WormMine: ExpressionPattern Expr1470

• Pattern: CeE/DA can first be detected in both nuclei of 2-cell embryos. Staining persists apparently in all nuclei of the early embryo for the first 150-200 minutes of development (100-200 cells). By 270 minutes of development (approx. 350 cells) a dramatic change in antibody staining has occurred in which persistent staining is seen in progressively fewer blastomeres. Most, but not all, blastomeres that initially retain CeE/DA antibody staining at this stage are neurons or their immediate precursors. There are a few neuronal precursors that are located away from the neuronal clusters in the embryo (for example the postembryonic neuroblast W), for which antibody staining was not detected. Therefore, although persistent antibody staining is largely restricted to neurons or their precursors, not every such cell is antibody-positive. CeE/DA-antibody staining is transient for the majority of these cells, with the staining progressively lost as differentiation and morphogenesis occur. This is most clearly evident at the 1.5-fold stage of embryogenesis, in which a lateral view of the embryo shows staining in the head, ventral nerve cord and tail. As the embryo begins elongating, the level of CeE/DA-antibody staining decreases in these cells. Note that most of these cells are postmitotic. Although the majority of cells lose CeE/DA-antibody staining during the later half of embryogenesis, a small percentage of cells remain antibody-positive through the remainder of embryogenesis and after hatching. There are 14 of these continually staining cells in the head and seven more in the tail region. Of the 14 head cells, 5 are pharyngeal. The pharyngeal nuclei have been identified, as two pharyngeal muscle nuclei (pm5L and R) and three pharyngeal gland cell nuclei (g1P, g2L and R). The remaining nine CeE/DA antibody-positive cells in the head are outside of the pharynx and are located in the neuronal cluster between the nerve ring and the posterior pharyngeal bulb. There are four bilateral pairs of stained nuclei and one positive nucleus lying along the ventral mid-line. Using hlh-2::GFP reporter strains and DiI staining, three of the bilateral pairs of neurons have been identified as ADL (L and R) and ASH (L and R) and RIC (L and R). The large number of neurons in this area makes it difficult to identify unambiguously each of the remaining three CeE/DA antibody-positive cells. The seven tail cells with nuclei that remain CeE/DA antibody-positive throughout embryonic development include the two Q neuroblasts and five cells were tentatively identified as DVA (an interneuron), the bilateral pair of intestinal muscle cells, the anal depressor muscle and the anal sphincter muscle. The two intestinal and two anal muscle cells are postmitotic and are non-striated muscles. CeE/Da is not detected in bodywall muscles. In addition to the 21 cells that are CeE/DA antibody-positive at hatching, there are several additional cells detected immunologically during subsequent development. One prominent set of cells that becomes CeE/DA antibody-positive during the L3 stage are the 16 developing vulval and uterine muscle cells (non-striated). These nuclei remain antibody-positive in the mature vulva, although staining intensity appears to decrease. Another prominent pair of postembryonic, CeE/DA antibody-positive nuclei are the distal tip cells (DTC). The DTC nuclei are CeE/DA antibody-positive from the start of gonad elongation in larval development and remain positive in adulthood. Very faint antibody staining can also be detected in the syncytial gonad.
• Primary Identifier: Expr1470
• Remark: CeE/Da = hlh-2 in the article.
• Subcellular Localization: At all developmental stages, CeE/DA antibody staining is nuclear (except in the germline).

311 Anatomy Terms

Definition	Name	Synonym	Primary Identifier
muscle associated with hermaphrodite vulva.	vulval muscle		WBbt:0005821
Posterior distal tip cell, inhibit meiosis in neighbouring germ cells, lead gonad during morphogenesis, herm gonad	posterior distal tip cell	gon herm dtc P	WBbt:0004506
Anterior distal tip cell, inhibit meiosis in neighbouring germ cells, lead gonad during morphogenesis, herm gonad	anterior distal tip cell	gon herm dtc A	WBbt:0004520
a single, H-shaped cell which lies just above the anus and connects the roof of the anal canal to the dorsal bodywall; its contractions act to increase the size of the anal opening by lifting the roof of the rectum and hence facilitate expulsion of intestinal contents.	anal depressor muscle	dilator muscle	WBbt:0004292
a saddle-shaped muscle cell that encircles the intestinal-rectal valve	anal sphincter muscle	lineage name: ABprpppppap	WBbt:0005798
intestinal muscle cell, attach to intestine and body wall anterior to anus	intestinal muscle	stomato-intestinal muscle	WBbt:0005796
muscle lining of the uterine wall.	uterine muscle		WBbt:0005342
Amphid neuron, prob. chemosensory	ADLL	lineage name: ABalppppaad	WBbt:0003997
Amphid neuron, prob. chemosensory	ADLR	lineage name: ABpraaapaad	WBbt:0003995
Ring interneuron	RICL	lineage name: ABplppaaaapp	WBbt:0003941
Ring interneuron	RICR	lineage name: ABprppaaaapp	WBbt:0003940
one member of Amphid neurons, single ciliated endings, probably chemo-sensory; project into ring via commissure from ventral ganglion, make diverse synaptic connections in ring neuropil	ASHL	lineage name: ABplpaappaa	WBbt:0003890
one member of Amphid neurons, single ciliated endings, probably chemo-sensory; project into ring via commissure from ventral ganglion, make diverse synaptic connections in ring neuropil	ASHR	lineage name: ABprpaappaa	WBbt:0003889
organ producing either sperm or ova.	gonad		WBbt:0005175
Neuron class of one ring interneuron, cell body in dorsorectal ganglion, has a large vesicle-filled process in ring.	DVA	lineage name: ABprppppapp	WBbt:0004823
fifth pharyngeal muscle cell layer	pm5	M5	WBbt:0003737
Postembryonic neuroblast, migrates posteriorly.	QL	lineage name: ABplapapaaa	WBbt:0004056
Postembryonic neuroblast, migrates anteriorly.	QR	lineage name: ABprapapaaa	WBbt:0004054
embryonic founder cell	Psub1	lineage name: P0.p	WBbt:0006874
Embryonic founder cell	AB	AB blastomere	WBbt:0004015
embryonic cell	ABalapapp		WBbt:0006132
embryonic cell	ABalapapa		WBbt:0006314
embryonic cell	ABalaappa		WBbt:0006037
embryonic cell	ABprpappp		WBbt:0005847
embryonic cell	ABalppapa		WBbt:0005846
embryonic cell	ABaraaap		WBbt:0005861
embryonic cell	ABaraapa		WBbt:0005853
embryonic cell	ABprpapp		WBbt:0005852
embryonic cell	ABalpaaap		WBbt:0005850
embryonic cell	ABplaapap		WBbt:0005887

1 Genes

WormBase Gene ID	Gene Name	Sequence Name	Organism
WBGene00001949	hlh-2	M05B5.5	Caenorhabditis elegans

1 Life Stages

Remark	Definition	Other Name	Public Name	Primary Identifier
	All C. elegans development stages, including embryo, larva and adult stage.		all stages Ce	WBls:0000002