anchor cell, and the granddaughters of the Q cells. |
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The expression pattern of this construct was similar in independent transgenic lines, but the subcellular localization of the PRY-1 GFP fusion protein differed, ranging from localization at the plasma membrane and in cytoplasmic dots to diffuse cytoplasmic and nuclear staining. This difference in subcellular localization may be a consequence of variations in expression levels of the fusion protein in different transgenic lines. For ease of cell identification, a transgenic line showing diffuse cytoplasmic and nuclear staining was selected. This transgene fully rescued the lethality, the multivulva phenotype, and the QR.d migration defect of pry-1(mu38 and nc1). This suggests that the PRY-1 GFP fusion protein is functional and is correctly expressed in cells in which PRY-1 is essential. |
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Expr1896
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The pry-1 reporter gene is widely expressed throughout development. Expression starts halfway through embryogenesis and is mainly localized to the ventral and lateral hypodermal cells. At the early L1 stage, pry-1 is expressed at high levels in the lateral hypodermal cells (or seam cells) V5 and V6 and in the Q neuroblasts QL and QR. pry-1 is also expressed in the ventral hypodermal (P) cells P7/8 to P11/12, body wall muscle cells, and neurons in the head, the tail, and the ventral nerve cord. No differences in pry-1 expression levels between QL and QR was observed, but this may be a result of PRY-1 GFP overexpression. At the end of the L1 stage, pry-1 is expressed at high levels in all seam cells. Expression was also observed in the QL and QR daughter cells. At later larval stages, pry-1 is expressed at high levels throughout the animal, including hypodermal cells, body wall muscle cells, and many neurons in the ventral nerve cord and head and tail ganglia. In addition, pry-1 is expressed in the vulva precursor (Pn.p) cells and in the developing vulva and male tail. |
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Reporter gene fusion type not specified. |
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Expr1601
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Expressed on the surface of motile cells and pioneering neurons whose migrations are affected in unc-40 mutants. UNC-40/GFP becomes detectable on the surface of all cells at the onset of gastrulation (~100 min after first cleavage), and then gradually decreases. By the end of gastrulation (~290 min), the protein is barely detectable on all cells. In the neurula (~400 min), UNC-40/GFP is highly expressed on ventral cord motorneurons, including cell bodies and axons, undergoing axonogenesis. Additional neurons express UNC-40/GFP soon after, but are difficult to identify in the elongating neurula. This expression generally persists into the first larval stage and beyond, allowing unambiguous identification of most cells. Similar expression patterns were observed using unc-40 upstream regulatory sequences to direct cytoplasmic expression of soluble GFP. In first stage larvae, ventral epidermoblasts P1/2 to P11/12 (Pn cells) express UNC-40/GFP as they undergo planar movements within the epithelium. Similarly, neuroblasts QL and QR and their descendants express UNC-40/GFP as they migrate longitudinally along the epidermis. In second stage and later larvae, the distal tip cells of hermaphrodites express UNC-40/GFP as they migrate along the body wall. |
cytoplasmic expression |
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Temporal description |
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Expr11870
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TOE-2 localizes to the centrosomes and plasma membrane of dividing neuroblasts and concentrates in the cleavage furrow as division proceeds. Before the Q division, TOE-2::GFP localized diffusely in the cytoplasm and was concentrated in the nucleus. Around metaphase, TOE- 2::GFP localized to the centrosomes. The protein remained at the centrosomes throughout the rest of the division and was inherited by both daughter cells. Before anaphase, TOE-2 also localized near the region of the membrane that eventually forms the furrow. As anaphase continued, TOE-2 concentrated within the furrow and remained there, eventually localizing to the midbody. During telophase, TOE-2 localized to chromatin. After abscission of the daughter cells, TOE-2 was again diffuse in the cytoplasm and highly concentrated in the nucleus. In Q.a and Q.p - as in the Q cell - TOE-2 localized to centrosomes, to the region of the cortex in which the furrow forms, to the furrow and, at a later stage, to the midbody. In contrast with the localization of TOE-2::GFP to the chromatin of Q daughter cells, the protein did not appear to accumulate near chromatin, or in nuclei, of the daughter cells of Q.a and Q.p during, or after, telophase. |
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Expr12069
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mom-5 is expressed in the Q neuroblasts and their descendants. Quantification of mom-5 mRNA spots revealed that mom-5 is expressed at a significantly higher level in the QR descendants than in the lineally equivalent QL descendants. Furthermore, the expression of mom-5 gradually increases in the QR lineage (average of 2.9 +/- 2.2 transcripts in QR, 7.8 +/- 6.2 transcripts in QR.p, and 21 +/- 4.6 transcripts in QR.pa, n > 20). |
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Expr12070
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Examination of endogenous cam-1 expression showed that cam-1 is expressed in the Q neuroblast lineage. Similar to mom-5, cam-1 was expressed at a significantly higher level in the QR descendants than in the QL descendants. Furthermore, the expression of cam-1 also gradually increases during QR lineage progression (average of 5.3 +/- 3.3 mRNA spots in QR, 5.5 +/- 4.8 mRNA spots in QR.p and 17 +/- 5.2 mRNA spots in QR.pa, n > 20). |
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