WormMine: AnatomyTerm WBbt:0006794

• Definition: gonad of a male animal, produces sperm.
• Name: male gonad
• Primary Identifier: WBbt:0006794

4 Children

Definition	Name	Synonym	Primary Identifier
male gonad cell, leads gonad during morphogenesis and initiates union with cloaca	linker cell	gon_male_link	WBbt:0005062
That portion of the male reproductive tract, through which sperm are delivered to the proctodeum and then the cloaca in the tail. Thus that portion which is distal to the testis, made of a total of 30 cells.	vas deferens	gon_male_vdef	WBbt:0005337
part of male gonad that holds mature sperm, made of a total of 12 nuclei.	seminal vesicle	gon_male_sves	WBbt:0006870
one of a pair of cells, situates at the distal tip of the male gonad.	male distal tip cell	gon_male_dtc	WBbt:0006864

1 Expression Clusters

Regulated By Treatment	Description	Algorithm	Primary Identifier
	Genes with differential expression in prg-1(tm872) male gonads comparing to N2.	The fold differences from the three experiments were averaged, and a Z test [Z = (observed - expected) / SE] was performed. Genes with up- or downregulation greater than 1.5-fold, p < 0.05, in any given mutant were selected for inclusion.	WBPaper00031903:prg-1_regulated

20 Expression Patterns

• Primary Identifier: Expr2421
• Remark: Reporter gene fusion type not specified.
• Pattern: Transgenic animals (4-day-old young adult hermaphrodites) containing this OLD-1::GFP on extrachromosomal arrays or integrated arrays showed weak anterior expression, most likely in neuronal, hypodermal, and pharyngeal tissues. Expression was also observed in proximal regions of the male gonad, corresponding to regions of spermatid formation. An approximate 3-fold increase in GFP staining was observed during aging; note that the OLD-1::GFP construct extends the life span. Old worms showed GFP staining in most tissues, similar to the pattern observed in young worms, and weak gonadal staining. Thus, it appears that OLD-1 is upregulated over the life span.

• Primary Identifier: Expr668
• Remark: This information was extracted from published material (Archana Sharma-Oates, Andrew Mounsey and Ian A. Hope).
• Pattern: Postembryonic expression is observed in the rectum epithelium. A major site of EGL-5 expression is in the rectal epithelium. At hatching, the rectal expression is in K, F, B, U and Y. In addition expression is seen in (Y differentiates into) PDA motor neuron, (K divides to rise to) part of dorsal rectal epithelium and a cell that becomes DVB motor neuron. In males male-specific neurons show expression. In males Ab staining is observed in B.a and B.p as well as Y.p and Y.p in L1 and early L2. It appears that most/all B, Y, U, F, K descendants express EGL-5. Ventral neuroblast P12, staining is first seen in P12.a and P12.p in 12-h worms. Staining is maintained in P12 descendants in 15-h until adulthood. Both sexes' mechanosensory neurons, expression is seen in PLM neurons throughout larval development. In addition two cells express EGL-5, one in anterior region of each lumbar ganglion, likely to be PVC interneurons. Both sexes' muscles cells, expression is detected in 4-6 left/right pairs of posterior body-wall muscle cells in L1 larvae at earliest examined time 10-12 h. At L2 staining is detected in 12 left/right pairs of nuclei. Staining is strongest in the most posterior nuclei and tapers of towards the anterior. Staining in posterior body wall muscle cells remains throughout larval development and into adulthood in both sexes. In L3 males, sex-specific muscle lineages and sex-specific muscles stain strongly. These muscles include the diagonal muscles, muscles of spicule, gubernaculum and other sex muscles. Staining in these muscles persist until adulthood. HSN neurons, expression from L1 onwards through to adulthood. Male gonad, first detected in the male gonad in late L1 in a group of 6 cells at the anterior end. It appears that expression is clustered in a region that consists of both somatic cells and germ cells. Later at the beginning of the late mitotic period, staining nuclei lose their clustered arrangement. By 34 h, staining is seen in several dividing cells that form the primordium of the seminal vesicles as well as in two large nuclei in the valve region. In the nuclei of diving cells staining surrounds a condensed chromatin. This pattern persists until the end of the late mitotic period (35-37 h posthatching) when staining is also detected in sperm cells. No staining was observed in cells of the vas deferens. Lateral hypodermis, expression is seen in male seam from mid-L2. Staining first appears in V6.ppp at 20-22 h postembryonic development. Staining persists in V6.pppa and V6.pppp but at a lower level. Intensity of staining increases in R5 and R6 and to lesser degree in R4. Identification of staining cells in ray sublineages was not possible due to intense fluorescence of B-lineage cells lying in the same region. However it was possible to observe expression of a reporter gene in R4, R5, and R6 and also in cells of the R5 and R6 sublineages.
• Subcellular Localization: Expressed in the nuclei.

• Primary Identifier: Expr8036
• Remark: Picture: Figure 2B. stam-1, also called pqn-19.
• Pattern: stam-1 is expressed in many tissues, including the pharyngeal intestinal valve, several head neurons, and phasmids in both males and hermaphrodites throughout development. In males, stam-1 expression is also observed in the gonad and sensory neurons in the tail. stam-1 and pkd-2 are clearly coexpressed in male-specific ciliated CEM, ray B-type (RnB), and hook HOB sensory neurons.

• Primary Identifier: Expr3121
• Remark: The constructs pPD95.77CeODC(2047), pPD95.77CeAdoMet(3720) and pPD95.77CeSPDS(1687) were generated using the same sense primers as above but the anti sense primers 5'-GGA TCC AAT GTC ACG GCA CAT TTG GAG-3' (ODC-AS1), 5'-CCC GGG AAA GTT GGT GGC AGA CGT GGC-39 (AdoMet-AS1) GGA TCC GTT CAT GGC TTT TCG GAG (SPDS-AS1), respectively, that are located within the first 50 bp of the open reading frames. The constructs pPD95.77CeSPDS(1687), pPD95.77CeAdoMet(3720) and pPD95.77CeODC(2047) exhibited the same expression pattern as pPD95.77CeSPDS-1, pPD95.77CeAdoMet-1 or pPD95.77CeODC-1, indicating that the regions downstream of the translational start site do not contain promoter elements that affect the expression pattern of the three genes.
• Pattern: Substantial fluorescence was noted in the 20 intestinal cells of adult and larval stages. During the embryonic development GFP signals were first seen in eggs that are situated in the uterus close to the vulva, representing embryos at the time of gastrulation, approximately 3 h after fertilisation. pPD95.77CeODC-1 promotes a male-specific GFP expression in parts of the reproductive system.

• Primary Identifier: Expr3187
• Pattern: Transgenic worms containing the pmr-1::gfp construct showed GFP expression beginning as early as 3-fold stage and continued to be expressed throughout larval and adult stages. Expression was spatially confined to hypodermal seam cells, spermatheca, and intestine. When pPMR pro & cDNA::gfp was injected, transgenic worm showed essentially the same expression pattern, but different subcellular localization. Taken together, CePMR-1 is expressed in hypodermal seam cells, intestinal cells and spermatheca and male gonad; subcellularly it is localized at Golgi complex.
• Subcellular Localization: The GFP was found to be highly diffused in the worms harboring pPMR pro::gfp, but in worms expressing pPMR pro & cDNA::gfp, GFP appeared to be punctated and was confined to cytosolic region. This difference is likely to reflect the differences in the sub-cellular localization. pPMR pro::manII DsRed was injected into the transgenic worm already expressing CePMR-1::GFP fusion protein. The pPMR pro::manII DsRed, which encodes a part of alpha mannosidase II (a Golgi resident protein), was expressed under the control of pmr-1 promoter. The localization of CePMR-1 is completely superimposable with that of mannosidase, confirming the localization of CePMR-1 at Golgi apparatus. Similar pattern was observed in intestine and spermatheca.

• Primary Identifier: Expr14707
• Pattern: F01D4.5p::GFP was expressed within the intestine and early germline, and additional expression was observed in the vulva, hypodermis, nervous system, and male gonad in at least two but not all lines.

• Primary Identifier: Expr13285
• Subcellular Localization: CYB-3 was expressed strongly in a few mitotic germ cells in the distal region of the germline, where it localized to the nucleus. CYB-3 was expressed more widely in the distal half of male gonads and localized to the cytoplasm. Nonetheless, CYB-3 was not expressed in the proximal region of male gonads, in which spermatogenesis takes place.

• Primary Identifier: Expr1995
• Pattern: CNB-1 localization was also confirmed in the spermatheca by immunostaining isolated gonads. CNB-1 was localized at the subcellular level in specific tissues of wild-type animals by immunogold electron microscopy (EM). Signals of CNB-1 were observed in the seam cells of the lateral hypodermis of wild-type hermaphrodites consistent with the immunostaining data. Additionally, the male gonad also expressed CNB-1. This was evident from the scattered and distinct cytoplasmic signals of CNB-1 surrounding the cellularized spermatids. Similar localization to GFP expression patterns and additionally showed localization in hypodermal seam cells. See Expr1993 for cnb-1::gfp expression patterns.
• Subcellular Localization: Scattered and distinct cytoplasmic signals of CNB-1 was observed surrounding the cellularized spermatids. Wildtype male sperm was examined and immunostained with antiCNB-1 antibody. As expected, robust staining was observed in the wild-type sperm and the staining was distinctly cytoplasmic.

• Primary Identifier: Expr979
• Remark: F54E2 The gene: kettin is located on cosmid F54E2 and R05D8, the actual predicted open reading frame is not mentioned in the article. Sequence: R05D8
• Pattern: kettin RNA is present in the pharyngeal, body wall, and anal depressor muscles. Expression in these muscles is particularly pronounced in larvae and hermaphrodites, relative to that seen in male adults. Kettin RNA is also detected in male-specific structures in the tail.

• Primary Identifier: Expr13927
• Pattern: In addition to recapitulating previously reported expression patterns [in the gonad from mid-L1 larval stage until around the L1/L2 molt in both sexes and from the L3 larval stage through adult in the hermaphrodite gonad in the spermatheca and sheath cells], this new construct revealed expression of FKH-6::GFP in 2-4 male gonadal cells in the L3 larval stage. This is the first report of FKH-6 expression in males after the L1/L2 molt. The expression of FKH-6::GFP in the gonad of the L3 male is reproducible, appearing in 54 of the 58 male animals observed during this time period, but the expression is short-lived, and coincides with the period when the proximal region of the migrating male gonad is extending past the distal tip of the gonad.

• Primary Identifier: Expr3417
• Subcellular Localization: In mated females, extracellular MSP exhibits a graded distribution, with a sharp boundary between the -1 and -2 oocytes. Fluorescence intensity measurements indicate that MSP is localized in a graded manner from the spermatheca to the oocyte. Fluorescence intensity measurements also indicate that there is significant MSP staining over the -2 and -3 oocytes. To pinpoint the localization of MSP at the oocyte cell surface, a 3D confocal analysis of MSP localization was conducted a in mated females using the RME-2 yolk receptor to mark the oocyte plasma membrane and the early endosomal compartments. Three-dimensional image reconstructions of the data indicate that MSP localizes in three regions: (1) in superficial focal planes at the oocyte cell surface with RME-2 just beneath; (2) in the same plane as the RME-2 signal; and (3) within the oocyte beneath the plasma membrane. Using anti-MSP mAbTR-20 and visual inspection, 91% of mated female gonad arms exhibited extracellular MSP localization (n=36), with 39% showing extracellular MSP as far as the most proximal oocyte, and the rest exhibiting extracellular MSP only within the spermatheca. With confocal microscopy, extracellular MSP appeared both punctate and diffuse in the spermatheca, the gonad arm and the uterus. Analysis of 3D data stacks indicated that punctate extracellular MSP was enriched near spermatozoa on the spermathecal walls. The largest puncta were at the diffraction limit of the microscope (0.5 um) and were found nearby spermatozoa. In the proximal gonad arm, MSP was more diffuse and localized in focal plane slices near the oocyte surface. In the uterus, large MSP puncta was observed close to spermatozoa. Diffuse MSP was also observed in extracellular spaces surrounding embryos in the uterus. MSP puncta can be observed near spermatozoa in the uterus and spermatheca using wide-field microscopy, when these regions were less crowded with spermatozoa.

• Primary Identifier: Expr12286
• Pattern: exo-3 is abundantly expressed in the gonads of both hermaphrodites and males.

• Primary Identifier: Expr12287
• Pattern: apn-1 is abundantly expressed in the gonads of both hermaphrodites and males.

• Primary Identifier: Expr9250
• Pattern: C25G4.6 mRNA is expressed predominantly, if not exclusively, in the sperm-producing germline.

• Primary Identifier: Expr9251
• Pattern: F18C5.4 mRNA is expressed predominantly, if not exclusively, in the sperm-producing germline.

• Primary Identifier: Expr9248
• Pattern: In situ hybridization detecting ssp-16 mRNA demonstrated that expression of ssp-16 is restricted to the sperm-producing gonad in wild-type animals.

• Primary Identifier: Expr9249
• Pattern: ssp-16 mRNA is expressed predominantly, if not exclusively, in the sperm-producing germline.

• Primary Identifier: Expr13286
• Subcellular Localization: CYB-1 was expressed in most germ nuclei throughout male gonads. In particular, CYB-1 was robustly expressed in the proximal region, where CYB-3 was not expressed.

• Primary Identifier: Expr3359
• Remark: Reporter gene fusion type not specified.
• Pattern: Expressed in male gonad.

• Primary Identifier: Expr3360
• Remark: Reporter gene fusion type not specified.
• Pattern: Expressed in male gonad.

0 Life Stages

1 Parents

Definition	Name	Synonym	Primary Identifier
organ producing either sperm or ova.	gonad		WBbt:0005175