WormMine: AnatomyTerm WBbt:0004692

• Definition: Cylindrical hypodermal syncytium in head
• Name: hyp2
• Primary Identifier: WBbt:0004692
• Synonym: lineage name: ABalpaapppp

2 Children

Definition	Name	Synonym	Primary Identifier
nucleus of pedigree ABalpaapppp	ABalpaapppp nucleus		WBbt:0002093
nucleus of pedigree ABalpapaaap	ABalpapaaap nucleus		WBbt:0002094

5 Expression Clusters

Regulated By Treatment	Description	Algorithm	Primary Identifier
	Single-cell RNA-Seq cell group 33_1 expressed in hypodermis.	scVI 0.6.0	WBPaper00065841:33_1
	Single-cell RNA-Seq cell group 30_1 expressed in hypodermis.	scVI 0.6.0	WBPaper00065841:30_1
	Top 300 transcripts enriched in hyp1, hyp2 according to single cell RNAseq.	Top 300 enriched transcripts were determined by log2.ratio of the tpm in the cell type vs the tpm in the other cells * the log2 of the cell.type tpm.	WBPaper00061340:hyp1_hyp2
	Single-cell RNA-Seq cell group 82_1 with unidentified tissue expression pattern.	scVI 0.6.0	WBPaper00065841:82_1
	Single-cell RNA-Seq cell group 79_2 expressed in glia.	scVI 0.6.0	WBPaper00065841:79_2

58 Expression Patterns

• Primary Identifier: Expr8361
• Remark: Picture: Figure 1.
• Pattern: GFP expression initiated in the early gastrula. Robust expression of Prncs-1::GFP was observed in the midgut (E cell lineage) starting at the 28-cell stage and continuing into adulthood. By the comma stage, fluorescence was also visible in the embryo periphery in cells that give rise to hypodermis. In L1 larva and subsequent stages, strong expression of GFP was seen in hypodermal cells, including Hyp 7 syncytium and head and tail hypodermis. The expression pattern was identical in hermaphrodites and males, but adult hermaphrodites displayed fluorescence in vulval epithelium. Expression was absent in seam cells, nervous system, and pharynx. The Prncs-1::GFP reporter showed increased expression during starvation. Although fluorescence intensity was enhanced under starved conditions, the spatial expression pattern was unchanged. Expression of the Prncs-1::GFP transgene was also enhanced in males. An ~2.5-fold increase in rncs-1 expression in total RNA prepared from wild-type, well fed males, compared with hermaphrodites.

• Primary Identifier: Expr4691
• Pattern: GFP was detected in epidermal cells including the head epidermal cells hyp1 to hyp5, the hyp7 syncytium, the tail epidermal cells hyp8 to hyp11, and the ventral Pn.p cells. GFP expression was also detected in the excretory duct cell.

• Primary Identifier: Expr4344
• Pattern: qua-1pro::GFP was found to be expressed in the hypodermal cells covering the whole body from the tip of the nose to the tip of the tail spike, but not in the lateral hypodermal cells, i.e., the seam cells. Furthermore, expression was seen in the excretory duct and pore cells from threefold stage embryos to adults. However, in adults the GFP intensity appears weaker than in larvae. In L1 larvae, qua-1 is expressed in two, sometimes four, cells of the anterior as well as the posterior of the intestine and a rectal epithelial cell. In addition, transient expression was observed in the P cells in L1 in the ventral side of the animal and in a few sensilla support cells in the head. In adults, qua-1pro::GFP is transiently expressed in a few cells in the head that remain to be identified.

• Primary Identifier: Expr4651
• Pattern: GFP driven by the lon-2 promoter (3 kb of its upstream sequence) was expressed strongly in the intestine, most prominently in the most anterior and posterior cells. Expression in these regions was observed throughout development, beginning in the embryo and continuing into adulthood. Very weak fluorescence was also seen in hypodermal cells in the head and tail.

• Primary Identifier: Expr4646
• Pattern: Expression of TRPA-1:: GFP fusion proteins was observed in several cell types. In lines carrying the short fusion construct (for example, ljEx107), TRPA-1:: GFP fusion protein was localized to many tissues, including pharyngeal muscle and body wall muscle, the excretory system, the rectal gland cell, vulval epithelium, epithelial cells in the head, and the spermatheca. Sporadic expression was also observed in some head neurons with this construct.

• Primary Identifier: Expr4647
• Pattern: Transgenic lines generated with the partial protein fusion construct (for example, ljEx109) expressed TRPA-1:: GFP in the same cells as ljEx107 (see Expr4646), but with some additional cells, including the majority of amphid sensory neurons (for example, ASH, AWA, AWB, ASI and ASK) and the phasmid neurons PHA and PHB.

• Primary Identifier: Expr4648
• Pattern: Transgenic lines generated with the full-length protein fusion construct (for example, ljEx114) expressed TRPA-1:: GFP in the same cells as ljEx107 (see Expr4646), but with some additional cells, including the majority of amphid sensory neurons (for example, ASH, AWA, AWB, ASI and ASK) and the phasmid neurons PHA and PHB. The full-length TRPA-1:: GFP fusion was also expressed in the PVD and PDE in the postdeirid sensilla and the sensory neurons OLQ and IL1. Other neurons in the head and ventral nerve cord also expressed TRPA-1:: GFP.
• Subcellular Localization: The fusion protein was observed at the cilia of sensory neurons, as well as at the cell body.

• Primary Identifier: Expr4492
• Remark: No detailed description on expression pattern in other life stage.
• Pattern: Expressed in anterior neurons (not individually identified in this study) from L2 to adult, intestine at adult stage, pharynx from L2 to adult, head hypodermal cells/muscle from L2 to adult stage, specific pair of head neurons from L2 to adult.

• Primary Identifier: Expr4491
• Remark: No detailed description on expression pattern in other life stage.
• Pattern: Expressed in anterior neurons (not individually identified in this study) from L2 to adult, posterior neurons from L2 to adult, pharynx in some L2/L3 animals, head hypodermal cells/muscle at adult stage, specific pair of head neurons from L2 to adult.

• Primary Identifier: Expr4485
• Remark: No detailed description on expression pattern in other life stage.
• Pattern: Expressed in anterior neurons (not individually identified in this study) from L2 to adult, posterior neurons from L2 to adult, intestine from L2 to adult, pharynx from L2 to adult, mid body cell bodies in some L4 animals, head hypodermal cells/muscle from L2 to adult.

• Primary Identifier: Expr4486
• Remark: No detailed description on expression pattern in other life stage.
• Pattern: Expressed in posterior neurons from L2 to adult, intestine from L2 to adult, pharynx from L2 to adult, head hypodermal cells/muscle in some L2/L3 animals.

• Primary Identifier: Expr4487
• Remark: No detailed description on expression pattern in other life stage.
• Pattern: Expressed in anterior neurons (not individually identified in this study) from L2 to adult, pharynx from L2 to adult, mid body cell bodies at L4, head hypodermal cells/muscle at adult stage.

• Primary Identifier: Expr4488
• Remark: No detailed description on expression pattern in other life stage.
• Pattern: Expressed in anterior neurons (not individually identified in this study) in L2/L3 and adult, intestine from L2 to adult, pharynx from L2 to adult, head hypodermal cells/muscle at L4 stage.

• Primary Identifier: Expr4480
• Remark: No detailed description on expression pattern in other life stage.
• Pattern: Expressed in pharynx from L2 to adult, in some animals also expressed in pharyngeal neurons (not individually identified in this study) at L2/L3 and adult, head hypodermal cells/muscle from L4 to adult, posterior neurons from L4 to adult, body wall muscle from L4 to adult. Expressed in anterior neurons (not individually identified in this study) from L2 to adult.

• Primary Identifier: Expr4479
• Remark: No detailed description on expression pattern in other life stage.
• Pattern: Expressed in pharynx from L2 to adult, in some animals also expressed in pharyngeal neurons (not individually identified in this study) from L2 to L4 and head hypodermal cells/muscle at L4.

• Primary Identifier: Expr3695
• Pattern: Fluorescence was observed in epithelial cells that synthesize cuticle. Expressed in the hypodermis, including the major body syncytium, hyp7, and hypodermal cells in the head and tail. A pulse of fluorescence was observed in the hypodermis prior to molting. Fluorescence from mlt-8p::gfp-pest was first detected approximately 3 h before the L1/L2 molt, or 13 h after hatchlings synchronized by starvation were fed and incubated at 25 centigrades. The intensity of fluorescence increased until lethargus and then decreased rapidly, such that GFP was barely detectable just 2 h after molting. When monitoring individual transgenic larvae over the course of development, fluorescence from mlt-8p::gfp-pest was observed from 65 +/- 2% to 90 +/- 2% of the duration of each larval stage. The mlt-8 reporter was expressed, in larvae, in a single posterior neuron that remains to be identified. Expression of the gfp fusion genes was never detected in the hypodermis of gravid adults that no longer molt.

• Primary Identifier: Expr11753
• Remark: genomic

• Primary Identifier: Expr8910
• Remark: Picture: N.A.
• Pattern: Expressed in phyaryngeal muscle, marginal cells, all intestinal cells, seam (strong), other hypodermis (weak), arcade cells, spermatheca, vulva and rectal epithelial cells,

• Primary Identifier: Expr8021
• Remark: Picture: Figure 2d.
• Pattern: The 3.6 kb region upstream of the olrn-1b start site was expressed in the marginal cells of the pharynx, anterior hypodermal cells and the rectal gland cells.

• Primary Identifier: Expr1396
• Pattern: The earliest detectable expression of UNC-115::GFP was in neurons and epidermis at about 300 min postfertilization, when the embryo begins to elongate, and axons begin to grow. UNC-115::GFP and the shorter fusion GFPS was expressed in most or all neurons throughout development. UNC-115::GFP expression was also observed in non neuronal cells, including the epidermal syncytium hyp7, the head and tail epidermal cells, the excretory canal cell, the pharynx, and the developing vulva, but not in the lateral epidermal seam cells or the ventral epidermal P cells. The earliest detectable expression of UNC-115::GFP was in neurons and epidermis at about 300 min postfertilization, when the embryo begins to elongate, and axons begin to grow. UNC-115::GFP and the shorter fusion GFPS was expressed in most or all neurons throughout development. UNC-115::GFP expression was also observed in nonneuronal cells, including the epidermal syncytium hyp7, the head and tail epidermal cells, the excretory canal cell, the pharynx, and the developing vulva, but not in the lateral epidermal seam cells or the ventral epidermal P cells.
• Subcellular Localization: UNC-115::GFP protein was present uniformly in neuronal cell bodies and processes and was excluded from nuclei. The protein was also present at high levels in the growth cones of developing axons as they extended to their targets and in cell-cortex-associated plaques along the excretory canals as well as plaques at the junctions of epidermal cells.

• Primary Identifier: Expr1416
• Remark: Integrated transgenic line not described in the article.
• Pattern: When transgenic animals carrying pTG96 on an extrachromosomal array (kuEx75) were examined, the fusion protein, as judged by fluorescence of GFP, was observed tightly localized to the nuclei of most cells. SUR-5 appeared to be expressed in the VPCs. Cell types that express this fusion protein include neurons, hypodermis, Pn.p cells, body muscles, many cells of the pharynx, and a few cells of the somatic gonads. Cells that do not display the fluorescence include B, F, K , K.a, K.p, hyp3, the germ line, and the excretory duct cells. In nonmosaic animals, the intensity varies among the cells. The intestinal cells and excretory cells are almost always very bright, whereas neurons are almost always fainter. Uterine cells and many of the cells derived from the M cell are very faint and often difficult to see. The SUR-5GFP fusion proteins are expressed in all stages of C. elegans development. The earliest expression is at the 100- to 150-cell embryonic stage, and the fusion proteins are expressed throughout development from that stage on. The same expression pattern is seen when this array is integrated into one of the chromosomes. pTG96_1 is still localized in the nuclei of most cells. The expression pattern is the same as that seen from the array containing pTG96 (with NLS), but the nuclear localization is not as tight, and there appears to be some diffusion of SUR-5GFP proteins from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
• Subcellular Localization: Both constructs are expressed in nuclei; and a relatively small amount of SUR-5GFP fusion protein from pTG96_1 is detected in cytoplasm.

• Primary Identifier: Expr8408
• Pattern: Expression detected from late embryos to adults. In late embryos to L1, expression is seen in dnc and intestine. From L2 to adults, expression is detected in almost all tissues except germline; specifically muscle, rectum, vulva, spermatheca, pharynx, intestine, vnc, dnc, nerve ring, hypodermis.

• Primary Identifier: Expr8409
• Pattern: Expression seen from late L1 to adult stages. Weak expression detected ubiquitously (except germline). Stronger in pharynx, vulva, vulval muscle, body wall muscle.

• Primary Identifier: Expr8458
• Pattern: Expression seen ubiquitously (except germline) from pre-comma stage to adulthood.

• Primary Identifier: Expr8466
• Pattern: Expression detected from L1 to adult. Expression becomes stronger in later stages and in adults is almost ubiquitous. Strongest expression seen in nerve ring, hypodermis, vulva and pharynx.

• Primary Identifier: Expr8479
• Pattern: Expression seen from L1 to adult stages. Strong expression seen is pharynx, vulva and rectal glands. Weak expression seen in hypodermis and seam cells. Also seen in canal nerves, spermatheca/uterine valve and head neuron. Posterior intestine expression also detected.

• Primary Identifier: Expr970
• Remark: Data observed from, atIs13, atEx32 and atEx35.
• Pattern: In comma to 1.5-fold stage embryos, the nhr-25::GFP are expressed in the V cells, P cells and hyp7. Expression also observed in the head and tail hypodermal cells of embryos. The earliest expression is at ~250-300 min post fertilization. atEx32 and atEx35 L1 animals exhibited consistent reporter expression in the hyp7 and P cell nuclei. The P cell expression was very strong at hatching. GFP expression in the P cell and hyp7 decreased during mid-L1, but frequently increased late L1. At hatching no expression in observed in the V cells. In mid L1 the V cells divided and the anterior daughters begin to express GFP as they join the syncytium. Strong expression is also seen in the head and tail hypodermal nuclei of L1 larva. Expression in the hypodermal nuclei of older larva stages is similar to that in the L1. GFP expression decreases markedly in adults. GFP is also observed in other ectodermal cells. In L1, expression is observed in the G2(excretory pore) cell and in a cell tentatively identified as the W neuroblast. In older larva, expression continues in G2 but disappears in the W lineage once the cells divides to generate neurons. Beginning in L2, GFP is expressed in the region around the rectum. Expression is also occasionally observed in the anterior pharynx, in the nuclei with positions consistent with those of the pharyngeal epithelial cells.
• Subcellular Localization: nuclei

• Primary Identifier: Expr1639
• Remark: Double staining with antisera against GFP and the epithelial junction protein JAM-1 (MH27) was performed to characterize embryonic expression in more detail.
• Pattern: Epidermal cells in C. elegans are born on the dorsal side of the embryo, and the epidermal sheet migrates ventrally to enclose other tissues and anteriorly to cover the head. slt-1::GFP was first detectable just as the migrating epidermal cells completely covered the head and was expressed in hyp4, hyp1, and other epidermal cells. At the 2-fold stage of embryogenesis, expression spread beyond the anterior cap of cells to other anteriorly located cells, including the most anterior head muscle cells and some anterior socket cells, a set of glia associated with head sensilla. During the second half of embryogenesis, when most cells and axons in the developing nervous system are migrating, slt-1::GFP expression was concentrated in anterior cells and excluded from the middle of the body. Expression in anterior cells, including the anterior hyp cells, continued throughout larval stages and in the adult. Around the two-fold stage of embryogenesis, slt-1::GFP expression became evident in pharyngeal cells, including the most posterior pharyngeal muscle. Expression in the pharynx persisted through the L1 stage and in the adult. Beginning at the 2-fold stage of embryogenesis, slt-1::GFP was expressed in dorsal body wall muscles in a striking asymmetric pattern. Dorsal muscle expression began in the posterior embryo and spread anteriorly by the L1 larval stage, all dorsal muscles expressed slt-1::GFP. Robust expression in dorsal muscles persisted throughout the life of the animal. slt-1::GFP was also expressed in ventral body wall muscles, beginning in the L1 stage in posterior ventral muscles and continuing to more anterior muscles in later larval stages. Throughout development, dorsal muscles expressed more slt-1::GFP than ventral muscles. slt-1::GFP was expressed in the BDU neuron in the body and the RIH and RMED neurons, which have the most anterior axons in the nerve ring. Expression was first detected in comma stage embryos, with expression restricted to a cap of anterior cells. slt-1::GFP is not expressed in ventral epidermal cells. slt-1::GFP was expressed in the anal sphincter muscle.

• Primary Identifier: Expr1596
• Remark: Lineage expression: sexmyoblasts and descandents.
• Pattern: LIN-29 was detected in many non-hypodermal cells in the head, tail and vulval region of the developing hermaphrodite. In the head, LIN-29 accumulates in cells of the pharynx and in a subset of neurons. In the tail, LIN-29 accumulates in the rectal cells B, F and U. LIN-29 also accumulates in the sex myoblasts and their progeny, in the distal tip cells, the anchor cell, and in many vulval cells. Although the accumulation of LIN-29 in the hypodermis is restricted to the L4 stage, accumulation in several of these other cell types is not. For example, the accumulation of LIN-29 in the anchor cell and the distal tip cells occurs during the L3 stage. In addition, many, if not all, of the cells that make up the pharynx contain low levels of LIN-29, beginning in the L1 stage and extending to the adult stage. The anti-LIN-29 antisera recognized a nuclear antigen in lateral hypodermal seam cells in wild-type C. elegans. The anti-LIN-29 antibodies revealed a differential pattern of lin-29 protein accumulation during development. LIN-29 was not detected in hermaphrodite hypodermal nuclei prior to the L4 stage. Although it is possible that LIN-29 is distributed diffusely throughout the hypodermal cytoplasm during the L3 and younger stages, there are no difference detected in hypodermal cell staining when these animals were incubated with secondary antibody alone, relative to animals incubated with both primary and secondary antibodies. The earliest LIN-29 accumulation in lateral seam cell nuclei was shortly after their final division, during the L3- to L4-molt. LIN-29 accumulated in these hypodermal nuclei during the L4 stage, and remained detectable in the adult animal. At approximately the same time, LIN-29 was detected in the hypodermal nuclei of the head (hyp1-hyp6), tail (hyp8-hyp12), and the large hypodermal syncytium covering most of the animal (hyp7). The accumulation of LIN-29 in hyp7 was typically observed following accumulation in the seam, and the signal was usually less intense. In summary, LIN-29 accumulates stage-specifically, beginning during the L4 stage and persisting into the adult stage, in all hypodermal cell nuclei of the worm. LIN-29 was also detectable in late stage gravid adults, at a time when lin-29 mRNAs are greatly reduced in abundance.
• Subcellular Localization: nuclei

• Primary Identifier: Expr11224
• Remark: At 335 minutes post fertilization.
• Pattern: efn-2 expression showed widespread left-right asymmetry inembryos, both in amphid neurons and in other cells.

12 Life Stages

Remark	Definition	Other Name	Public Name	Primary Identifier
	The whole period of embryogenesis in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, from the formation of an egg until hatching.		embryo Ce	WBls:0000003
	The C. elegans life stage spanning 620-800min(hatch) after first cleavage at 20 Centigrade. Cell number remains at ~560 cells, with some new cells generated and some cells go through programmed cell death. A stage after elongation is over. The last stage of embryogenesis. Also called pre-hatched embryo, late embryo or morphogenetic embryo.		fully-elongated embryo Ce	WBls:0000021
	The C. elegans life stage spanning 350-620min after first cleavage at 20 Centigrade. Cell number remains at ~560 cells, with some new cells generated and some cells go through programmed cell death. The stage that embryo starts elongation until elongation is over.		elongating embryo Ce	WBls:0000015
	The C. elegans life stage spanning 290-350min after first cleavage at 20 Centigrade. Proliferate from 421 cells to 560 cells. The stage when embryo just finished gastrulation and is enclosing.		enclosing embryo Ce	WBls:0000013
	The C. elegans life stage spanning 100-290min after first cleavage at 20 Centigrade. Proliferate from 28 cells to 421 cells. Referring to the whole period of gastrulation.		gastrulating embryo Ce	WBls:0000010
	The C. elegans life stage spanning 0-350min after first cleavage at 20 Centigrade. Proliferate from 1 cell to 560 cells. From start of first cleavage until cleavage is over.		proliferating embryo Ce	WBls:0000004
	The C. elegans life stage spanning 520-620min after first cleavage at 20 Centigrade. Cell number remains at ~560 cells, with some new cells generated and some cells go through programmed cell death. The shape of embryo is elongated and tripple fold. A stage between 2-fold embryo and fully-elongated embryo. Also called pretzel embryo or pretzel stage.		3-fold embryo Ce	WBls:0000020
	The C. elegans life stage spanning 420-460min after first cleavage at 20 Centigrade. Cell number remains at ~560 cells, with some new cells generated and some cells go through programmed cell death. The shape of embryo is elongated and fold back 50%. A stage between comma embryo and 2-fold embryo.		1.5-fold embryo Ce	WBls:0000018
	The C. elegans life stage spanning 390-420min after first cleavage at 20 Centigrade. Cell number remains at ~560 cells, with some new cells generated and some cells go through programmed cell death. The shape of embryo looks like a comma. A stage between bean embryo and 1.5-fold embryo.		comma embryo Ce	WBls:0000017
	The C. elegans life stage spanning 460-520min after first cleavage at 20 Centigrade. Cell number remains at ~560 cells, with some new cells generated and some cells go through programmed cell death. The shape of embryo is elongated and double fold. A stage between 1.5-fold embryo and 3-fold embryo.		2-fold embryo Ce	WBls:0000019
	The C. elegans life stage spanning 350-390min after first cleavage at 20 Centigrade. Cell number remains at ~560 cells, with some new cells generated and some cells go through programmed cell death. Emrbyo elongation started but have not formed comma shape yet. The shape of embryo looks like a lima bean. A stage right before comma embryo. Also called lima embryo or lima bean stage.		bean embryo Ce	WBls:0000016
	The C. elegans life stage spanning 210-350min after first cleavage at 20 Centigrade. Proliferate from 421 cells to 560 cells. The stage before the fast cleavage of cells finishes.		late cleavage stage embryo Ce	WBls:0000014

5 Parents

Definition	Name	Synonym	Primary Identifier
cylindrical hypodermal syncytium in the head, including hyp1-hyp6	anterior hypodermis	head hypodermis	WBbt:0005373
primary cell type that forms the hypodermis.	hypodermal cell		WBbt:0007846
cell that has more than one nucleus.	syncytium	syncitium	WBbt:0008074
embryonic cell	ABalpaappp		WBbt:0006171
embryonic cell	ABalpapaaa		WBbt:0006257