|
|
|
Expr15221
|
|
The majority of OLLAS::GCNA-1 and HA::GCNA-1 proteins localized to the cytoplasm under steady-state conditions. GCNA-1 proteins are maternally inherited and are ultimately enriched in the primordial germ cell precursors, Z2 and Z3, which are readily identified by their size and position. |
|
|
|
Expr15067
|
ENRI-3 could also be detected in embryos and early larval stages, but its expression was limited to the precursor cells of the germline (Z2 and Z3). |
|
|
|
|
Expr2739
|
Expressed in embryo. MEL-11 also expressed at the AJs of the developing pharynx and intestine and in the germline precursor cells. |
Prior to elongation, LET-502 and MEL-11 showed extensive colocalization in the cytoplasm with punctate staining at epidermal cell boundaries. As elongation proceeded, MEL-11 became enriched and was restricted to cell boundaries. When elongation was completed, MEL-11 again increased in the cytoplasm, with decreased, punctate localization at cell boundaries, similar to the pre-elongation pattern. |
|
|
|
Expr2740
|
Expressed in embryo. LET-502 also expressed at the AJs of the developing pharynx and intestine and in the germline precursor cells. |
Prior to elongation, LET-502 and MEL-11 showed extensive colocalization in the cytoplasm with punctate staining at epidermal cell boundaries. As elongation proceeded, LET-502 remained primarily cytoplasmic. |
|
|
|
Expr9980
|
PAN-1 is a P granule component that co-localizes with GLH-1 in the germline from the first larval stage throughout germline development; it is present in P granules surrounding the germ cell nuclei throughout oogenesis, until oocytes mature and P granules disperse in the oocyte cytoplasm, and throughout spermatogenesis, except in mature sperm. In addition, PAN-1 is found in the pharynx and intestine, the somatic tissues associated with molting. |
At the L1 stage, PAN-1 is seen in the pharynx and on the membranes of intestinal cells; PAN-1 also localizes to punctate granules that surround the nuclei of Z2 and Z3, the two germline precursor cells. This perinuclear localization to the germline precursor cells is characteristic of P granules and PAN-1 persists at this location as the wild type larvae mature. As wild type larvae mature, PAN-1 remains localized around the developing germ cell nuclei. Immuno-reactivity of older larvae to PAN-1 antibody revealed a strong, uniform cytoplasmic distribution in somatic tissue, as well as a distinct peri-nuclear pattern for PAN-1 around the germ cell nuclei, confirmed as localizing with P granules by confocal images that show the co-localization of PAN-1 with the P-granule proteins GLH-1 and PGL-1 as also seen for PGL-1 in the L3 larva. During embryogenesis, PAN-1 protein is uniformly distributed throughout the cytoplasm of the germline and somatic blastomeres, as seen for pan-1 mRNA, with no obvious concentration of PAN-1 in the P granules. PAN-1 was not seen in P granules at any stage of embryogenesis. In the adult worm PAN-1 is most obvious in the germline P granules shown here in a single gonad arm of an adult hermaphrodite. In confocal images, PAN-1 co-localizes with GLH-1 and PGL-1 throughout the germline, beginning with the distal mitotic region through to the proximal region, which contains maturing oocytes. After oocyte maturation, the nuclear membrane breaks down and PAN-1, as is the case for other P-granule proteins, disperses into the cytoplasm. The perinuclear localization of PAN-1 is most obvious in the meiotic, pachytene region of the germline, as also seen with PGL-1. In the adult male testis, PAN-1 is also present in P granules co-localizing with GLH-1 throughout spermatogenesis. However, PAN-1 is not present in mature sperm. Along with its germline location, PAN-1 is also concentrated in the somatic tissue of the pharynx in adult hermaphrodites, males, and larvae, a presence that is less obvious in the L1 stage and is very obvious in the adult, while PAN-1 reacts at decreased levels in the adult gut. PAN-1 protein was detected throughout the cytoplasm of both somatic and germline tissues in adult hermaphrodite worms, while the pre-immune sera were negative. |
|
The specificity of the antibodies was demonstrated by the observation that SET-2L immunostaining is reduced to below detection in set-2(RNAi) embryos and worms. Ubiquitous. The specificity of the antibodies was demonstrated by the observation that SET-2L immunostaining is reduced to below detection in set-2(RNAi) embryos and worms. |
|
Expr1737
|
SET-2L protein is localized in the nuclei of all cells in embryos at all stages of embryogenesis. In L1 larvae, SET-2L remains visible in the nuclei of most cell types but is most prominent in Z2 and Z3, the primordial germ cells. In adults, SET-2L staining is nuclear and is strongest in the germline, although it is also detectable in other cell types, such as intestinal, pharyngeal, and neuronal cells. The level of SET-2L varies in different portions of the gonad. It is present in the distal mitotic cells, diminishes to very low levels in the transition zone and early pachytene regions, and increases dramatically in mid-pachytene nuclei. In oocytes, the level of SET-2L appears relatively low. |
nuclei |
|
CeE/Da = hlh-2 in the article. |
|
Expr1470
|
CeE/DA can first be detected in both nuclei of 2-cell embryos. Staining persists apparently in all nuclei of the early embryo for the first 150-200 minutes of development (100-200 cells). By 270 minutes of development (approx. 350 cells) a dramatic change in antibody staining has occurred in which persistent staining is seen in progressively fewer blastomeres. Most, but not all, blastomeres that initially retain CeE/DA antibody staining at this stage are neurons or their immediate precursors. There are a few neuronal precursors that are located away from the neuronal clusters in the embryo (for example the postembryonic neuroblast W), for which antibody staining was not detected. Therefore, although persistent antibody staining is largely restricted to neurons or their precursors, not every such cell is antibody-positive. CeE/DA-antibody staining is transient for the majority of these cells, with the staining progressively lost as differentiation and morphogenesis occur. This is most clearly evident at the 1.5-fold stage of embryogenesis, in which a lateral view of the embryo shows staining in the head, ventral nerve cord and tail. As the embryo begins elongating, the level of CeE/DA-antibody staining decreases in these cells. Note that most of these cells are postmitotic. Although the majority of cells lose CeE/DA-antibody staining during the later half of embryogenesis, a small percentage of cells remain antibody-positive through the remainder of embryogenesis and after hatching. There are 14 of these continually staining cells in the head and seven more in the tail region. Of the 14 head cells, 5 are pharyngeal. The pharyngeal nuclei have been identified, as two pharyngeal muscle nuclei (pm5L and R) and three pharyngeal gland cell nuclei (g1P, g2L and R). The remaining nine CeE/DA antibody-positive cells in the head are outside of the pharynx and are located in the neuronal cluster between the nerve ring and the posterior pharyngeal bulb. There are four bilateral pairs of stained nuclei and one positive nucleus lying along the ventral mid-line. Using hlh-2::GFP reporter strains and DiI staining, three of the bilateral pairs of neurons have been identified as ADL (L and R) and ASH (L and R) and RIC (L and R). The large number of neurons in this area makes it difficult to identify unambiguously each of the remaining three CeE/DA antibody-positive cells. The seven tail cells with nuclei that remain CeE/DA antibody-positive throughout embryonic development include the two Q neuroblasts and five cells were tentatively identified as DVA (an interneuron), the bilateral pair of intestinal muscle cells, the anal depressor muscle and the anal sphincter muscle. The two intestinal and two anal muscle cells are postmitotic and are non-striated muscles. CeE/Da is not detected in bodywall muscles. In addition to the 21 cells that are CeE/DA antibody-positive at hatching, there are several additional cells detected immunologically during subsequent development. One prominent set of cells that becomes CeE/DA antibody-positive during the L3 stage are the 16 developing vulval and uterine muscle cells (non-striated). These nuclei remain antibody-positive in the mature vulva, although staining intensity appears to decrease. Another prominent pair of postembryonic, CeE/DA antibody-positive nuclei are the distal tip cells (DTC). The DTC nuclei are CeE/DA antibody-positive from the start of gonad elongation in larval development and remain positive in adulthood. Very faint antibody staining can also be detected in the syncytial gonad. |
At all developmental stages, CeE/DA antibody staining is nuclear (except in the germline). |
|
early embryo (author) = blastula embryo (curator) --wjc. |
|
Expr1736
|
In early embryos, MES-3 protein is present in the nuclei of all cells. As embryogenesis progresses, staining gradually diminishes in somatic cells. In late embryos and L1 larvae, MES-3 is detectable in some somatic cells but is most prominent in Z2 and Z3, the primordial germ cells. The nuclear staining of MES-3 is reduced below detection in any of the four nonconditional alleles of mes-3. In wild type adults, MES-3 is most prominent in germline nuclei and is occasionally barely detectable in intestinal nuclei. In the germline, it is present at low levels in distal mitotic nuclei, undetectable in the pachytene region of the distal arm, and present at elevated levels in the proximal meiotic region and in oocytes. |
MES-3 is localized predominantly in nuclei. The immunolocalization pattern of MES-3 was analyzed in embryos, using confocal microscopy. Cells at different stages of mitosis were stained by affinity-purified anti-MES-3 antibody and anti-penta-acetylated H4 antibody to visualize chromosomes. During interphase and prometaphase, when condensed chromosomes are clearly visible in nuclei, MES-3 protein is not obviously concentrated on chromosomes; instead it appears evenly distributed in the nucleoplasm. During metaphase and early anaphase, when nuclear envelopes are broken down, some MES-3 protein is detectably associated with chromosomes. |
|
The antibodies recognized both isoforms of GLD-1. early embryo(author) = blastula embryo(curator). |
|
Expr583
|
GLD-1 is first detected in EMS and P2 at the 4-cell stage. It remains in the germ line throughout embryogenesis, but is lost from MS, E, C and D when these somatic cells divide. |
|
|
|
|
Expr2551
|
In situ hybridization analysis revealed that spn-4 mRNA was abundant in early embryos. The mRNA was present at the same level in all blastomeres up to the 4-cell stage. Afterwards, it persists in the P blastomere and its sister, and then just the germ lineage. The mRNA was also present in the adult gonads. |
|
|
|
|
Expr2947
|
In late embryos (after the comma stage) matefin staining decreased in all somatic cells but intensified in the nuclear envelopes of the two primordial germ cells, Z2 and Z3. The identity of Z2 and Z3 cells was verified by double labeling with antibodies against PGL-1, which is specific to germ cells. Throughout larva stages L1-L4 and in adults, matefin was present only in germ cells. Matefin signal declined during spermatogenesis and was undetectable in sperm. |
Matefin was detected at the nuclear envelope of all early embryonic cells. |
|
|
|
Expr2575
|
In situ hybridization analysis revealed that spn-4 mRNA was abundant in early embryos. The mRNA was present at the same level in all blastomeres up to the 4-cell stage. Afterwards, it persists in the P blastomere and its sister, and then just the germ lineage. The mRNA was also present in the adult gonads. |
|
|
|
|
Expr1426
|
CED-7 was widely expressed in embryos and was localized to the plasma membrane. In larvae and adults, CED-7 expression appeared restricted to specific cells. Specifically, CED-7 was detected in the amphid sheath cells, the pharyngeal-intestinal valve, and the phasmid sheath cells. CED-7 expression was also detected in both germline precursors and germline, except sperm in larvae and adults, respectively. |
CED-7 was localized to the plasma membrane |
|
|
|
Expr13800
|
GFP::WAGO-4 was exclusively expressed in the germline and all oocyte cells in gravid adults in hermaphrodites but not significantly expressed in the male germline. In early embryos, WAGO-4 is expressed in the P1 and EMS cells. In late embryos, WAGO-4 was exclusively expressed in Z2/Z3 cells. Interestingly, we observed that WAGO-4 accumulated at some distinct perinuclear foci. |
|
|
Picture: Fig 2. |
|
Expr8623
|
Adult hermaphrodites and males expressed more GLD-4 than animals containing no germline. By immunocytochemistry, GLD-4 was found to be cytoplasmic in the hermaphrodite germline and primordial germ cells throughout embryogenesis. In the late embryo, GLD-4 expression became limited to the germ cell lineage and its localization correlated perfectly with embryonic P granules. GLD-4 was detected throughout embryonic development in the entire P-cell lineage, which gives rise to the two primordial germ cells Z2 and Z3. |
Subcellularly, GLD-4 localizes also to cytoplasmic structures that are nuclear envelope-associated and the staining pattern is reminiscent of P granules. Indeed, GLD-4 overlaps in colocalization experiments with PGL-1, a molecular marker for P granules. The staining pattern was observed with both C-terminal anti-GLD-4 antibodies and is reduced to background signals in the gld-4(ef15) allele. The P granule association of GLD-4 was less apparent during pachytene, became obvious again in maturing oocytes, and was most prominently visible in developing embryos. |
|
In the overexpressing line (quIs18) DAF-18/PTEN's neuronal expression is restricted to a subset of the head amphid neurons and is expressed weakly in the nerve cord. DAF-18::GFP was also detected in the amphids and ventral nerve cord. Picture: Fig 2. |
|
Expr8834
|
Immuno-histochemistry experiments reveal that DAF-18/PTEN and VAB-1/EphR are both expressed in the Z2/Z3 germline precursor cells, oocytes, as well as neuronal tissues. In the neuronal tissues, VAB-1/EphR is localized to the ventral nerve cord, nerve ring, and some head neurons. |
VAB-1/EphR is expressed on the membrane of the proximal oocytes, whereas DAF-18/PTEN appears to show membrane and nuclear expression of multiple oocytes in both hermaphrodites and females. |
|
Picture: Figure S10. |
|
Expr8125
|
The MDF-1 staining was observed in intestinal cells and germ cell precursors. |
|
|
|
|
Expr1413
|
In wild-type adults, MES-6 staining is most prominent in the germline, but is also detectable in intestinal nuclei. A maternal load of protein is seen in the nuclei of oocytes. In early embryos, MES-6 is present in the nuclei of all cells. As embryogenesis proceeds, staining gradually fades in somatic cells. In late embryos and L1 larvae, MES-6 remains faintly visible in a number of cell types, including the intestine, but is most prominent in Z2 and Z3, the primordial germ cells. |
MES-6 is localized in nuclei. |
|
Maternal mRNA. |
|
Expr555
|
Ubiquitous staining until the 550-cell stage, decreasing with age. After 100-cell stage, could not detect if a minority of cells were unstained. occasional faint staining in Z2, Z3 and in the gut at bean through pretzel stages. |
|
|
Maternal mRNA. |
|
Expr557
|
At 1 to 8-cell stage, ubiquitous with stronger staining in P2 or P3. Ubiquitous at 10-cell through bean embryo. Staining in gut, Z2, Z3 and unidentified anterior cells at comma through pretzel stages. |
|
|
|
|
Expr1415
|
MES-2 is highly enriched in the germline and is located in the nuclei. All germ nuclei in the mitotic and meiotic regions are stained, with the exception of sperm. A maternal load of protein is seen in the nucleoplasm of oocytes; mature sperm lack detectable protein. Adult males also display staining in germ nuclei, which declines during spermatogenesis and is undetectable in sperm. The only adult somatic nuclei that contain detectable levels of MES-2 are those in the intestine. Staining in intestinal nuclei is extremely faint in some samples and undetectable in other samples. In early embryos, MES-2 is observed in the nuclei of all blastomeres. In blastomeres that lack an intact nuclear envelope because they are undergoing mitosis, MES-2 is predominantly cytoplasmic, but some MES-2 is clearly associated with the chromosomes. At progressively later stages of embryogenesis, the intensity of MES-2 staining in the nuclei of somatic cells decreases. Upon hatching, staining of MES-2 is significantly higher in the nuclei of the two primordial germ cells, Z2 and Z3, than in somatic nuclei. At later stages of larval development, MES-2 is oberved exclusively in the germline and localized in the nuclei. |
nuclei, nucleoplasm, cytoplasmic, associated with the chromosomes |
|
Temporal description |
|
Expr10101
|
|
Every germline nucleus displays a single large DAO-5-positive nucleolus. In the 2-cell stage embryo, the DAO-5 signal consists of 15-25 small dots of varying intensity distributed throughout each nucleus. Nucleolus-like structures were never observed at this early stage. The first appearance of a nucleolar structure occurs at the 6- to 8-cell stage, when larger spherical bodies (~0.5 mm in diameter) are immunodetected amidst the dot-like signals. Shortly after, the number of small dot-like signals that are detected decreases drastically (but some persist until later stages) and, except for the germline cell, all embryonic nuclei then harbor one or, in the vast majority, two distinct DAO- 5 or FIB-1 signals of equal size and intensity. This pattern remains broadly similar throughout embryogenesis, with the notable exception that intestinal nuclei often contain a single large DAO-5/FIB-1 positive nucleolus at later stages. It should be noted that at all embryonic stages examined, a substantial pool of diffuse nucleoplasmic DAO-5 was also detected. In the adult, the localization of DAO-5 was examined in more detail in the polyploid intestinal nuclei, which contain a large centrally-located nucleolus. In these nucleoli, the DAO-5 signal describes a hollow sphere that surrounds a DNA-poor core. In addition to being present in this portion of the nucleolus, DAO-5 is found in numerous small punctate structures throughout the nucleoplasm of intestinal nuclei. The DAO-5/FIB-1 positive nucleoplasmic foci that we observe in early C. elegans embryos are reminiscent of the prenucleolar bodies that are detected in the last stages of mitosis and that coalesce on rDNA in early G1. |
|
|
|
Expr2706
|
Expression of GEM-4::GFP within Z1 and Z4 becomes progressively more difficult to detect as the animals progress through L1 and is not detectable within the progeny of Z1 and Z4. GEM-4::GFP expresion within somatic gonadal tissues does not resume until early adulthood. At this point, GEM-4::GFP becomes strongly expressed within the distal spermathecal cells, the spermathecal valve cells, and the uterine epithelial cells. GEM-4::GFP is broadly expressed in embryos that have several hundred cells and continues to be expressed in most cells as the embryo undergoes elongation. In newly hatched L1s, GEM-4::GFP is expressed in the precursors of the somatic gonad (Z1 and Z4), the pharyngo-intestinal valve cells, the intestinal cells, and the head mesodermal cell (the sister of Z4). The germline precursors, Z2 and Z3, also appear to be outlined in some animals; however, it is not clear whether this is due to expression within the germ cells themselves or whether it results from extensions of the plasma membranes of Z1 and Z4. |
In cells that express GEM-4::GFP, fluorescence is typically brightest at the plasma membrane. In some cases, punctate staining is also evident within the cytoplasm, possibly due to association with vesicular structures. |
|
Temporal description |
|
Expr11524
|
|
By antibody staining, MCM-4 was found to be expressed in dividing cells during all stages of development in wild-type animals. Embryos showed the highest levels of MCM-4 expression, in agreement with the fact that more than half of the somatic cells are formed during embryogenesis. Even dauer larvae that had been arrested in cell division for 2 weeks still contained detectable MCM-4 protein levels. These results suggest that a pool of MCM-4 is retained during prolonged periods of quiescence, so that MCM-4 might function in the re-initiation of DNA synthesis when conditions improve. Immunostaining of wild-type animals for MCM-4 showed strong nuclear staining in the gonad, embryos and postembryonic lineages. MCM-4 was detectable in sperm and accumulated during oocyte maturation in the nucleus but did not show overlap with the condensed chromosomes in diakinesis of meiotic prophase. MCM-4 was not chromatin-associated during MeiosisI of the fertilized oocyte, and the first polar body did not contain MCM-4. This finding is consistent with the absence of S phase between Meiosis I and -II. The second polar body and maternal pronucleus received some MCM-4. Subsequently, embryonic cells in interphase showed strong nuclear staining. In prophase, MCM-4 localization did not overlap with the condensing chromosomes. Upon nuclear envelope degradation, MCM-4 became diffusely localized throughout the cell and clearly did not co-localize with the metaphase-aligned chromosomes. MCM-4 remained cytoplasmic at the onset of anaphase; however, chromatin association became apparent in late anaphase. These data show that chromosome association of MCM-4 is tightly controlled, consistent with origin licensing taking place at the end of mitosis and disappearing during S phase. Similar observations were made during larval divisions. Matching the MCM-4::mCherry reporter, endogenous MCM-4 expression was detectable prior to and during mitosis. Staining of synchronized L1 animals revealed the timing of MCM-4 expression, which in general preceded mitosis by 1-2 h. After 5 h of L1 development at 20 C, MCM-4 immunostaining was predominantly detected in the epithelial seam cells, Q neuroblast daughters and gonad primordium. The somatic gonad precursor cells Z1 and Z4 showed nuclear staining, while the mitotically arrested germline precursor cells Z2 and Z3 showed diffuse cytoplasmic staining. At 6 hours of L1 development, the mesoblast (M) also stained strongly as well as the most anterior ventral cord precursors cells (W, P1 and P2). Subsequently at 7 h, additional P cells showed nuclear MCM-4 expression, which became apparent prior to migration of the nucleus into the ventral nerve cord. At 8 h of L1 development, the intestinal nuclei showed MCM-4 expression, which preceded nuclear division by at least 4 h. At subsequent time points, daughter cells that continued division, such as the Pn.a and M descendants, retained strong nuclear staining. L2 animals stained at 16 h of larval development showed strong MCM-4 expression in the gonad, the H1.a, H2.p, V1-6.p and T.ap seam cells and, weakly, the intestinal nuclei (data not shown). Importantly, MCM-4 staining did not overlap with DNA in prophase and metaphase, while in late anaphase co-localization with the chromosomes was clearly detectable. Similar to our observations with the MCM-4::mCherry reporter, we could not detect any asymmetry in MCM-4 segregation. Thus, even if only one daughter cell continued cell division, both daughters received a similar amount of MCM-4in mitosis. Furthermore, the MCM-4protein became undetectable during quiescence, i.e. the P3.p-P8.p daughter cells that resume DNA replication in the L3 stage did not show detectable expression in the L2 stage. Altogether, our reporter gene and antibody staining analysis show that MCM-4 is dynamically expressed and localized during larval development as well as during different phases of the cell cycle. Expression of MCM-4::mCherry was specifically induced in all postembryonic blast cell lineages well before mitotic entry, at the expected time of S-phase induction. The fusion protein localized to the cell nucleus until degradation of the nuclear envelope in prometaphase, at which point MCM-4 became diffusely localized through the cell. This diffuse localization indicates that MCM-4 is not chromatin-associated in mitosis. MCM-4::mCherry did not disappear upon completion of mitosis but was segregated to both daughter cells. Even cells that permanently withdrew from cell division, such as the motor neurons of the ventral nerve cord, initially retained MCM-4::mCherry expression. However, this expression subsequently disappeared in differentiated cells as well as in cells that temporarily arrested cell division, such as the Pn.p vulval precursor cells in the ventral cord. These experiments indicate that mcm-4 is transcriptionally activated at approximately the time of G1/S transition and that MCM-4 protein is segregated to both daughter cells in mitosis. |
|
|
|
Expr2436
|
Affinity-purified antibodies to IMA-2 detected the protein only in germ line cells. In embryos the maternal IMA-2 was diluted during early cell divisions and was expressed at detectable levels only in the germ line precursor cells Z2 and Z3, not in the somatic cells. In the adult hermaphrodite germ line, IMA-2 was present within all germ cells from the distal end of the germ line to the proximal oocyte. IMA-2 was not detected in sperm. |
In distal germ cells, IMA-2 was predominantly cytoplasmic and NE associated. However, in the developing oocytes IMA-2 was predominantly cytoplasmic and intranuclear with no apparent enrichment at the NE. When distal germ cells in prometaphase and metaphase were evident by DAPI staining of the DNA, IMA-2 was enriched at the region immediately surrounding the condensed chromosomes. In the fertilized egg before pronuclear migration, IMA-2 was predominantly cytoplasmic and NE associated in both pronuclei. The intranuclear IMA-2 in the proximal oocyte had dispersed into the oocyte cytoplasm at NE breakdown, but returned to the NE upon NE reformation around the pronuclei. Because sperm do not contain IMA-2, the male pronuclear IMA-2 must have originated in the egg cytoplasm. As the pronuclei became associated, the intensity of IMA-2 staining at the NE decreased. After pronuclear fusion, IMA-2 completely filled the space surrounding the chromosomes but did not seem to be enriched on the surface of the condensed chromosome. This perichromosomal localization persisted during congression of the chromosomes toward the metaphase plate but had decreased by the time of metaphase plate formation. Early in anaphase as chromosome separation first became apparent, IMA-2 staining could still be seen in the region surrounding the chromosome, but was significantly decreased compared with earlier stages. Later in telophase, IMA-2 again became associated with the NE as soon as the structure was detectable around the daughter nuclei. IMA-2 staining persisted at the NE through cytokinesis and into interphase of the next cell cycle. The mitotic IMA-2 staining was not coincident with beta-tubulin staining in the spindle microtubules or the spindle poles. In two-cell embryos: IMA-2 surrounded the chromosomes only in nuclei that were in late prometaphase or later. Nuclei containing fully condensed chromosomes, but in which the microtubules had not penetrated, excluded IMA-2. Note, however, that by this point IMA-2 was only weakly detected at the NE. Nuclei in which peripheral nucleoporin staining could be detected did not accumulate IMA-2 around the chromosomes. |
|
A dramatic reduction of staining in embryos after preincubation of the antibody with an excess of KLP-18 fusion protein. Staining was also greatly reduced or eliminated in embryos subjected to RNAi depletion of KLP-18. |
|
Expr2632
|
During later stages of embryogenesis, KLP-18 levels gradually diminished in somatic cells but increased in the primordial germ cells Z2 and Z3, presumably due to expression in the embryonic germ line. The germ line stained brightly for KLP-18 at all stages of larval development. Adult hermaphrodites contained high levels of cytoplasmic stain in the distal gonad arm. Adults also showed high levels of staining in the proximal gonad arm. |
During the meiotic divisions that occur in the male germ line, anti-KLP-18 staining patterns were similar to those seen in female meiosis and mitosis. KLP-18 was concentrated at the spindle poles, which have centrosomes, and in the anaphase interzone. There was also a significant amount of KLP-18 staining on male meiotic chromosomes. Immunostaining showed KLP-18 colocalized with the disorganized MTs during prometaphase. As the MTs became ordered into a parallel bipolar array, KLP-18 concentrated most at the poles but was also present between the poles and chromosomes. The concentration at poles persisted during metaphase and early anaphase, but then shifted to the interzone between the separating chromosomes during late anaphase/telophase. Similar KLP-18 staining patterns were observed during meiosis II. KLP-18 staining was most concentrated in mitotic spindles toward the poles. During anaphase, KLP-18 staining also concentrated between the separating groups of chromosomes, with a dim zone at the spindle equator. After cytokinesis, KLP-18 accumulated somewhat around the nucleus and at the cortex near sites of cell-cell contact. Adult hermaphrodites contained high levels of cytoplasmic stain in the distal gonad arm. |
|
|
|
Expr1200189
|
Data from the TransgeneOme project |
|
|
|
|
Expr2686
|
In adult males, daf-21 mRNA was detected in germline cells, similarly as in hermaphrodites, with a strong signal seen in spermatogonia, decreasing signal in spermatocytes, and none in mature sperm. In the embryo comma stage, daf-21 mRNA was strongly detected in cells of the head region and less so in other areas. In the hatched L1 larvae, daf-21 mRNA was mainly distributed in the germline precursor cells Z2 and Z3 and the head region, whereas in the adult hermaphrodite, it was localized uniquely in the germ cells. In the distal arms of the adult hermaphrodite, mitotically dividing germline cells were strongly stained with the antisense probe, but not with the sense probe. As the oocytes matured, the signal strength of the antisense probe seemed to decrease. |
|
|
|
|
Expr2687
|
In adult hermaphrodites, 608F antigen existed ubiquitously in the cytoplasm of the oogonium and all oocytes. In adult males, the 608F antigen was distributed ubiquitously in the cytoplasm of spermatogonium and spermatocytes. It was previously shown immunohistologically that, for the early larval stages of L1 and L2, the antigen was detected in both Z2 and Z3 cells as well as in somatic cells. |
Distributed ubiquitously in the cytoplasm. |
|
|
|
Expr562
|
At 1 to 40-cell stage, staining is maintained in the germ line and progressively lost from the somatic cells. At 40 to 60-cell stage, staining was seen in 2 them 4 anterior cells. In Z2 and Z3 at bean through pretzel stages. |
|
