WormMine: Gene WBGene00003992

• WormBase Gene ID: WBGene00003992
• Gene Name: pgl-1
• Sequence Name: ZK381.4
• Brief Description: pgl-1 encodes a predicted RNA-binding protein that contains a number of C-terminal RGG box motifs; PGL-1 activity is required at high temperatures during midlarval to adult stages for postembryonic germline development and hence fertility, and also for proper formation of the germline-specific P granules; PGL-1 protein, supplied maternally and embryonically, is a constitutive P granule component and thus, its localization is cytoplasmic in oocytes and early embryos, while perinuclear in the germline blastomere P4 and proliferating germ cells of larvae and adults; pgl-1 mRNA is expressed exclusively in hermaphrodite and male germlines and is detectable at all stages of development, with highest levels seen in adults; PGL-1 localization to P granules requires wild-type activity of the predicted germline helicase GLH-1.
• Organism: Caenorhabditis elegans
• Automated Description: Enables RNA endonuclease activity and identical protein binding activity. Involved in P granule organization and germ-line stem cell division. Located in P granule. Expressed in germ line.
• Biotype: SO:0001217
• Genetic Position: IV :3.25355 ±0.002367
• Length (nt): 2878

1 Organism

• Name: Caenorhabditis elegans
• Taxon Id: 6239

1 Synonyms

• Value: WBGene00003992

Genomics

3 Transcripts

WormMine ID	Sequence Name	Length (nt)	Chromosome Location
Transcript:ZK381.4a.2	ZK381.4a.2	2423	IV: 6974441-6977249
Transcript:ZK381.4a.1	ZK381.4a.1	2383	IV: 6974442-6977143
Transcript:ZK381.4b.1	ZK381.4b.1	2316	IV: 6974617-6977318

Other

2 CDSs

WormMine ID	Sequence Name	Length (nt)	Chromosome Location
CDS:ZK381.4a	ZK381.4a	2193	IV: 6974617-6975006
CDS:ZK381.4b	ZK381.4b	2316	IV: 6974617-6975006

9 RNAi Result

• WBRNAi00059393
• WBRNAi00084334
• WBRNAi00113912
• WBRNAi00007860
• WBRNAi00021989
• WBRNAi00084326
• WBRNAi00069464
• WBRNAi00084341
• WBRNAi00027792

59 Allele

• gk964500
• gk963722
• gk963417
• gk963416
• sam52
• ttTi1256
• red116
• WBVar01923736
• WBVar00270615
• cer70
• WBVar00270616
• gg547
• q842
• ax3122
• WBVar01786411
• ct131
• tm2867
• sam33
• tm2890
• WBVar01729755
• otn7583
• gg640
• gk666102
• gk451481
• gk385826
• gk764514
• gk881944
• WBVar01831810
• gk881943
• gk789650

1 Chromosome

• WormBase ID: IV
• Organism: Caenorhabditis elegans
• Length (nt): 17493829

1 Chromosome Location

• Feature . Primary Identifier: WBGene00003992
• Start: 6974441
• End: 6977318
• Strand: -1

3 Data Sets

• WormBaseAcedbConverter
• GO Annotation data set
• C. elegans genomic annotations (GFF3 Gene)

1 Downstream Intergenic Region

• WormBase ID: intergenic_region_chrIV_6973743..6974440
• Length (nt): 698
• Chromosome Location: IV: 6973743-6974440
• Organism: Caenorhabditis elegans

200 Expression Clusters

Regulated By Treatment	Description	Algorithm	Primary Identifier
	oocyte proteins identified by two or more unique peptides during proteomics study.	In the pooled data set, 1453 C. elegans proteins were identified with a probability >= 0.9 according to ProteinProphet, of which 1165 proteins were identified by more than one unique peptide.	WBPaper00038289:oocyte_protein
	Transcripts of coding genes that showed significantly decreased expression in muscle.	DESeq2 (version 1.24.0). Transcripts with a false-discovery rate adjusted p-value less than 0.05 were considered significantly differentially expressed.	WBPaper00062325:muscle_depleted_coding-RNA
	Transcripts expressed in neuronal cells, by analyzingfluorescence-activated cell sorted (FACS) neurons.	DESeq. False discovry rate (FDR) < 0.1.	WBPaper00048988:neuron_expressed
adult vs dauer larva	Transcripts that showed differential expression in adult vs dauer lava in N2 animals at 20C.	N.A.	WBPaper00050488:adult_vs_dauer_regulated_N2_20C
	mRNAs that showed decreased expression in 1 cell mebryo comparing to in oocyte, according to RNAseq analysis.	Gaussian error propagation. As cutoff for the up-regulated genes authors used log2 fold change > 1 and P < 0.05 and as cutoff for the down-regulated genes authors used log2 fold change < -1 and P < 0.05.	WBPaper00045420:fertilization_downregulated_transcript
	Genes that showed expression levels higher than the corresponding reference sample (embryonic 24hr reference).	A Mann-Whitney U test with an empirical background model and FDR correction for multiple testing was used to detect expressed transcripts (Benjamini and Hochberg 1995). Genes and TARs with an FDR <= 0.05 were reported as expressed above background. Authors detected differentially expressed transcripts using a method based on linear models. Genes and TARs were called differentially expressed if the FDR was <= 0.05 and the fold change (FC) >= 2.0. To more strictly correct for potential false-positives resulting from multiple sample comparisons, authors divided individual FDR estimates by the number of samplesor sample comparisons, respectively. This resulted in an adjusted FDR of 1.3 * 0.0001 for expression above background and of 7.4 * 0.0001 for differential expression. Authors called genes selectively enriched in a given tissue if they met the following requirements: (1) enriched expression in a given tissue (FDR <= 0.05 and FC >= 2.0), (2) fold change versus reference among the upper 40% of the positive FC range observed for this gene across all tissues, and (3) fold-change entropy among the lower 40% of the distribution observed for all genes.	WBPaper00037950:AVE-neuron_L1-larva_expressed
Osmotic stress	Transcripts that showed significantly altered expression with 500 mM salt (NaCl) vs 100 mM salt when food was present	DESeq(version 1.10.1), FDR < 0.05.	WBPaper00050726:OsmoticStress_regulated_Food
Osmotic stress	Transcripts that showed significantly altered expression with 500 mM salt (NaCl) vs 100 mM salt when no food was present	DESeq(version 1.10.1), FDR < 0.05.	WBPaper00050726:OsmoticStress_regulated_NoFood
	Proteins interacting with NHR-49-GFP according to co-IP and LC-MS.	N.A.	WBPaper00064071:NHR-49_interacting
	Transcripts expressed in GABAergic neuron, according to PAT-Seq analysis using Punc-47-GFP-3XFLAG mRNA tagging.	Cufflinks FPKM value >=1.	WBPaper00050990:GABAergic-neuron_expressed
	Maternal class (M): genes that are called present in at least one of the three PC6 replicates.	A modified Welch F statistic was used for ANOVA. For each gene, regressed error estimates were substituted for observed error estimates. The substitution is justified by the lack of consistency among the most and least variable genes at each time point. Regressed error estimates were abundance-dependent pooled error estimates that represented a median error estimate from a window of genes of similar abundance to the gene of interest. A randomization test was used to compute the probability Pg of the observed F statistic for gene g under the null hypothesis that developmental time had no effect on expression. P-values were not corrected for multiple testing.	[cgc5767]:expression_class_M
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in day 1 adult hermaphrodite comparing to in L4 larva fem-3(q20) animals.	Fold change > 2, FDR < 0.05	WBPaper00064088:Day-1-adult_vs_L4_upregulated_fem-3(q20)
	Transcripts that showed significantly decreased expression in day 3 adult hermaphrodite comparing to in L4 larva daf-16(mu86);glp-1(e2141) animals.	Fold change > 2, FDR < 0.05	WBPaper00064088:Day-3-adult_vs_L4_downregulated_daf-16(mu86);glp-1(e2141)
	Transcripts that showed significantly decreased expression in day 3 adult hermaphrodite comparing to in L4 larva glp-1(e2141) animals.	Fold change > 2, FDR < 0.05	WBPaper00064088:Day-3-adult_vs_L4_downregulated_glp-1(e2141)
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in day 3 adult hermaphrodite comparing to in L4 larva fem-3(q20) animals.	Fold change > 2, FDR < 0.05	WBPaper00064088:Day-3-adult_vs_L4_upregulated_fem-3(q20)
	Strictly maternal class (SM): genes that are the subset of maternal genes that are not also classified as embryonic.	A modified Welch F statistic was used for ANOVA. For each gene, regressed error estimates were substituted for observed error estimates. The substitution is justified by the lack of consistency among the most and least variable genes at each time point. Regressed error estimates were abundance-dependent pooled error estimates that represented a median error estimate from a window of genes of similar abundance to the gene of interest. A randomization test was used to compute the probability Pg of the observed F statistic for gene g under the null hypothesis that developmental time had no effect on expression. P-values were not corrected for multiple testing.	[cgc5767]:expression_class_SM
	Transcripts that showed significantly decreased expression in hsp-6(mg585) comparing to in N2 at L4 larva stage.	EdgeR, fold change > 2, FDR < 0.001.	WBPaper00056290:hsp-6(mg585)_downregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly altered expression after 24 hour exposure to stavudine (d4T) starting at L1 lava stage.	DESeq	WBPaper00053302:stavudine_24h_regulated
	Genes down regulated by mir-243(n4759).	RNAs that changed at least 2-fold with a probability of p > 0.05 in three biological replicates were considered differentially regulated between wild-type and mir-243.	WBPaper00036130:mir-243_down_regulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in oocyte germline cells comparing to in mitosis germline cells.	Log2 Fold change > 2 or <-1, p-value < 0.05.	WBPaper00053599:oocyte_vs_mitosis_upregulated
	Transcripts detected in body muscle nuclei according to a nuclear FACS-based strategy.	Cufflinks	WBPaper00065120:body-muscle-transcriptome
Bacteria infection: Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14. 24 hours of exposure at 25C.	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in N2 animals with 24 hours of exposure to P. aeruginosa PA14 for 24 hrs at 25C, comparing to N2 animals without exposure to PA14.	DESeq2, fold change > 2, FDR < 0.05.	WBPaper00058948:PA14_upregulated
Temprature shift to 28C for 24 hours.	Transcripts that showed significantly decreased expression after animals were exposed to 28C temperature for 24 hours.	Differentially expressed genes wereidentified using DESeq (v.1.18.0) by normalizing readsbased on the negative binomial distribution method andcomparing each HS timepoint to the 0-h control.	WBPaper00061341:28C_24h_downregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly decreased expression in tetraploid N2 comparing to diploid N2 animals at L4 larva stage.	DESeq2 R package (1.20.0), fold change > 2, and FDR < 0.05.	WBPaper00066110:tetraploid_vs_diploid_downregulated
Temprature shift to 28C for 48 hours.	Transcripts that showed significantly decreased expression after animals were exposed to 28C temperature for 48 hours.	Differentially expressed genes wereidentified using DESeq (v.1.18.0) by normalizing readsbased on the negative binomial distribution method andcomparing each HS timepoint to the 0-h control.	WBPaper00061341:28C_48h_downregulated
	Proteins that showed significantly decreased expression in 1-day-old sek-1(km4) adults comparing to in wild type animals, both with 6 hours of cisplatin treatment.	The differential expression analysis was performed in R. Differentially expressed proteins were identified by using a two-sided t-test on log-transformed data.	WBPaper00065373:sek-1(km4)_downregulated_cisplatin
	Transcripts that showed significantly decreased expression in rbr-2(tm3141) comparing to in N2 animals.	Mapped reads were analyzed for transcript assembly and differential expression using Cufflinks 2.1.1 with a filter of twofold difference and FDR correction (P < 0.05).	WBPaper00050080:rbr-2(tm3141)_downregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in ilc-17.1(syb5296) comparing to in N2 animals at L4 larva stage.	DESeq2, fold change > 2, FDR < 0.05.	WBPaper00066594:ilc-17.1(syb5296)_upregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly decreased expression in FACS sorted neuron cells (labelled by pan-neuronal GFP) from edIs6[unc-119::GFP + rol-6(su1006)]; thoc-5(wy822) comparing to in edIs6.	DESeq2, log2 fold change > 2, adjusted p-value < 0.005.	WBPaper00055103:thoc-5(wy822)_downregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly decreased expression after animals were treated with 50uM Rifampicin from day 1 to day 3 adult hermaphradite.	DESeq2(v1.14.1), fold change > 2, p-value < 0.05	WBPaper00055354:Rifampicin_downregulated

12 Expression Patterns

• Primary Identifier: Expr4257
• Subcellular Localization: During the one-cell stage in wild type, the germline P granules localized to the posterior pole and were segregated into the posterior daughter cell P1.

• Primary Identifier: Expr1031908
• Pattern: Tiling arrays expression graphs

• Primary Identifier: Expr1162820
• Pattern: Developmental gene expression time-course. Raw data can be downloaded from ftp://caltech.wormbase.org/pub/wormbase/datasets-published/hashimshony2015

• Primary Identifier: Expr2999
• Pattern: In wild-type worms, PGL-1 appears to be associated with P granules evenly in all germ cells in both sexes throughout the life cycle, with one exception: PGL-1 disappears from P granules during spermatogenesis.
• Subcellular Localization: Associated with P granules evenly in all germ cells.

• Primary Identifier: Expr14476

• Primary Identifier: Expr11022
• Pattern: In WT worms, PGL-1, a key component of PGL granules, was exclusively expressed in the two germline precursor cells.

• Primary Identifier: Expr1013940
• Pattern: Developmental gene expression time-course. Raw data can be downloaded from ftp://caltech.wormbase.org/pub/wormbase/datasets-published/levin2012

• Primary Identifier: Expr16488
• Pattern: KT3 recognizes both PGL-3 and its paralog PGL-1, likely through a shared epitope in the intrinsically disordered region.

• Primary Identifier: Expr2033095
• Pattern: Single cell embryonic expression. Only cell types with an expression fraction of greater 0.2 of the maximum expressed fraction are labeled (Full data can be downloaded from http://caltech.wormbase.org/pub/wormbase/datasets-published/packer2019/). The colors represent the broad cell class to which the cell type has been assigned. The size of the point is proportional to the log2 of the numbers of cells in the dataset of that cell type. Interactive visualizations are available as a web app (https://cello.shinyapps.io/celegans/) and can also be installed as an R package (https://github.com/qinzhu/VisCello.celegans).

• Primary Identifier: Expr11011
• Subcellular Localization: The distribution of GFP::PGL-1, which is bright in worms grown at 24.5C, recapitulates the subcellular distribution of PGL-1 observed by fixing and staining samples with anti-PGL-1 antibody: concentrated on P granules at all stages examined.

• Primary Identifier: Expr1407
• Remark: This increase in RNA accumulation is presumably due to transcription by a growing population of germ cells. The presence of pgl-1 transcript in embryos probably reflects both a maternal load and new synthesis.
• Pattern: pgl-1 transcript is specifically expressed in both the female and male germlines. pgl-1 transcript levels are low in young larvae, higher at later stages of larval development, and highest in adults.

• Primary Identifier: Expr2014860
• Pattern: Single cell embryonic expression. Only cell types with an expression fraction of greater 0.2 of the maximum expressed fraction are labeled (Full data can be downloaded from http://caltech.wormbase.org/pub/wormbase/datasets-published/packer2019/). The colors represent the broad cell class to which the cell type has been assigned. The size of the point is proportional to the log2 of the numbers of cells in the dataset of that cell type. Interactive visualizations are available as a web app (https://cello.shinyapps.io/celegans/) and can also be installed as an R package (https://github.com/qinzhu/VisCello.celegans).

27 GO Annotation

0 Homologues

1 Locations

• Feature . Primary Identifier: WBGene00003992
• Start: 6974441
• End: 6977318
• Strand: -1

27 Ontology Annotations

19 Regulates Expr Cluster

Regulated By Treatment	Description	Algorithm	Primary Identifier
	mRNAs that showed increased expression in P-granule RNAi animales (simultaneously targeting pgl-1, pgl-3, glh-1 and glh-4) comparing to in control RNAi animals. Set 1 transcripts were defined as P-value < 0.05 and fold change > 2.	DESeq was used. Fold change between the average of the four control replicates and the average of the four test replicates was used to calculate the significance using a negative binomial distribution. An adjusted P-value was calculated using the Benjamini-Hochberg method for multiple testing correction.	WBPaper00046805:P-granule-RNAi_upregulated_Set1
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in animals lacking P granules by RNAi experiments targeting pgl-1, pgl-3, glh-1 and glh-4, and unc-119-GFP(+), comparing to in control animals, at 2-day post L4 adult hermaphrodite stage.	DESeq2, Benjamini-Hochberg multiple hypothesis corrected p-value < 0.05 and fold change > 2.	WBPaper00050859:upregulated_P-granule(-)GFP(+)_vs_control_day2-adult
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in animals lacking P granules by RNAi experiments targeting pgl-1, pgl-3, glh-1 and glh-4, and unc-119-GFP(-), comparing to in control animals, at 2-day post L4 adult hermaphrodite stage.	DESeq2, Benjamini-Hochberg multiple hypothesis corrected p-value < 0.05 and fold change > 2.	WBPaper00050859:upregulated_P-granule(-)GFP(-)_vs_control_day2-adult
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in pgl-1(ct131) animals (isolated from SS0002[pgl-1(ct131)him-3(e1147)], comparing to in control animals SS1174, at 1-day post L4 adult hermaphrodite stage.	DESeq2, Benjamini-Hochberg multiple hypothesis corrected p-value < 0.05 and fold change > 2.	WBPaper00050859:upregulated_pgl-1(ct131)_vs_control_day1-adult
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in animals lacking P granules by RNAi experiments targeting pgl-1, pgl-3, glh-1 and glh-4, and unc-119-GFP(-), comparing to in control animals, at 1-day post L4 adult hermaphrodite stage.	DESeq2, Benjamini-Hochberg multiple hypothesis corrected p-value < 0.05 and fold change > 2.	WBPaper00050859:upregulated_P-granule(-)GFP(-)_vs_control_day1-adult
	Transcripts that showed significantly decreased expression in animals lacking P granules by RNAi experiments targeting pgl-1, pgl-3, glh-1 and glh-4, and unc-119-GFP(-), comparing to in control animals, at 2-day post L4 adult hermaphrodite stage.	DESeq2, Benjamini-Hochberg multiple hypothesis corrected p-value < 0.05 and fold change > 2.	WBPaper00050859:downregulated_P-granule(-)GFP(-)_vs_control_day2-adult
	mRNAs that showed increased expression in P-granule RNAi animales (simultaneously targeting pgl-1, pgl-3, glh-1 and glh-4) comparing to in control RNAi animals. Set 2 transcripts were defined as adjusted p-value < 0.05 and fold change > 3.6.	DESeq was used. Fold change between the average of the four control replicates and the average of the four test replicates was used to calculate the significance using a negative binomial distribution. An adjusted P-value was calculated using the Benjamini-Hochberg method for multiple testing correction.	WBPaper00046805:P-granule-RNAi_upregulated_Set2
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in glh-1(gk100) animals (isolated from glh-1(gk100)/hT2(qIs48) parents), comparing to in control animals SS1174, at 1-day post L4 adult hermaphrodite stage.	DESeq2, Benjamini-Hochberg multiple hypothesis corrected p-value < 0.05 and fold change > 2.	WBPaper00050859:upregulated_glh-1(gk100)_vs_control_day1-adult
	Transcripts that showed significantly decreased expression in animals lacking P granules by RNAi experiments targeting pgl-1, pgl-3, glh-1 and glh-4, and unc-119-GFP(+), comparing to in control animals, at 2-day post L4 adult hermaphrodite stage.	DESeq2, Benjamini-Hochberg multiple hypothesis corrected p-value < 0.05 and fold change > 2.	WBPaper00050859:downregulated_P-granule(-)GFP(+)_vs_control_day2-adult
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in animals lacking P granules by RNAi experiments targeting pgl-1, pgl-3, glh-1 and glh-4, and unc-119-GFP(-), comparing to in control animals, at 1-day post L4 adult hermaphrodite stage.	DESeq2, Benjamini-Hochberg multiple hypothesis corrected p-value < 0.05 and fold change > 2.	WBPaper00050859:downregulated_P-granule(-)GFP(-)_vs_control_day1-adult
	Transcripts that showed significantly decreased expression in pgl-1(ct131) animals (isolated from SS0002[pgl-1(ct131)him-3(e1147)], comparing to in control animals SS1174, at 1-day post L4 adult hermaphrodite stage.	DESeq2, Benjamini-Hochberg multiple hypothesis corrected p-value < 0.05 and fold change > 2.	WBPaper00050859:downregulated_pgl-1(ct131)_vs_control_day1-adult
	Transcripts that showed significantly decreased expression in glh-1(gk100) animals (isolated from glh-1(gk100)/hT2(qIs48) parents), comparing to in control animals SS1174, at 1-day post L4 adult hermaphrodite stage.	DESeq2, Benjamini-Hochberg multiple hypothesis corrected p-value < 0.05 and fold change > 2.	WBPaper00050859:downregulated_glh-1(gk100)_vs_control_day1-adult
	mRNAs that showed decreased expression in P-granule RNAi animales (simultaneously targeting pgl-1, pgl-3, glh-1 and glh-4) comparing to in control RNAi animals. Set 1 transcripts were defined as P-value < 0.05 and fold change > 2.	DESeq was used. Fold change between the average of the four control replicates and the average of the four test replicates was used to calculate the significance using a negative binomial distribution. An adjusted P-value was calculated using the Benjamini-Hochberg method for multiple testing correction.	WBPaper00046805:P-granule-RNAi_downregulated_Set1
	mRNAs that showed decreased expression in P-granule RNAi animales (simultaneously targeting pgl-1, pgl-3, glh-1 and glh-4) comparing to in control RNAi animals. Set 2 transcripts were defined as adjusted p-value < 0.05 and fold change > 3.6.	DESeq was used. Fold change between the average of the four control replicates and the average of the four test replicates was used to calculate the significance using a negative binomial distribution. An adjusted P-value was calculated using the Benjamini-Hochberg method for multiple testing correction.	WBPaper00046805:P-granule-RNAi_downregulated_Set2
	Transcripts that showed significantly decreased expression in animals lacking P granules by RNAi experiments targeting pgl-1, pgl-3, glh-1 and glh-4, comparing to in control animals at L4 larva.	DESeq2, Benjamini-Hochberg multiple hypothesis corrected p-value < 0.05 and fold change > 2.	WBPaper00050859:downregulated_P-granule(-)_vs_control_L4
	Proteins constantly downregulated in pgl-1(bn101) and pgl-1(ct131) at both 20 C and 25 C, according to 2D-DIGE and LC-MS/MS.	The threshold for the detected proteins and matched peptides was set at sequence coverage >= 20% and ProteinPilot unused score >= 1.31 (a confidence threshold of 95%). Theoretical pI and Mw of each identified protein were calculated by using the pI/Mw tool of the ExPASy proteomic server (Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland).	WBPaper00041097:pgl-1_downregulated
	Transcripts that interact with PGL-1-GFP protein according to UV crosslinking and immunoprecipitation (iCLIP) experiments.	N.A.	WBPaper00059174:PGL-1_interacting
	Proteins constantly downregulated in pgl-1(bn101) and pgl-1(ct131) at both 20 C and 25 C, according to 2D-DIGE and LC-MS/MS.	The threshold for the detected proteins and matched peptides was set at sequence coverage >= 20% and ProteinPilot unused score >= 1.31 (a confidence threshold of 95%). Theoretical pI and Mw of each identified protein were calculated by using the pI/Mw tool of the ExPASy proteomic server (Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland).	WBPaper00041097:pgl-1_upregulated
	Transcripts that showed significantly increased expression in animals lacking P granules by RNAi experiments targeting pgl-1, pgl-3, glh-1 and glh-4, comparing to in control animals at L4 larva.	DESeq2, Benjamini-Hochberg multiple hypothesis corrected p-value < 0.05 and fold change > 2.	WBPaper00050859:upregulated_P-granule(-)_vs_control_L4

1 Sequence

• Length: 2878

1 Sequence Ontology Term